It is not new news that beta amyloid, a protein heavily studied in Alzheimer's disease has also been showing up in Autism:
2006 - High levels of Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in children with severely autistic behavior and aggression.
2011 - "The Weigel lab also reported observing secretions of protein called beta-amyloid in brain tissue of children with autism. Interestingly, the level of beta-amyloid related to the severity of autism and aggression".
2011 - Increased Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-α (sAPPα) in Severe Autism: Proposal of a Specific, Anabolic Pathway and Putative Biomarker
2011 - Accumulation of Amyloid-Beta Peptide Species In Four Brain Structures In Children with Autism - International Society For Autism Research
What is becoming more evident is that the roots of amyloid beta may be attached to the immune system - literally.
ScienceDaily (Jan. 4, 2012)- Autism May Be Linked to Abnormal Immune System Characteristics and Novel Protein Fragment
"Immune system abnormalities that mimic those seen with autism spectrum disorders have been linked to the amyloid precursor protein (APP)......The amyloid precursor protein is typically the focus of research related to Alzheimer's disease. However, recent scientific reports have identified elevated levels of the particular protein fragment, called, sAPP-α, in the blood of autistic children."
What made this something even on my radar was that I recently wrote about vaccine injuries from the H1N1 vaccine leading to Narcolepsy. I included a study that had this fact - "Beta -amyloid is not only of relevance in dementia processes but is also reported to modulate the response to environmental stressors in the brain, and is supposed to have antimicrobrial properties against different classes of microorganism, including some strains of streptococci." Since we like to connect the accurate dots here at Age of Autism, it seemed relevant that those two factors, beta amyloid and antimicrobrial poperties, may be important.
Consider these important findings in Alzheimer's research as they may then have a significant correlation for children who regress into Autism:
23 March 2010 - Microbes implicated in Alzheimer's
"The peptide beta amyloid has long been thought to be involved in Alzheimer's disease, though there is a great deal of controversy about whether it's a primary cause of the disease, or merely a symptom. Now, Rudolph Tanzi and his group at Massachusetts General Hospital have shown it might not be simply 'junk' - it could be being made to protect the brain from pathogens as part of the innate immune system.....So student Stephanie Soscia tested it against a range of common pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, and found eight of the pathogens were killed by the amyloid....'There are examples of pathogens that accumulate in the brain, including Chlamydia pneumoniae and the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). We're also looking very closely at the yeast Candida albicans, as it was most potent against this pathogen in our screens,' he says. 'However, the innate immune system can also be triggered by strokes and traumatic brain injury, which also increase beta amyloid levels. We call our hypothesis the toxic gain function hypothesis, as beta amyloid has a normal function, but if there is too much of that function, it becomes toxic.'
Bad News For Eli Lilly Drug Trial/ More Thoughts About Beta Amyloid and Infection
"One group has found that beta-amyloid kills microbes; they tested a number of bacteria, all of which were killed by beta-amyloid, and this group is now looking at viruses, such as herpes simplex, and other microbes.......Drs. Ruth Itzhaki and Mark Wozniak in the UK have done extensive work looking at the herpes simplex virus as a cause of AD (they have numerous papers on this from 2005 through 2009.) This virus causes fever blisters, can cause shingles (along with the chickenpox virus, a close relative), and also genital herpes. Herpes simplex lives within nerves and the nerves to the face around the mouth orignate deep in the brain. Most people carry this and other viruses by the time they reach old age, but they have found that people who are ApoE4+ are particularly likely to suffer recurrent episodes of fever blisters. these researchers have found this virus within about 90% of the beta-amyloid plaques in the autopsied brains they have looked at, which strongly suggests that beta-amyloid is there to defend the brain against it. They have also found in animals that the herpes virus increases production of beta-amyloid and also induces AD-like tau phosphorylation (production of tangles). They want to study whether suppression of herpes virus with anti-viral medication would be beneficial to people with AD, but have had trouble getting funding for this."
Trouble funding research that implicates viruses and bacteria due to immune system dysregulation is also not new to Autism, either. Many who bring it up are treated like blasphemous charlatans yet the research keeps coming showing that microbes are involved in this process:
Aβ Rehabilitated as an Antimicrobial Protein?
"This prompted the scientists to test whether Aβ kills microbes....Aβ was active in this way on E. coli, staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, the Borrelia spirochete, Helicobacter pylorus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, the fungus Candida albicans and other pathogens....Aβ is more bacteriotoxic than neurotoxic,” Moir said, adding that that, too, is consistent with a primary role in innate immunity.....it is known that certain metals mediate Aβ oligomerization,... “You could speculate that amyloid deposition is not just a question of Aβ concentration rising to a threshold level, but that physiologically, it can be an active process to entrap an infection.” This would raise the question of whether inside every plaque lie the remains of a microbe. "
Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria
"It is established that chronic spirochetal infection can cause slowly progressive dementia, brain atrophy and amyloid deposition in late neurosyphilis. Recently it has been suggested that various types of spirochetes, in an analogous way to Treponema pallidum, [the bacterium that causes syphilis] could cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we review all data available in the literature on the detection of spirochetes in AD and critically analyze the association and causal relationship between spirochetes and AD following established criteria of Koch and Hill. The results show a statistically significant association between spirochetes and AD....spirochetes were observed in the brain in more than 90% of AD cases."
Consider too that mercury has also been implicated in producing beta amyloid:
Mercury induces cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and increases beta-amyloid secretion and tau phosphorylation in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617124
"Concentrations of heavy metals, including mercury, have been shown to be altered in the brain and body fluids of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients....The release of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) 1-40 and 1-42 into cell culture supernatants after exposure to HgCl2 was shown .... These results indicate that mercury may play a role in pathophysiological mechanisms of AD."
Evidence of parallels between mercury intoxication and the brain pathology in autism.
"increased amyloid precursor protein;.....The evidence suggests that mercury may be either causal or contributory in the brain pathology in ASD, possibly working synergistically with other toxic compounds or pathogens to produce the brain pathology observed in those diagnosed with an ASD."
In their book, The Age of Autism, Mercury, Medicine and a Man-Made Epidemic, Mark Blaxill and Dan Olmsted went into great detail describing GPI, General Paresis (Paralysis) of the Insane. They demonstrated that there was much evidence that those who had Syphilis and were treated with mercury were the ones to go on and regress into GPI. It appeared to be an interaction with the microbe and mercury that produced the symptoms of GPI:
"Many good authorities now think that general paresis is more directly due to the use of overdoses of mercury rather than to syphilis itself" http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=429130
That was written over a hundred years ago. Here's another, more current one;
Beta amyloid deposition in the atrophic form of general paresis
"The results indicate that amyloid deposits in general paresis, as in AD, consist of beta amyloid. This together with historical data showing that a chronic bacterial disease may have a similar pathology to AD should be included in our current concept of the pathogenesis of AD as discussed by Alzheimer and his colleagues 100 years ago."
It appears that Beta amyloid production could be a big clue in the recipe for regression and degeneration. There is research looking at STOPPING this process but not yet in Autism. WHY? Will 2013 be the year that Autism research becomes more honest and the "autism gene" will be put to rest?
Teresa Conrick is Contributing Editor to Age of Autism.
Comments
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We have been fighting deep autism of our little boy with a combined protocole made of
1/ sequences of Antibiotics - Macrolides / tetracyclines - to target a phase III borrelia infection - Infectolab -,
2/ GcMAF - for the viral co-infections -
3/ Flavoinoides + Singulair to fight the inflammation - very high levels of Cytokines pro-inflammatory -
4/ Ammonia & Nitric Oxid detox with Natural supplement
5/he is also on VB/ABA behavior program
in less than a year we have seen radical positive changes.
Happy to share
Yes we can add Dr.Sunshine and Vitamin D to the list.
I like to get the parents of my nursery school children into the keep healthy mode as compared to the bundle up the kid in sweaters, wash hands endlessly , and give vaccines mode. Any parent wants to do SOMETHING for their child and it is so much better getting them to do something really healthy , like exposing the child to the sun and getting fresh vitamins (for example)
To Amy, thankyou for this interesting information on magnesium. Please give us more as you get it and work out the systems.
The link between wheat and autism may also be via magnesium. Whole wheat (among other things) is high in phytates and phytates also bind to magnesium and impair its absorption (Swaminathan, "Mg. Metabolism and its Disorders"). I think what would help here to solve the Autism and AD problems is an epigenetic approach i.e., how factors like diet and toxins can affect our genetic codes and the way our genes are expressed.
Also, it would help if someone could write a software program that modeled biological function in the body and brain. Because everything in the body is linked to everything else and there are so many feed-forward feed-back loops to the whole system, having a program where you could alter a few factors and see how that affects the whole system would be really helpful. There is such a vast array of knowledge involved in this that a computer is really necessary. Just a thought.
Posted by: Amy |
I have been researching Alzheimer's for 2 years because my mother (a healthy vegetarian for last 35 years, B12 fine, thyroid fine) has been diagnosed with AD.
I agree that mercury plays a role in both AD and Autism and that researchers are not connecting the dots: they simply keep making more dots. At some point you have to start putting the pieces of the puzzle together. The mercury/vaccine link between AD and Autism is, I believe, related to the person's magnesium level. If you read Dr. Mildred Seelig's book, The Magnesium Factor, you will understand why so many people are deficient today. One of the reasons is that mercury binds to magnesium making Mg unavailable to the body. Mg.is used in over 300 processes by the body and brain. (see "Mg. Metabolism and its Disorders", R. Swaminathan, Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2)) For example, B Vitamins require Mg. to be converted into their active form. There is more Mg. in the human brain than any other species (this is why experiments on mice are at some point irrelevant). If you are Mg.deficient and then get a vaccine, which as someone pointed out, the young and the elderly get most often, your body no longer has any Mg. to use. Interestingly, according to Dr. Blaylock, autistic children ususally have reactive hypoglycemia and low Mg. Also, Mg. is one of the things that regulates insulin. Right now there is all kinds of research being done about the role of insulin with respect to AD (Konrad Talbot, Suzanne Craft, Suzanne de la Monte etc.). What noone seems to be putting together is the Mg. deficiency part of the equation. It is also interesting to note that one of the medications used for AD, I believe it is Numenda, performs exactly the same function in the body as Mg. (Because you can't patent vitamins and minerals) (See also, MIT's Picower Center for Learning and Memory research by Liu and Slutsky, "Magnesium May Reverse Memory Loss", ScienceDaily, Dec. 27, 2004)
Another factor in all of this is prescription medicines, such as corticosteroids and glucocorticoids (commonly used for asthma). Because researchers are frequently supported by big pharma, almost none of them are bothering to investigate the negative effects of these drugs. There are many drugs along with corticosteroids that deplete Mg. And as Konrad Talbot said there is alot of evidence that glucocorticoids have diabetogenic effects. (Remember, Mg. helps regulate insulin.)
Unfortunately, I don't know enough about molecular biology to put the pieces of the puzzle together myself (or I would!). I can only beg someone who is a neuroscientist to PLEASE start putting all the links together. (I can give you what I think are the pieces.)
Thank you again to Teresa for providing a forum where we can exchange ideas.
http://www.securivm.ca/2012/10/open-thread.html
1.Aluminum,mercury - the toxic vaccine load is higher;
2.Emulsifiers,heavy metals,chronic inflammation will damage the blood brain barrier; Germs/contaminants can enter;
3.Regular,on-going artificial immunization weakens the immune system on the long run.
While we waiting for the answers- we may consider
STRENGTHENING
the immune system-keeping the host in excellent health.No aluminum containing anti-acids or vaccines in pregnancy,remove amalgam filling pre-natally,go on a super-healthy organic,vegan or vegeterian diet,stop immunizing,start exercising,use probiotics,EFA 369,good nutrition,sleep,stress management, etc.doing your very best to stay healthy. Can we suppress viruses???
Bacteria and viruses
survived for millions of years for a reason.Keep your children immune system strong and eliminate all toxins from your body and environment.
Dr. Boyd E. Haley, in his interview with Teri Small has described the role of mercury in damaging the cycle that creates "heme" . Heme has been shown to be instrumental in removing the Beta amyloid plaques. If your body cannot produce sufficient heme, the plaques will be laid down (a normal process)- and not removed, as they should be. The role of microorganisms, is, to my mind, still unclear. Anyone with even low levels of mercury in their blood will have a damaged immune system that cannot fight off invasions of microbes.
It has become clear to me that the CDC/NIH has no interest in finding either the cause of autism or Alzheimers. In both cases, any research related to genetics gets top billing , even though a high student of biology could tell you that there has to be an environmental factor in both disorders. But the CDC actively conives to mislead the public. One of my "favorite" pieces of misinformation was a documentary on Alzheimers in which intrepid researchers hare off to a place in the Andes where there is a high rate of AD in one village (Must be genetic, right!)In this documentary, everyone gets to cry at least once- the mothers, the siblings, the children- even a South American doctor (Conductor!- The violins!). Great documentary, my friends- with just a couple of pieces of information missing- The fact that mercury is found in the Andes and that both ancient and modern gold mining along Andean streams has left mercury pollution. Even today, some Andean people work in what is called "Artisanal gold mining" and are no doubt, exposed to mercury vapor.
You might like to know that Dan Olmsted has written Oliver Sacks in our columns. You make a scary point.
http://www.ageofautism.com/2011/01/in-plain-sight-freud-face-blindness-and-autism.html?cid=6a00d8357f3f2969e20147e1dca9a2970b
John
Have you ever read the book by Oliver Sacks entitled, UNCLE TUNGSTEN, Memories of a Chemical Boyhood? I would like to quote out of the book something that has me intrigued and could be the correlation needed to show that the Vaccines given with Aluminum and Mercury are the very things that poisoned our children and cause the State of Autism. On Page 38 a young Oliver Sacks shares an experience he had with his Uncle Dave about a Metals experiment that left Oliver Sacks marvelled, frightened. And I quote, "On one visit, Uncle Dave showed me a large bar of aluminum. After the dense platinum metals, I was amazed at how light it was, scarcely heavier than a piece of wood. "I'll show you something interesting," he said. He took a smaller lump of aluminum, with a smooth, shiny surface, and smeared it with mercury. All of sudden--it was like some terrible disease--the surface broke down, and a white substance like a fungus rapidly grew out of it, until it was a quarter of an inch high, then half an inch high, and it kept growing and growing until the aluminum was completely eaten up. "You've seen iron rust--oxidizing, combining with the oxygen in the air," Uncle said. "But here, with the aluminum, it's a million times faster. That big bar is still shiny, because it's covered by a fine layer of oxide, and that protects it from further change. But rubbing it with mercury destroys the surface layer, so then the aluminum has no protection, and it combines with the oxygen in seconds." I found this magical, astounding, but also a little frightening--to see a bright and shiny metal reduced so quickly to a crumbling mass of oxide. It made me think of a curse or great spell, the sort of disintegration I sometimes saw in my dreams. It made me think of mercury as evil, as a destroyer of metals. Would it do this to every sort of metal?
He goes on to say, "Don't worry," Uncle answered, "the metals we use here, they're perfectly safe. If I put this little bar of Tungsten in the mercury, it would not be affected at would all. If I put it away for a million years, it would be just as bright and shiny as it is now." The tungsten, at least, was stable in a precarious world.
"You've seen," Uncle Dave went on, "that when the surface layer is broken, the aluminum combines very rapidly with oxygen in the air to form this white oxide, which is called alumina. It is similar with iron as it rusts; rust is an iron oxide. Some metals are so avid for oxygen, that they will combine with it, tarnishing, forming an oxide, the moment they are exposed to the air. Some will even pull the oxygen out of water, so one has to keep them in a sealed tube or under oil." Uncle showed me some chunks of metal with a whitish surface, in a bottle of oil. He fished out a chunk and cut it with a penknife. I was amazed at how soft it was; I had never seen a metal like this. The cut surface had a brilliant, silvery luster. This was calcium, Uncle said, and it was so active that it never occured in nature as the pure metal, but only as compounds or minerals from which it had to be extracted. The white cliffs of Dover, he said, were hese chalk; others were made of limestone--these were different forms of calcium carbonate, a major component in the crust of the earth. The calcium metal, as we spoke, had oxidized completely, it's bright surface now a dull, chalky white. "It's turning into lime," Uncle said, "calcium oxide."
I would be interested to hear Mr. Sacks' opinion on Vaccines and Autism, he obviously has had first-hand experience on experiments on metals and their reactions and he also has the credentials as a Neurologist to say how the human brain would react to such a mix of aluminum and mercury. To use his words again--it was like some terrible disease.
Don't forget the statin drugs used on those that just get heart attacks from inflammation but are able to keep their minds -- statin drugs can help ease those hard cases over into the nursing homes - to collect their life savings.
o Convince the populace that adding the toxin fluoride in the even more toxic form of contaminated fluorosilicates, to their water.
o Convince 90% of elders to get a mercury laden "flu shot"
o Do the above over a 60 or so year period so as to not heat up the water too quickly as it were.
Now how simple was this?
How to Produce Alzheimer's
“The fluoride/aluminum association is of particular importance as it relates to Alzheimer's Disease. Aluminum by itself is not readily absorbed by the body. However, in the presence of fluoride ions, the fluoride ions combine with the aluminum to form aluminum fluoride, which is absorbed by the body. In the body, the aluminum eventually combines with oxygen to form aluminum oxide or alumina (53). Alumina is the compound of aluminum that is found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease.” Ronsivalli, LJ, "Addenda to Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies", Note I don't think things can be clearer than this.
We have found that clinically normal individuals aged 60-65 who receive influenza vaccine three or four times during a five-year period, will five years later have an incidence of Alzheimer's disease 10-fold greater than age-matched individuals who did not receive it." Doctor H. Hugh Fudenburg, MD, Note and CDC cannot figure out where Alzheimer's is coming from. Right! 90% of our seniors are getting the "flu vaccine" toxin.
So if you want to produce Alzheimer's just feed the old people water with fluoride put in it and "vaccinate" the hell out of them. Know any country where this is being done? Yeah right here in the land of the free.
It is 100% clear to me if you want to VASTLY reduce your odds of contracting Alzheimer's simply stop drinking fluoridated water, using anything with fluoride in it and getting the toxic and totally worthless "Flu Shot" or any other "vaccination".
http://healthyprotocols.com/3_alzheimers.htm
In this article it says that Aluminiun should no longer be connected with alzheimer's.
It says:
"The hypothesis that there is a link between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease was first put forward in the 1960s (Terry and Pena 1965, Klatzo et al 1965). Since then, researchers have claimed a number of other circumstantial links between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease, as follows:"
Okay guys here we go -- let us see if they can convince you?
"•Aluminium has been shown to be associated both with plaques and with tangles in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (Crapper et al 1976). However, the presence of aluminium does not mean that the aluminium was the causal factor − it is more likely to be a harmless secondary association."
--- Well then they are telling me that the presence of aluminium is associaed with plaques and tangles and yet it is just harmless and it's presence is just a causal factor -- Yeah right, just like when my son reacted each and every time to all three of his DPT shot within hours--- I know about their ideas of causal! Alrighty then!
"•Some have claimed that people with Alzheimer's disease have a higher than average level of aluminium in their brains. However, other studies find no difference between the overall amount of aluminium in the brains of people with Alzheimer's and the amount in normal brains (Trapp et al 1978)."
Well so they can't figure out then. Some say yeah, and some say Nah, so let us just say not and move on. Nothing to see.
"•Studies of other sources of aluminium, such as tea, antacid medications and antiperspirants have also failed to show a positive association with Alzheimer's disease (Flaten and Odegård 1988)."
That is because it is the vaccines --Oh the frustration! But then they think the American people are too stupid ,so we just will tell them that the only way to get aluminium into their systemis to just to let them think it is in the tea they drink and the stuff they rub on their skins - but never let them know it is injected into them by way of vaccines thus passing the digestive system. SShhhhhhh!
"•People with kidney failure are unable to excrete aluminium, and yet they frequently have to be treated with compounds that contain aluminium. Aluminium accumulates in nerve cells that are particularly vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. However, even after years of high exposure to aluminium, patients with kidney failure are no more likely to develop dementia or the hallmark pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease (Netter et al 1990)."
So how many years are they taking about -- with kidney failure -- and I wonder if dialysis removes aluminium?
"•Treatment with desferrioxamine (DFO), a drug which binds aluminium and removes it from the body, also has a major effect on iron stores in the body. Therefore the effects of DFO may have nothing to do with aluminium (Gomez et al 1998)."
What??? I don't know what this means or has to do with wether alumiunium is connected to alziheimers. But the treatment for alumiuium toxicity will also make you lose iron?? Is that it? Is some highschool kid writing this? I give it a D for putting stuff in that is not logical and not connected.
"•There have been many experimental studies on animals and on isolated cells showing that aluminium has toxic effects on the nervous system, but in almost all cases the doses of aluminium used were much higher than those occurring naturally in tissues (Gitelman 1988"
So, then aluminium is toxic to the nervous system in high amounts -- have the ones writing this thought about the amount foung in flu shots?
If you want to go and finish this article --- you will find all what aluminium is found in. Baking soda, aluminium pots - maybe dill pickles??? But no mention of vaccines.
I am sorry Teresa, We keep going in circles; around and around. If it is a pathogen we need to shoot all the researchers that have worked on this for the last 30 plus years. Modern medicine is in love with the germ theory -- that is what they are really good at, if it was a germ then they should have found it already.
Is it an autoimmune disease -- yes -- I am no longer going into circles - my brain and heart can't handle it anymore.
It has to do with the endocrine system which the vaccine damages. The endocrine must control the unzipping and zipping of the cells lining the intestine which causes leakage of gluten and probably other proteins we pick up from food that have carbs in it -- I don't know what maybe Fructose????
Angus
She duplicated work first done by Dr Alan B MacDonald Pathologist who found DNA for Borrelia in 7 out of 10 Alzheimer's brains. He is the expert in this field but struggled for some years with an Alzheimer's type illness and was unable to recall his work and had to retire. However on appropriate treatment he has made a significant recovery and has returned to research in the field of Alzheimer's research. I recently came across this post from him 'I personally have long believed that the Plaques which accumulate incrementally as the severity of disease in Alzheimer's Disease from Braak Stage I (Hippocampus limited) to Braak Stage VI ( generalized alzheimer plaque formation throughout the brain) -- That these Plaques are Biofilms. Research by me is now underway to attempt to prove that Alzheimer's Plaques (small, medium sized, and large diameter) are biofilms of borrelia burgdorferi species' http://www.biofilmcommunity.org/biofilm-buzz/230.htm
and this https://www.dropbox.com/s/gfbsdu80mdortb2/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Biofilm%20BB%20Spectral%20Anaysis%20%20second%20backup%20Oct%203.pdf
His website is http://molecularalzheimer.org/ His research found borrelia in the fetus and he worked years with many of the Lyme Doctors in US some of which have published research about the links with Borrelia and Autism.
Only a few months ago French doctors also treated 200 Autistic children on long term antibiotics - some of these children had Borrelia http://lookingatlyme.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/treating-autism-with-antibiotics.html
Borrelia has a propensity for the brain - can act as a prion disease working in synergy with other pathogens antibiotics that can cross the blood brain barrier seem to be the most effective.
Borrelia is endemic throughout most countries although considered rare in UK it is far more prevalent than HPA acknowledge. Tests are rubbish. If a person has Borrelia as an underlying infection it is quite conceivable that an assault to the immune system can trigger that underlying infection viral or bacterial - a vaccine could trigger that underlying infection -
Dan practitioner Dr Bhakta videos are interesting http://lookingatlyme.blogspot.co.uk/2010/07/autism-videos.html
One final point worth looking at is a recent discussion with Dr Bransfield an Prof Garth Nicolson http://lookingatlyme.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/invisibly-ill.html Helps to explain the affect of infection at different stages of life - a spectrum from Autism to Alzheimer's.
Does my heart good to see people are connecting the dots whilst science spends too much time arguing black is white and those who deny this research do not replicate the exact process that first identifies the connection. As MacDonald said in an earlier post if you try to replicate the research at the wrong temperatures you will not identify Borrelia spirochetes.
MacDonald will be presenting at ILADS conference http://www.ilads.org/lyme_programs/boston/speakers/bio_macdonald.php
The immune system contains a network of proteins, tissues, organs and cells that work together to defend and attack organism and other invaders, called antigens, that can harm the body. The cells involved in the immune system are called leukocytes, or white blood cells. There are two types of leukocytes, phagocytes and lymphocytes, and each has a distinct role in the immune process. The phagocytes are the cells that ingest harmful substances in the body, like dead cells, bacteria or toxins. Lymphocytes, which are either T cells or B cells, are a vital part of immune functioning as they recognize any previous contact with invading antigens. B cells create antibodies, proteins that latch onto specific antigens, neutralize the antigens, while T cells destroy them. Lymphocytes have the ability to adapt to changes in the structure of these harmful invaders.REF & More on this article:http://www.newsonhealthcare.com/understanding-the-immune-system-a-bodys-dynamic-design-for-defense/
Is a microbe always involved? Could autoimmune and/or allergic responses lead to this level of beta-amyloid production?
https://chronicillnessrecovery.org/
Maurine