stomatitis - I searched Esophagus, Candida and misaligned Atlas

Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips.^[1] It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.^[2]
In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.
When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents itself, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, though this is also sometimes used as a synonym for herpetic gingivostomatitis.

Contents

• 1 Examples
  • 1.1 Nutritional deficiency
  • 1.2 Aphthous stomatitis
  • 1.3 Angular stomatitis
  • 1.4 Denture-related stomatitis
  • 1.5 Allergic contact stomatitis
  • 1.6 Migratory stomatitis
  • 1.7 Herpetic gingivostomatitis
  • 1.8 Irradiation and chemotherapy
  • 1.9 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis
  • 1.10 Stomatitis nicotina
  • 1.11 Chronic ulcerative stomatitis
  • 1.12 Plasma cell gingivostomatitis
  • 1.13 Other forms of stomatitis
• 2 References
• 3 External links

Examples[edit]

Nutritional deficiency[edit]

Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin),^[3]:490 vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid) or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may all manifest as stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can cause genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical sprue.^[3]:49

Aphthous stomatitis[edit]

Main article: Aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the recurrent appearance of mouth ulcers in otherwise healthy individuals. The cause is not completely understood, but it is thought that the condition represents a T cell mediated immune response which is triggered by a variety of factors. The individual ulcers (aphthae) recur periodically and heal completely, although in the more severe forms new ulcers may appear in other parts of the mouth before the old ones have finished healing. Aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa, and is thought to affect about 20% of the general population to some degree.^[4] The symptoms range from a minor nuisance to being disabling in their impact on eating, swallowing and talking, and the severe forms can cause people to lose weight. There is no cure for aphthous stomatitis,^[5] and therapies are aimed at alleviating the pain, reducing the inflammation and promoting healing of the ulcers, but there is little evidence of efficacy for any treatment that has been used.

Angular stomatitis[edit]

Main article: Angular cheilitis

Inflammation of the corners (angles) of the lips is termed angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin B deficiencies (e.g., B₂-riboflavin, B₉-folate, or B₁₂-cobalamin, which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition such as celiac disease).
Also, angular cheilitis can be caused by a patient's jaws at rest being 'overclosed' due to edentulousness or tooth wear, causing the jaws to come to rest closer together than if the complete/unaffected dentition were present. This causes skin folds around the angle of the mouth which are kept moist by saliva, which in turn favours infection; mostly by Candida albicans or similar species. Treatment usually involves the administration of topical nystatin or similar antifungal agents. Another treatment can be to correct the jaw relationship with dental treatment (e.g., dentures or occlusal adjustment).

Denture-related stomatitis[edit]

Main article: Denture-related stomatitis

This is a common condition present in denture wearers. It appears as reddened but painless mucosa beneath the denture. 90% of cases are associated with Candidia species, and it is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Treatment is by antifungal medication and improved dental hygiene, such as not wearing the denture during sleep.

Allergic contact stomatitis[edit]

Allergic contact stomatitis (also termed "allergic gingivostomatitis" or "allergic contact gingivostomatitis")^[6] is a type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in susceptible atopic individuals when allergens penetrate the skin or mucosa.^[7]
Allergens, which may be different for different individuals, combine with epithelial-derived proteins, forming haptens which bind with Langerhans cells in the mucosa, which in turn present the antigen on their surface to T lymphocytes, sensitizing them to that antigen and causing them to produce many specific clones. The second time that specific antigen is encountered, an inflammatory reaction is triggered at the site of exposure.^[7] Allergic contact stomatitis is less common than allergic contact dermatitis because the mouth is coated in saliva, which washes away antigens and acts as a barrier.^[7] The oral mucosa is also more vascular (has a better blood supply) than skin, meaning that any antigens are more quickly removed from the area by the circulation.^[7] Finally, there is substantially less keratin in oral mucosa, meaning that there is less likelihood that haptans will form.^[7]
Allergic contact stomatitis appears as non-specific inflammation, so it may be mistaken for chronic physical irritation.^[7] There may be burning or soreness of the mouth and ulceration.^[7] Chronic exposure to the allergen may result in a lichenoid lesion.^[7] Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied by glossitis and cheilitis.^[7]

Patch test

Allergens that may cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include cinnamaldehyde, Balsam of Peru, peppermint, mercury, gold, pyrophosphates, zinc citrate, free acrylic monomer, nickel, and sodium lauryl sulfate.^{[8][9][10][7][11][12]} These allergens may originate from many sources, including various foods and drink, chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash, dental floss, dental fillings, dentures, orthodontic bands or wires, and many other sources.^[7] If the substance containing the allergen comes into contact with the lips, allergic contact cheilitis can occur, together with allergic contact stomatitis.
The diagnosis is confirmed by patch test, and management is by avoidance of exposure to the allergen.^[7]

Migratory stomatitis[edit]

Main article: Geographic tongue

Migratory stomatitis (or geographic stomatitis) is an atypical presentation of a condition which normally presents on the tongue, termed geographic tongue. Geographic tongue is so named because there are atrophic, erythematous areas of depapillation that migrate over time, giving a map-like appearance.
In migratory stomatitis, other mucosal sites in the mouth, such as the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate, or floor of mouth may be afflicted with identical lesions, usually in addition to the tongue.^[13] Apart from not being restricted to the tongue, migratory stomatitis is an identical condition in every regard to geographic tongue. Another synonym for geographic tongue which uses the term stomatitis is "stomatitis areata migrans".

Herpetic gingivostomatitis[edit]

Herpetic stomatitis (herpetic gingivostomatitis)

Main article: Herpetic gingivostomatitis

This is inflammation of the mouth caused by herpes simplex virus.

Irradiation and chemotherapy[edit]

Stomatitis may also be caused by chemotherapy, or radiation therapy of the oropharyngeal area.^[14] The term mucositis is sometimes used synonymously with stomatitis, however the former refers to mucosal reactions to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and may occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract and not just in the mouth.^[15]

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis[edit]

See Necrotizing periodontal diseases

The term necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis is sometimes used as a synonym of the necrotizing periodontal disease more commonly termed necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, or a more severe form (also termed necrotizing stomatitis). The term necrotizing gingivostomatitis is also sometimes used.^[16]

Stomatitis nicotina[edit]

Main article: Stomatitis nicotina

Also called smoker's palatal keratosis,^[17]:176 this condition may occur in smokers, especially pipe smokers. The palate appears dry and cracked, and white from keratosis. The minor salivary glands appear as small, red and swollen bumps. It is not a premalignant condition, and the appearance reverses if the smoking is stopped.^[17]:176

Chronic ulcerative stomatitis[edit]

Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a recently discovered condition with specific immunopathologic features.^[18] It is characterized by erosions and ulcerations which relapse and remit. Lesions are located on the buccal mucosa (inside of the cheeks) or on the gingiva (gums).^[19][20] It is characterized by painful erosions and ulcerations which relapse and remit. The condition resembles Oral lichen planus when biopsied.
The diagnosis is made with Immunofluorescence techniques, which shows circulating and tissue-bound autoantibodies (particulate stratified squamous-epithelium-specific antinuclear antibody) to DeltaNp63alpha protein, a normal component of the epithelium. Treatment is with hydroxychloroquine.^[18]

Plasma cell gingivostomatitis[edit]

Main article: plasma cell gingivitis

Terms such as plasma cell gingivostomatitis,^[21] atypical gingivostomatitis and idiopathic gingivostomatitis^[22][23] are sometimes a synonym for plasma cell gingivitis, or specifically to refer to a severe form of plasma cell gingivitis.

Other forms of stomatitis[edit]

• Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome—occurs in children.
• Uremic stomatitis—a rare form of stomatitis that occurs with renal failure.^[24]
• Neutropenia.^{[citation needed]}
• Pyostomatitis vegetans
• Bovine papular stomatitis

References[edit]

1. ^ Zaoutis, [edited by] Jeffrey M. Bergelson, Samir S. Shah, Theoklis E. (2008). Pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN 9780323076333. 
2. ^ Michael G. Stewart, Samuel Selesnick (editors) (2010-10-04). "35". Differential diagnosis in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. New York: Thieme. ISBN 9781604062793. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0. 
4. ^ Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 253–284. ISBN 0721690033. 
5. ^ Brocklehurst, P; Tickle, M; Glenny, AM; Lewis, MA; Pemberton, MN; Taylor, J; Walsh, T; Riley, P; Yates, JM (Sep 12, 2012). "Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers).". In Brocklehurst, Paul. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 9: CD005411. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005411.pub2. PMID 22972085.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
6. ^ Kanerva, L.; Alanko, K.; Estlander, T. (1 December 1999). "Allergic contact gingivostomatitis from a temporary crown made of methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates". Allergy 54 (12): 1316–1321. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00074.x. PMID 10688437.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 60,61. ISBN 1550091867. 
8. ^ Gottfried Schmalz, Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Springer. Retrieved March 5, 2014. 
9. ^ Thomas P. Habif (2009). Clinical Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved March 6, 2014. 
10. ^ Edward T. Bope, Rick D. Kellerman (2013). Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved March 6, 2014. 
11. ^ "Balsam of Peru contact allergy". Dermnetnz.org. December 28, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014. 
12. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 63. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
13. ^ Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 20, 21. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4. 
14. ^ Principles and Practice of Palliative Care and Supportive Oncology. Retrieved 2014-03-20. 
15. ^ Zeppetella, Giovambattista (2012-06-14). Palliative care in clinical practice. London: Springer. p. 132. ISBN 9781447128434. 
16. ^ Horning, GM (October 1996). "Necotizing gingivostomatitis: NUG to noma.". Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995) 17 (10): 951–4, 956, 957–8 passim; quiz 964. PMID 9533316. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008). Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 9780443068966. 
18. ^ ^{a b} Solomon, LW (July 2008). "Chronic ulcerative stomatitis.". Oral diseases 14 (5): 383–9. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01446.x. PMID 18593454. 
19. ^ Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780443068188. 
20. ^ Fourie, J; van Heerden, WF; McEachen, SC; van Zyl, A (April 2011). "Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: a distinct clinical entity?". SADJ : journal of the South African Dental Association = tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging 66 (3): 119–21. PMID 21874892.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
21. ^ Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE. (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 141, 142. ISBN 0721690033. 
22. ^ Janam, P; Nayar, BR; Mohan, R; Suchitra, A (January 2012). "Plasma cell gingivitis associated with cheilitis: A diagnostic dilemma!". Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 16 (1): 115–9. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.94618. PMC 3357019. PMID 22628976.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
23. ^ Kerr, DA; McClatchey, KD; Regezi, JA (September 1971). "Idiopathic gingivostomatitis. Cheilitis, glossitis, gingivitis syndrome; atypical gingivostomatitis, plasma-cell gingivitis, plasmacytosis of gingiva.". Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology 32 (3): 402–23. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(71)90201-5. PMID 5285187.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
24. ^ Laskaris, George (2006). Pocket atlas of oral diseases (2nd ed. ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 12. ISBN 9781588902498. 

External links[edit]

• 5-Minute Clinical Consult Stomatitis

v t e Oral and maxillofacial pathology (K06, K11–K14, 523, 527–529) Lips Cheilitis Angular Actinic Plasma cell Herpes labialis Trumpeter's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Fissured tongue Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Hypoglossia Macroglossia Oral mucosa Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet syndrome Burning mouth syndrome Epulis fissuratum Erythroplakia Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Herpangina Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Melanocytic oral lesion Morsicatio buccarum Oral candidiasis Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Herpetic Nicotinic Denture-related Ulceration White sponge nevus Teeth (pulp, dentin, enamel) Dental caries Dentin hypersensitivity Pulpitis Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulp calcification Fluorosis Hypodontia Hyperdontia Macrodontia Microdontia Dilaceration Taurodontism Fusion Gemination Concrescence Amelogenesis imperfecta Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dentin dysplasia Regional odontodysplasia Tooth wear Attrition Erosion Abrasion Abfraction Resorption Premature eruption Delayed eruption Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Odontome Dens in dente Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Cracked tooth syndrome Periodontium (gingiva, Periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus) Gingivitis Desquamative gingivitis Plasma cell gingivitis Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Gingival enlargement Periodontitis Pericoronitis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Periodontal abscess Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Periapaical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues Periapical periodontitis Periapical abscess Alveolar osteitis Torus palatinus Torus mandibularis Cherubism Paget's disease of bone Mandibular fracture Stafne defect Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate-associated Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Temporomandibular joints and muscles of mastication Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Bruxism Mandibular dislocation Salivary glands Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialolithiasis Mucocele Ranula Sjögren's syndrome Sialocele Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Necrotizing sialometaplasia Salivary gland neoplasm Pleomorphic adenoma Orofacial soft tissues Ludwig's angina Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Velopharyngeal inadequacy Actinomycosis Orofacial granulomatosis Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome Pyostomatitis vegetans Oral Crohn's disease Perioral dermatitis Noma M: MOU anat/devp noco/cofa (c)/cogi/tumr, sysi proc (peri), drug (A1)

v t e Inflammation Acute Plasma derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell derived mediators preformed: Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand: cytokines IFN-γ IL-8 TNF-α IL-1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional: Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor (pain) Functio laesa Modern: Acute-phase reaction/Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis/Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis: Osteitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female: Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male: Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Balanitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy/newborn: Chorioamnionitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis

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Categories:

• Inflammations
• Oral pathology