Thursday 28 April 2016

Candida robs you of what makes you healthy

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All your questions answered on nutritional yeast, including what you might NOT know about brewer's and baker's yeasts and which yeast is actually an immune system booster!
At Body Ecology we teach about microflora... the beneficial bacteria and yeast in your inner ecosystem that are essential immune system boosters.
It is important to know about bacteria and yeast because they can play a very important role in helping you live a longer, healthier life.
Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus and Saccharomyces unisporus are the dominant beneficial yeasts found in  Body Ecology's Kefir Starter that you are unlikely to get anywhere else.
Perhaps one of the first things you should know is that there are good and bad bacteria and there are good and bad yeast (aka fungi).
Examples of good bacteria are acidophilus and the bifidus family of bacteria (B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, and B. adolescentis, etc). Salmonella, Clostridium difficile and Klebsiella are examples of badbacteria.
Good yeast and bad yeast are discussed in more detail below. Our goal here is to help you understand the difference between good yeast and bad yeast... and to clear up some of the misunderstanding about them. This confusion is preventing many from obtaining the excellent advantages that come when we eat foods and drink liquids containing these beneficial, medicinal yeast.

CANDIDA ALBICANS - ONE VERY BAD YEAST

It is estimated that over 80% of us struggle with the common pathogenic yeast called Candida albicans. It can be found growing and causing inflammation in our bloodstream and in our organs. Candida is a single cell organism, like all yeasts, that thrives on the abundant amount of sugars found in the modern diet. Candida robs your body of essential nutrients like iron and other minerals and helps keep your blood very acidic.
Many foods we eat are also making our blood more acidic including any food with sugars, wheat, dairy, glutinous grains, and all processed foods. These foods create havoc in our intestinal environment and encourage the overgrowth of yeast and bacteria pathogens.
Unless its source of food is eliminated, Candida Albicans can take over and slowly destroy your digestive system, your immunity, and drain you of your energy and health. Many symptoms like fatigue, headaches, eczema, dandruff, cradle cap in babies, hormone imbalances, vaginal infections, jock itch, stomach upsets and foggy thinking can be attributed to candida.
While candida albicans is an example of a harmful yeast, It's important to know that there are also yeasts that are very beneficial for your health.
Just because a food or drink contains yeast, this does not mean that it is necessarily a damaging yeast. Nor will yeast in your food necessarily cause an increase in a systemic yeast or fungal infection. In fact, there a certain yeast obtained in the foods or drinks you eat that are, indeed, very beneficial.
But some are certainly not... especially when they are wild yeast... so we'd like to clear up some of the confusion.
Wild, airborne yeast found in naturally fermented kombucha and in sourdough breads can be a problem for someone with a pathogenic candida infection.
The probiotic foods and drinks we recommend have beneficial yeasts in them that help build your immune system and fight candida.
Bread, beer, distilled spirits, and many processed foods that are made with yeast cannot be eaten by someone with a yeast infection. If you have a yeast overgrowth or infection in your blood, intestines, or birth canal you will be very sensitive to foods containing yeast. Basically, your body does not wantmore yeast. Obviously these foods often have unhealthy amounts of sugar or additives in them as well. They push the environment of your blood toward acid and this is conducive to the overgrowth of candida.
In fact, we get many questions about whether brewer's yeast and baker's yeast found in our everyday foods are okay on the Body Ecology program. Our answer is usually NO, we don't recommend it. But the answer is not a simple yes or no. There's a lot more to explain and we'd like to clear up some of the misunderstanding and mystery about yeast.
Please share this information with others who will benefit from it and help us clear up all the unfortunate confusion...

YEASTS 101

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is perhaps the most common of the yeast. Some might say it is the most important yeast because man has used it for thousands of years in baking bread and brewing of beer and wine and ethanol production.
Brewer's yeast, Ale Yeast, Top Fermenting Yeast, Budding Yeast are some common names for S. Cerevisiae. While it is not the only yeast used in beer making, S.Cerevisiae is used to produce sweeter, fruitier ales. During the fermentation process it rises to the top of the fermentation barrel or vat and is therefore called a "Top Fermenting Yeast". Top fermenting yeast are not able to ferment some types of sugar, and the resulting beer is sweeter.
But here's where even more confusion comes in... Nutritional Yeast and yeast extract are also sourced from S. Cerevisiae.

YEAST ADDED BY MAN AND YEAST PRESENT IN NATURE

Nutritional yeast, packages of baker's yeast for bread baking and brewer's yeast for the making of beer and wine are readily available to purchase.Yeast extracts are often used in foods like salad dressings, sauces, seasonings on potato and corn chips and bouillon cubes to enhance flavor of stocks etc.
There are also wild yeast in nature and these airborne yeast cause "wild fermentation" of bread, beer, Kombucha, Kvass etc.
All of the above types of fermentation are usually not well tolerated by someone with a yeast infection or overgrowth. They are not part of The Body Ecology System of Health and Healing.
Cultured vegetables, young coconut kefir, milk kefir and all the products made by the Grainfield's Flora Ferm process are quite different. This includes the TOP-RECOMMENDED Cocobiotic, Innergy Biotic, Dong Quai, and BE Wholegrain Liquid.
We'd like to explain why:
When you make Cultured Veggies, Young Coconut Kefir and Milk Kefir the Body Ecology Way - be sure to read Which Fermented Food Starter Should You Use For What?
-- you will be adding beneficial yeast and other useful bacteria. (See more below)
All products made by the Grainfield's Flora Ferm process are not added yeast at all. In fact, they couldn't be more natural. The two strains of yeast present in the Flora Ferm process are S. Boulardii and S. Cerevisiae
Yes, It's there again... S. cerevisiae is a part of the Flora Ferm process too.
But let's look deeper...
These two are naturally present... along with other beneficial bacteria... on fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts and legumes. They don't need to be added, they are simply there.
The yeast play an important role in the fermentation process. They "kick off" the fermentation and help get it started. Other friendly bacteria like Lactobacillus bacteria are the predominant strains and they feed on what the yeast produce. It's a cruel world out there in an ecosystem and eventually the good bacteria kill off the yeast before the fermentation process is completed.
The end result, however, is a positive one for us humans since the finished product is now loaded with B vitamins and enzymes from the dead yeast cells. The amount of yeast remaining is measured with each batch produced and is usually below 1% of the total microflora count. Yet even those very low yeast levels help create the effervescence we all love.

OTHER BENEFICIAL YEASTS YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT

Question: "Why do Grainfield's and Body Ecology list the yeast as an ingredient on the InnergyBioticCoco-Biotic and other probiotic liquids bottles if so little are present? "
Answer: Because they are always present in natural fermentation and we want you to know that this is not a controlled laboratory process but one designed by Nature. In fact, we are proud of our natural organic fermentation process.
A discussion of beneficial and even "medicinal" yeast would not be complete without a more thorough understanding of a real star, the quite popular, Saccharomyces boulardii. You find S. boulardii in all of our probiotic liquids.
S. boulardii:
  • Is an immune system booster because it stimulates your body's production of antibodies
  • Helps reduce the likelihood of antibiotic associated diarrhea
  • Helps controls candida
  • Helps controls the potentially fatal Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection, which is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in the world.
  • Research shows that S. Boulardii is even more effective than the leading drug for tackling C. difficile... a bad guy... commonly found in children with autism.

TWO LITTLE-KNOWN, BUT IMMUNE BOOSTING, NUTRITIONAL YEAST STRAINS

Just as important, yet not as well-known in the beneficial yeast department, are the two powerful immune system boosters found in our Body Ecology Kefir Starter.
Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus and Saccharomyces unisporus are the dominant beneficial yeasts found in our kefir starter that you are unlikely to get anywhere else.
Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus acts as a prebiotic (food for good bacteria) for other beneficial bacteria in your system, and it's a powerful immune system booster.
The same goes for the hardy Saccharomyces unisporus (S. unisporus), which is related to the super-yeast mentioned above, S. boulardii.
These two dietary yeasts may be why kefir has been considered by many to be one of the best health tonics around.
As a matter of fact kefir's history dates back thousands of years. Populations who drank kefir were known for their exceptional health and longevity. Kefir translated to "feel good" in Turkish.
Milk Kefir is traditionally made with cow's milk or goat milk. If you can obtain a source of raw milk, this is best. Raw milk contains live enzymes and beneficial microflora if it is from healthy grass fed animals. However, even pasteurized milk is improved by fermentation since the enzymes destroyed when the milk is heated are added back again. The protein and the fats in fermented milk are, once again, more digestible.
Note that milk kefir and dairy are not recommend in the initial stage of the Body Ecology Diet because many people are sensitive to the milk protein, casein. Also, the milk sugar, lactose, in milk from cows and goats will feed the candida and a yeast infection to become more severe. Casein, the milk protein is difficult to digest so we always suggest fermenting the milk. In the later stages, or once you conquer your candida infection and your inner ecosystem is re-established, you may be able to gradually add milk kefir to your diet... but only IF IT WORKS WELL IN YOUR BODY!

YOUNG COCONUT KEFIR

Because so many people do poorly on dairy foods, Donna Gates created an amazing probiotic beverage that you can make at home by adding our Body Ecology Kefir Starter to the water found inside the young coconut.
This potassium-rich water is an important part of The Body Ecology Diet. It helps cleanse the liver and kidneys while nourishing the adrenals and the heart. People of all ages have reported an improvement in the energy, their moods, their skin, their joints and their hormones. They feel happier and digest their food better as well.
Parents of autistic children have reported a noticeable improvement in their children's symptoms once they begin drinking the young coconut kefir. Their doctors, pleased with the results, now recommend it to other children with autism.
Whether you make kefir with raw, organic milk, or add it to fresh, unpasteurized coconut water to make Young Coconut Kefir, you'll be nourishing your health with one of the most amazing, natural sources of important vitamins, minerals, proteins and pro-biotics you can find anywhere.
See how to make Young Coconut Kefir , and read more about Kefir Starter , which you can use to make it.
CREATE A HARMONIOUS WORLD INSIDE YOUR INTESTINES
To obtain the most benefit from your fermented foods and drinks the friendly bacteria and yeast found in pro-biotic foods and beverages should be very compatible with each other. Indeed, it is essential that the colony of microflora inside your intestines work synergistically together reinforcing one another's efforts. We like to think of them as an amazing "inner settlement" of microscopic "superheros" that do very important work.
At Body Ecology, we recognize the importance of repopulating our intestines daily with immune boosting microflora that are not only compatible with your intestines, but are also harmonious with one another. This symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship can best be obtained when you eat probiotic foods and liquids. They contain the friendly flora that not only help create a healthy inner ecosystem but also thrive and survive there.
In other words, the microflora in our starters and probiotic liquids work together to help populate your intestines with beneficial bacteria AND encourage the survival, implantation, and growth of newly added friendly microflora.
WHAT'S WRONGE WITH THE OTHER PROBIOTIC FOODS, SUPPLEMENTS AND DRINKS I CAN BUY?
Many of the probiotic drinks and supplements on the market today are not ORGANIC and are not NATURAL. They are processed in ways that destroy the beneficial bacteria they might have had in them, and DO NOT CONTAIN THE AMOUNT OF MICROFLORA THEY CLAIM ON THEIR LABELS. But it's not necessary enough to have high counts of microflora...

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER!!!

If you want to re-colonize your intestines with a healthy inner ecosystem, it is not HOW MANY MICROFLORA in a food or supplement that is important, it is HOW HARDY THEY ARE.
In other words billions are not necessarily the best. HOW VIABLE AND ROBUST AND ENDURING they are is what counts!
Ask these questions: WHAT IS THEIR SURVIVAL RATE? CAN THEY SURVIVE, THRIVE AND MULTIPLY INSIDE YOU?
BE SURE TO READ:

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Dr - -, Australian-trained doctor living in Shanghai, China

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The new 2016 fourth edition is a complete re-write detailing several major breakthroughs that have already changed my life. It draws conclusions from new scientific studies on how we evolved to eat, exercise, interact with others, sleep and work. These breakthroughs do not involve pain or deprivation!
A note regarding the old 2003 and 2007 editions

    The old editions are completely out-of-date

    2003
    2007
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Sulphur kills Candida

Candida or yeast overgrowth
If you suffer from diverse symptoms like fatigue, gas, bloating and brain fog, you may have an overgrowth of yeast, a fungus commonly known as Candida albicans, in your gut. Candida is present as part of a normal balance of intestinal microflora. Yet, if Candida is allowed to reproduce unchecked, it can create a host of health problems including allergies, sinusitis, bronchitis, arthritis and auto-immune disease that are, in part, due to the 180 chemical byproducts of Candida production.
Causes of candida overgrowth Candida overgrowth doesn’t usually occur by itself. It typically happens after using certain medications or from a diet high in sugar. The most common drugs that promote Candida are antibiotics that kill off good and bad bacteria, leaving unoccupied territory for Candida to invade. Birth control pills and cortisone drugs also give a hormonal boost to Candida growth.
Recognizing the symptoms If you think you might have a Candida problem, but aren’t sure, some common questions to ask yourself include:
1. Have you, at any time in your life, taken tetracycline or other “broad spectrum” antibiotics for more than a month?
2. Do you regularly use antacids or anti-hyperacidity drugs?
3. Are your symptoms worse on damp, muggy days or in moldy places?
4. Do you consistently crave sugar?
5. Do you have a feeling of being “drained?”
6. Are you bothered by vaginal (or penile) burning, itching or discharge?
7. Do you suffer from bloating, belching or intestinal gas?
Clearing candida: The solution The most effective way to clear Candida overgrowth and rebalance your system is to starve the yeast by not feeding it simple sugars. Eat a well-balanced diet including plenty of whole foods. Also take probiotics to replace good bacteria and use natural antifungal supplements. With this whole body approach, you can stop the cycle of Candida recurrence. In some cases, it may only take a few months to get things under control. However, you do need to be careful about stimulating Candida to reoccur in the future by avoiding antibiotics and a high sugar diet.
The candida diet Candida loves sugar and simple carbs. Removing sugar, lactose sugar (found in some dairy products), white flour products and alcohol from your diet helps prevent Candida from growing. Don’t worry, there are plenty of other food choices. Here is an overview:
Vegetables including salad greens, steamed greens and raw and cooked root vegetables should make up 60% of your diet. Eat antifungal foods like garlic, onions, ginger, cabbage and broccoli every day.
High protein foods such as chicken, turkey, lamb, beef, salmon, nuts, seeds and eggs should total at least 25% of your diet.
Complex carbohydrates like brown rice, lentils, peas and beans should make up at least 10% of your diet.
Low-glycemic fruit like apples, pears and berries should make up 5% of your diet.
Probiotics Probiotics can help your body reestablish a balance of friendly bacteria in your intestines, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, promote good digestion, boost immune function and increase resistance to infection. Beneficial strains include acidophilus and bifidus. Choose probiotics that guarantee 2 billion live organisms per capsule up to the expiration date.
Digestive enzymes Gastric acid and digestive enzymes from our pancreas are designed to digest food and destroy harmful microorganisms. However, when we eat in a rush, drink an excessive amount of fluid with a meal and are under stress at mealtime, our food may not digest properly. Incompletely digested food molecules can reach our intestines where, instead of being recognized as the building blocks for our body, are absorbed into the bloodstream and act as toxic substances. Digestive enzyme formulas containing betaine hydrochloric acid, pancreatin and cellulase are best to use when fighting Candida.
Antifungal supplements The following supplements can be taken individually or in combination formulas. When treating Candida, it is a good idea to rotate antifungal treatments, since each one works in different ways.
Black walnut is an herb taken from the pit of the black walnut fruit. It has been used as a powerful antifungal and antiparasitic treatment for centuries. Black walnut is commonly used in combination formulas along with wormwood and cloves.
Caprylic acid is a medium chain fatty acid derived from coconut oil that has strong antifungal properties. Take 1,000 mg three times per day.
Colloidal silver is a simple suspension of silver particles in water. It’s effective against hundreds of pathogenic organisms including Candida. It kills Candida by cutting off its oxygen supply. The yeast-killing dosage varies between products. Use as directed.
Garlic’s pungent odor and taste are due to several sulphur-containing compounds that kill Candida on contact. Fresh garlic is very powerful. Extracts, pills and capsules also safely kill yeast.
Grapefruit seed extract is a bitter oil that has countless uses. It is used to fight infections and support the immune system and also as an antifungal treatment. It comes in liquid or capsules. The dosage is about 125 mg three times a day.
Oregano oil has advanced its status from a seasoning in Italian food to a powerful natural antibiotic and antifungal. The average dose for treating Candida is 100 mg three times a day.
Pau d’Arco is an herb from the bark of a tree that inhibits the growth of mold and fungus. Take as a tea, in tincture form or in capsules.
Summary Treating Candida takes a comprehensive approach. You will find that making dietary changes and supplementing with digestive enzymes and probiotics will greatly improve your overall health and can be used on a regular basis. Antifungals will only be necessary until your Candida is under control, which depends on the severity of your symptoms and duration of the problem. Track how you feel. As yeast disappears, so do your symptoms

Wednesday 27 April 2016

Is HIV/Aids Candidiasis

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    HIV-Related Candidiasis

    Date: April 1, 1995
    Source: National Institutes of Health (NIH)
    Author: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)


    Candidiasis is a yeast infection caused by Candida albicans. In people with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, candidiasis commonly affects the skin and mucous membranes such as the mouth, throat, esophagus and vagina. Although troublesome and sometimes painful, candidiasis is rarely life-threatening.
    Candidiasis also can occur in healthy people, but it does not usually cause disease. It is kept in check by bacteria that colonize these areas, by white blood cells and by additional immune defenses. Even in people with healthy immune systems, however, candidiasis can occur under certain conditions. For example, antibiotic drugs can kill the bacteria that keep the yeast population in check, leading to vaginal or mouth infections.
    Symptoms and Diagnosis
    The signs and symptoms of oral candidiasis (in the mouth and throat) include white or red patches in the mouth, tongue or throat, cracking and soreness at the corners of the mouth, altered taste, mouth pain or burning; candidiasis in the esophagus can cause upper chest pain, sore throat and painful or difficult swallowing; in the vagina, candidiasis causes a white cheesy vaginal discharge accompanied by vaginal itching and burning.
    Doctors diagnose candidiasis if a patient's symptoms suggest a yeast infection, and if they detect yeast in the scrapings taken from infected areas. To diagnose a Candida infection in the esophagus, doctors may need to take an x-ray or insert a tiny tube down the throat to see the area and take scrapings.
    Treatment
    Doctors usually treat people with HIV-related candida infections with clotrimazole or nystatin. Patients take these drugs several times a day for about two weeks as lozenges or a swish-and-swallow preparation to treat candidiasis of the mouth or throat, or use them as vaginal creams or tablets for vaginal infections. If these topical therapies are not effective, or the patient has candidiasis of the esophagus, either oral fluconazole or ketoconazole tablets can be taken.
    Doctors may prescribe amphotericin B if the yeast infection does not respond to the above treatments. Amphotericin B must be given through a vein. It works very well but can cause serious side effects.
    Maintenance Therapy
    Candidiasis recurs in many people with HIV infection. Clinical trials are ongoing to determine if it is beneficial to continue patients on the oral or topical medications in an effort to prevent recurrent infection.
    Research
    The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) funds research aimed at finding new drugs for the treatment or prevention of candidiasis. For more information on these or other studies, call the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service:
    1-800-TRIALS-A 1-800-243-7012 (TDD/Deaf Access)
    For federally approved treatment guidelines on HIV/AIDS, call the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service:
    1-800-HIV-0440 1-800-243-7012 (TDD/Deaf Access)
    NIAID, a component of the National Institutes of Health, supports research on AIDS, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases as well as allergies and immunology. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    Prepared by: Office of Communications National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892
    Public Health Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Services April 1995

    Lisa Richards - does she fight alone, I come across her time and time again












    Holland and Barrett knows it - Drs don't recognize it - what hope do WE have - catastrophic mistake!!!!!!!!!!!

    What is candida?
    If you have persistent thrush, feel tired all the time, are bloated, or have strong sugar cravings, you may be suffering from a condition called candida.

    What is candida?

    Candida is a yeast that lives naturally in your mouth, gut and vagina. If you have a healthy immune system, it doesn’t usually cause any problems – the friendly bacteria in your gut help keep levels under control.
    But sometimes it can grow out of hand, leading to symptoms such as recurring thrush and urinary tract infections, and digestive problems such as bloating.

    More symptoms of candida

    Fatigue, thinning hair and concentration problems – sometimes described as ‘brain fog’ – can also be symptoms of candida.
    The yeast overgrowth can affect the way your body absorbs nutrients, which is why candida can lead to a range of symptoms. For example, poor absorption of iron may explain why candida can be linked to hair loss.
    Strong alcohol or sugar cravings can also be telltale signs of candida, as the yeast feeds on sugars.

    What causes candida?

    Unfortunately, our modern lifestyles make it easy for candida to thrive. Long-term use of antibiotics can upset the levels of friendly bacteria in your gut, allowing the yeast to grow, while stress dampens your immune system, stopping it from keeping the yeast in check.
    The contraceptive pill and hormone replacement therapy can also affect your body’s delicate balance, allowing candida to thrive. Eating lots of sugary foods – or drinking too much alcohol – will feed candida too.
    Having another health condition that affects your immunity, such as HIV or diabetes, or taking high doses of steroids for medical reasons, could also trigger candida to take over.

    How to treat candida

    If you think you’re affected, it’s important to tackle candida. Not only are the symptoms unpleasant and debilitating, candida is also linked to leaky gut syndrome.
    This is when the yeast overgrowth can cause small holes in the gut, which allows tiny food particles to escape into your blood stream. Your immune system doesn’t recognise them and goes on the attack, which may cause you to become intolerant to a range of foods. Over time, you may miss out on important nutrients because you find it hard to tolerate many different foods.

    What can your doctor do?

    Candida is a controversial diagnosis and most conventional doctors don’t recognise it, except in people with seriously reduced immunity, such as those with HIV. Plus, as symptoms are vague and varied, candida can be hard to pinpoint. You may even be diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or given a clean bill of health.
    If you’re suffering from the symptoms listed above, it may be worth seeing a nutritionist or naturopath. They can carry out a saliva test to check for candida infection, and a urine test for leaky gut syndrome, and may then recommend diet changes and supplements to help.

    How to tackle candida

    An anti-candida diet can help but it’s restrictive and can be difficult to follow, so isn’t something to embark on lightly. You have to starve the yeast, which means avoiding all the foods and drinks it feeds on, including sugary foods, alcohol and anything fermented such as yeast extract, blue cheeses or soy sauce.
    Certain supplements are also thought to help naturally fight candida overgrowth, such as garlic and oregano, along with probiotics to build up your levels of friendly bacteria.




    Get more advice on improving your health, inside and out.
    This article has been adapted from longer features appearing in Healthy, the Holland & Barrett magazine. Advice is for information only and should not replace medical care. Please check with your GP before trying any remedies

    I finally have the upper hand!!!!!!!!

    Gravity has worked so painfully against me, but as from yesterday, I can now use it to my advantage. Hooray!!!!!!at last, no looking back.

    Friday 22 April 2016

    Pleurisy

    Pleurisy

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Jump to: navigation, search
    This article is about the disease. For the plant known as "pleurisy root", see Butterfly weed.
    Pleurisy
    Pleurisy and pneumothorax.jpg
    Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, pleura, and diaphragm. The inset image shows a detailed view of the two pleural layers and pleural space. Figure B shows lungs with pleurisy and pneumothorax. The inset image shows a detailed view of an infected lung with thickened and inflamed pleural layers.
    Classification and external resources
    SpecialtyPulmonology
    ICD-10J90, R09.1
    ICD-9-CM511
    DiseasesDB29361
    MedlinePlus001371
    MeSHD010998
    Pleurisy (also known as pleuritis) is an inflammation of the pleurae, the membranes of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs.[1] There are many possible causes of pleurisy but viral infections spreading from the lungs to the pleural cavity are the most common.[2] The inflamed pleural layers rub against each other every time the lungs expand to breathe in air.[3] This can cause sharp pain when breathing, also called pleuritic chest pain.[4][5] The condition may either be primary or secondary and is often associated with a pleural effusion. [6]


    Signs and symptoms[edit]

    The defining symptom of pleurisy is a sudden sharp, stabbing, burning or dull pain in the right or left side of the chest during breathing, especially when one inhales and exhales.[7] It feels worse with deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. The pain may stay in one place, or it may spread to the shoulder or back.[8] Sometimes, it becomes a fairly constant dull ache.[9]
    Depending on its cause, pleuritic chest pain may be accompanied by other symptoms:[10]

    Causes[edit]

    Pleurisy
    Pleural linings and space (marked in blue)
    Pleural space can be invaded by fluid, air, and particles from different parts of the body which fairly complicates the diagnosis.[10][11] Viral infection (coxsackievirus, RSV, CMV, adenovirus, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza) is the most common cause of pleurisy. However, many other different conditions can cause pleuritic chest pain:[9]
    When the space between two layers of pleura starts to fill with fluid in a case of pleural effusion, it can ease the chest pain, but instead creates a shortness of breath, since the lungs need room to expand during breathing. Some cases of pleuritic chest pain are idiopathic, which means that the exact cause cannot be determined.

    Diagnosis[edit]

    A diagnosis of pleurisy or another pleural condition is based on a medical history, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests.[10] The goals are to rule out other sources of the symptoms and to find the cause of the pleurisy so that the underlying disorder can be treated.

    Physical examination[edit]

    A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to the breathing. This method detects any unusual sounds in the lungs. A person with pleurisy may have inflamed layers of the pleura that make a rough, scratchy sound as they rub against each other during breathing. This is called pleural friction rub.

    Diagnostic tests[edit]

    Depending on the results of the physical examination, diagnostic tests are sometimes performed.

    Chest x-ray[edit]

    A chest x-ray takes a picture of the heart and lungs. It may show air or fluid in the pleural space. It also may show the cause (e.g., pneumonia, a fractured rib, or a lung tumor) of the pleurisy.
    Sometimes an x-ray is taken while lying on the painful side. This may show fluid, as well as changes in fluid position, that did not appear in the vertical x-ray.

    Blood test[edit]

    Blood tests can detect bacterial or viral infections, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, a pulmonary embolism, or lupus.

    ECG[edit]

    Electrocardiography test can determine if a heart condition contributes to the symptoms.

    Ultrasound[edit]

    Ultrasonography uses sound waves to create an image. It may show where fluid is located in the chest. It also can show some tumors. Although ultrasound may detect fluid around the lungs, also known as a pleural effusion, sound waves are scattered by air. Therefore, an actual picture of the lungs cannot be obtained with ultrasonography.

    Computed tomography (CT) scan[edit]

    A CT scan provides a computer-generated picture of the lungs that can show pockets of fluid. It also may show signs of pneumonia, a lung abscess, or a tumor.

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)[edit]

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanning, uses powerful magnets to show pleural effusions and tumors.

    Arterial blood gas[edit]

    In arterial blood-gas sampling, a small amount of blood is taken from an artery, usually in the wrist. The blood is then checked for oxygen and carbon-dioxide levels. This test shows how well the lungs are taking in oxygen.

    Thoracentesis[edit]

    The illustration shows a person undergoing thoracentesis. The person sits upright and leans on a table. Excess fluid from the pleural space is drained into a bag.
    Once the presence of an excess fluid in the pleural cavity, or pleural effusion, is suspected and location of fluid is confirmed, a sample of fluid can be removed for testing.[12] The procedure to remove fluid in the chest is called a diagnostic thoracentesis.[13] The doctor inserts a small needle or a thin, hollow, plastic tube in the chest wall and withdraws fluid.[14]
    Thoracentesis can be done in the doctor's office or at the hospital. Ultrasound is used to guide the needle to the fluid that is trapped in small pockets around the lungs.
    Thoracentesis usually does not cause serious complications. Generally, a chest x-ray is done after the procedure to evaluate the lungs. Possible complications of thoracentesis include the following:
    • Bleeding and bruising where the needle went in. In rare cases, bleeding may occur in or around the lung. The doctor can use a chest tube to drain the blood. In some cases, surgery is needed.
    • Infection where the needle went in
    • Injury to the liver or spleen (in rare cases)
    • Pain.
    • Pneumothorax, or buildup of air in the pleural space, with a collapsed or partially collapsed lung. Sometimes air comes in through the needle or the needle makes a hole in the lung. Usually, a hole will seal itself. But sometimes air can build up around the lung and make it collapse. A chest tube can remove the air and let the lung expand again.
    The lung fluid is examined under a microscope and is evaluated for the presence of chemicals and for its color and texture. The degree of clarity is an indicator of infection, cancer, or other conditions that may be causing the buildup of fluid or blood in the pleural space.

    Biopsy[edit]

    If tuberculosis or cancer is suspected, a small piece of the pleura may be examined under a microscope to make a definitive diagnosis. This is called a biopsy.
    Several approaches to taking tissue samples are available
    1. Insertion of a needle through the skin on the chest to remove a small sample of the outer layer of the pleura.
    2. Insertion of a small tube with a light on the end (endoscope) into tiny cuts in the chest wall in order to visualize the pleura. Small pieces of tissue can be biopsied though the endoscope.
    3. Removal of a sample of the pleura through a small cut in the chest wall. This is called an open pleural biopsy. It is usually done if the sample from the needle biopsy is too small for an accurate diagnosis.

    Treatment[edit]

    Treatment has several goals:[10]
    • Relief of symptoms
    • Removal of the fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space
    • Treatment of the underlying condition

    Procedures[edit]

    If large amounts of fluid, air, or blood are not removed from the pleural space, they may cause the lung to collapse.
    The surgical procedures used to drain fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space are as follows:
    • During thoracentesis, a needle or a thin, hollow, plastic tube is inserted through the ribs in the back of the chest into the chest wall. A syringe is attached to draw fluid out of the chest. This procedure can remove more than 6 cups (1.5 litres) of fluid at a time.
    • When larger amounts of fluid must be removed, a chest tube may be inserted through the chest wall. The doctor injects a local painkiller into the area of the chest wall outside where the fluid is. A plastic tube is then inserted into the chest between two ribs. The tube is connected to a box that suctions the fluid out. A chest x-ray is taken to check the tube's position.
    • A chest tube is also used to drain blood and air from the pleural space. This can take several days. The tube is left in place, and the patient usually stays in the hospital during this time.
    • Sometimes the fluid contains thick pus or blood clots, or it may have formed a hard skin or peel. This makes it harder to drain the fluid. To help break up the pus or blood clots, the doctor may use the chest tube to put certain medicines into the pleural space. These medicines are called fibrinolytics. If the pus or blood clots still do not drain out, surgery may be necessary.

    Medications[edit]

    A couple of medications are used to relieve pleurisy symptoms:
    There may be a role for the use of corticosteroids (for tuberculous pleurisy), tacrolimus (Prograf) and methotrexate (Trexall, Rheumatrex) in the treatment of pleurisy. Further studies are needed.

    Lifestyle changes[edit]

    The following may be helpful in the management of pleurisy:
    • Lying on the painful side may be more comfortable
    • Breathing deeply and coughing to clear mucus as the pain eases. Otherwise, pneumonia may develop.
    • Getting rest

    Treating the cause[edit]

    Ideally, the treatment of pleurisy is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of the disease.
    • If the pleural fluid is infected, treatment involves antibiotics and draining the fluid. If the infection is tuberculosis or from a fungus, treatment involves long-term use of antibiotics or antifungal medicines.
    • If the fluid is caused by tumors of the pleura, it may build up again quickly after it is drained. Sometimes anti-tumor medicines will prevent further fluid buildup. If they don't, the doctor may seal the pleural space. This is called pleurodesis. Pleurodesis involves the drainage of all the fluid out of the chest through a chest tube. A substance is inserted through the chest tube into the pleural space. This substance irritates the surface of the pleura. This causes the two layers of the pleura to squeeze shut so there is no room for more fluid to build up.
    • Chemotherapy or radiation treatment also may be used to reduce the size of the tumors.
    • If congestive heart failure is causing the fluid buildup, treatment usually includes diuretics and other medicines.
    The treatment for pleurisy depends on its origin and is prescribed by a physician on a base of an individual assessment.[16] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in case of bacterial infections, are common remedies dispensed by doctors to relieve the initial symptoms and pain in the chest, while viral infections are self-limited. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), preferably indometacin, are usually employed as pain control agents.[10]

    Alternative treatments[edit]

    A number of alternative or complementary medicines are being investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties, and their use in pleurisy. At this time, clinical trials of these compounds have not been performed.
    Extracts from the Brazilian folk remedy Wilbrandia ebracteata ("Taiuia") have been shown to reduce inflammation in the pleural cavity of mice.[17][18] The extract is thought to inhibit the same enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.[18] Similarly, an extract from the roots of the Brazilian Petiveria alliacea plant reduced inflammation in a rat model of pleurisy.[19] The extract also reduced pain sensations in the rats. An aqueous extract from Solidago chilensis has been shown to reduce inflammation in a mouse model of pleurisy.[20]
    Pleurisy root Asclepias tuberosa is another example of a herbal solution for this inflammation.

    Related problems[edit]

    Pleurisy is often associated with complications that affect the pleural space.

    Pleural effusion[edit]

    In some cases of pleurisy, excess fluid builds up in the pleural space. This is called a pleural effusion. The buildup of fluid usually forces the two layers of the pleura apart so they don't rub against each other when breathing. This can relieve the pain of pleurisy. A large amount of extra fluid can push the pleura against the lung until the lung, or a part of it, collapses. This can make it hard to breathe.
    In some cases of pleural effusion, the extra fluid gets infected and turns into an abscess. This is called an empyema.
    Pleural effusion involving fibrinous exudates in the fluid may be called fibrinous pleurisy. It sometimes occurs as a later stage of pleurisy.
    A person can develop a pleural effusion in the absence of pleurisy. For example, pneumonia, heart failure, cancer, or a pulmonary embolism can lead to a pleural effusion.

    Pneumothorax[edit]

    Air or gas also can build up in the pleural space. This is called a pneumothorax. It can result from acute lung injury or a lung disease like emphysema. Lung procedures, like surgery, drainage of fluid with a needle, examination of the lung from the inside with a light and a camera, or mechanical ventilation, also can cause a pneumothorax.
    The most common symptom is sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath. A pneumothorax also can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.
    If the pneumothorax is small, it may go away on its own. If large, a chest tube is placed through the skin and chest wall into the pleural space to remove the air.

    Hemothorax[edit]

    Blood also can collect in the pleural space. This is called hemothorax. The most common cause is injury to the chest from blunt force or surgery on the heart or chest. Hemothorax also can occur in people with lung or pleural cancer.
    Hemothorax can put pressure on the lung and force it to collapse. It also can cause shock, a state of hypoperfusion in which an insufficient amount of blood is able to reach the organs.

    Prognosis[edit]

    Pleurisy and other disorders of the pleura can be serious, depending on what caused them. Generally, pleurisy treatment has an excellent prognosis, but if left untreated it can cause severe complications. For example, a resulting pulmonary heart disease cor pulmonale, which manifests itself with an inflammation of the arms and legs, can lead to heart failure. If the conditions that caused the pleurisy or other pleural disorders were adequately diagnosed and treated early, one can expect a full recovery. Help of a pulmonologist (respiratory physician in the U.K. and Australia) may be enlisted to address the underlying cause and chart post-illness rehabilitation.

    Notable cases[edit]

    • Gaius Marius, a Roman general and statesman, according to Plutarch died of the disease in 86 BC.[21]
    • Flavius Constantius III, a co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire, died of pleurisy according to Sidonius Apollinaris on 2 September 421 AD.[22]
    • Charlemagne, known as the father of Europe for reuniting much of the Roman Empire, died in 814 of pleurisy.[23]
    • Hernán Cortés died on 2 December 1547, from a case of pleurisy at the age of 62.
    • Catherine de' Medici, sometimes described as a "wife of one King and mother of three others", died from pleurisy in January 1589 at age 69.[24]
    • Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Renaissance composer died in 1594 from pleurisy in Rome, Italy.
    • Benjamin Franklin developed fever and chest pain in 1790 at the age of 84. He spent ten days in bed having severe cough and difficulty breathing. He died after an abscess in his lungs burst from what is believed to be a case of pleurisy.[25]
    • Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, wife of King William IV of the United Kingdom, contracted pleurisy in 1819, it is, in part, blamed for her difficulty in bearing children throughout that year.
    • Juan O'Donojú, last viceroy of the Spanish colony of New Spain (Mexico), died of pleurisy on October 8, 1821.[26]
    • Francis Scott Key died in 1843 at the home of his daughter Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore from pleurisy.[27]
    • William Wordsworth, the English poet, died of pleurisy aged 80 on 23 April 1850.[28]
    • Dominic Savio, Italian Saint, became ill and died in March 1857 at the age of 14 possibly from pleurisy.[29]
    • Tad Lincoln, the fourth and youngest son of Abraham Lincoln, had difficulty breathing when lying down and had to sleep sitting in a chair, and probably died of pleuristic attack, which was believed to be tubercular in origin, in Chicago in 1871 at age 18.[30]
    • Prince Alemayehu, son of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia died in Britain of pleurisy in 1879 at age 18.
    • Devil Anse Hatfield, a leader of the Hatfield clan and the driving force of the infamous Hatfield–McCoy feud, had a bout of pleurisy in the 1890s (probably 1897).[31]
    • Frank C. Stanley, former Peerless Quartet member, died of pleurisy at the age of 41 on 12 December 1910 at his home in Orange.[32]
    • Mahatma Gandhi suffered from pleurisy during the First World War, while he was in London.[33]
    • Enrico Caruso was struggling with pleurisy in the winter of 1920-1921, which contributed to his premature death.[34][35]
    • Eli Bowen, a circus performer known as "The Legless Wonder", or "The Legless Acrobat", died on 2 May 1924 in Coney Island of pleurisy days before a scheduled performance for The Dreamland Circus at age 79.[36]
    • Erik Satie, French composer, died from pleurisy at l'Hôpital St. Joseph on 1 July 1925.[37]
    • Rudolph Valentino, an international movie star, died in August 1926 from pleurisy at age 31.[38]
    • Alvin Kraenzlein was the first athlete to win four Olympic titles in a single event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. He suffered from bouts of pleurisy at the end of 1927 and died from a related complication early 1928 at the age of 51.[39]
    • Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet, became ill with pleurisy and died of related causes in 1928 at age 87.[40]
    • Anna Pavlova, one of the world's most famous ballerinas, died unexpectedly of pleurisy at age 49 at the Hotel des Indes in The Hague in January 1931,[41]
    • Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., a Broadway impresario, who was credited with staging several hit musicals including Show Boat (1927), died on July 22, 1932 of pleurisy after a lung infection at age 65.[42]
    • Dwight White, a starting defensive end for the Pittsburgh Steelers, was hospitalized with pleurisy in New Orleans while the team prepared for Super Bowl IX in January 1975. White, who lost 20 pounds while hospitalized, checked out the morning of the game, and played nearly every defensive snap of the Steelers' 16-6 victory over the Minnesota Vikings. White scored the game's first points on a safety when he downed Vikings quarterback Fran Tarkenton in his own end zone in the second quarter. Shortly after the game concluded, White was readmitted to the hospital and missed the Steelers' flight back to Pittsburgh.
    • Kenji Miyazawa, a Japanese poet and writer, suffered from chronic pleurisy and died of pneumonia in September 1933 at age 37.[43]
    • Nino Manfredi, prominent actor in the commedia all'italiana genre, was given three months to live for his bilateral pleurisy in 1937. He eventually survived and died at age 83 in 2004.[44]
    • Sir Robert Chesebrough, inventor of Vaseline, suffered pleurisy in his 50s and is said to have treated it by rubbing his whole body with petroleum jelly.[45]
    • Colonel Edward Mandell House died on March 28, 1938 in New York City, following a bout with pleurisy. The Colonel was President Woodrow Wilson's advisor, particularly in the area of foreign affairs, including the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
    • George V suffered from pleurisy in his later life.
    • Elisabeth Freeman, a suffragist and civil rights activist, best known for a report for the NAACP on the Waco Horror died of pleurisy in February 1942.
    • Carson McCullers, author of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, was diagnosed with influenza and pleurisy in 1944.[46]
    • Ringo Starr, former Beatles drummer and solo artist, had chronic-pleurisy at age 13 in 1953.[47]
    • Basil Sydney, the British actor died of the condition in 1968.
    • LeBron James, an American professional basketball player, was diagnosed with pleurisy after being admitted to the Cleveland Clinic in October 2005 with complaints about chest pain during practice.[48]
    • Ken Griffey Jr., an American professional baseball player, complained of soreness in the chest and, after a chest x-ray, was diagnosed with pleurisy in April, 2007.[49]
    • Shin Dongho, former U-KISS member, was diagnosed with pleurisy in mid-October 2012.
    • England cricketer James Southerton, the oldest person to appear in the inaugural Test, against Australia in Melbourne in 1876-77 when he was 49 years old, and still the oldest Test debutant, died not long after his brief taste of Test cricket, succumbing to pleurisy on June 16, 1880, aged 52.
    • Edmund Husserl, a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology died of a form of pleurisy on 27 April 1938.[50]

    References[edit]

    1. Jump up ^ Cedars-Sinai: Pleurisy.
    2. Jump up ^ The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook: Viral Pleuritis.
    3. Jump up ^ Wellmont Health System: Pleurisy (pleuritis).
    4. Jump up ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Encyclopedia of Health. Vol. 1-18. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2010, Vol. 13, P. 831.
    5. Jump up ^ Light, Richard W., and Y. C. Gary Lee. Textbook of Pleural Diseases. London: Arnold, 2003.
    6. Jump up ^ Tamparo, Carol (2011). Fifth Edition: Diseases of the Human Body. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-8036-2505-1. 
    7. Jump up ^ "The Lung Center: Understanding Pleurisy" (PDF). An online information portal for the community. The Lung Center, New Deli, India. Retrieved 2013-06-22. 
    8. Jump up ^ Beth Walsh, MA. Pleurisy (pleuritis).
    9. ^ Jump up to: a b Ferri, Fred F. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2012. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby, 2012, P. 790.
    10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sara M. Kass, CDR, MC, USN, Pamels M. WIilliams, MAJ, USAF, MC, and Brian V. Reamy, COL, USAF, MC, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. Pleurisy. American Family Physician. 2007, May 1; 75(9):1357-1364.PDF
    11. Jump up ^ Maskell, Nick, and Ann Millar. Oxford Desk Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Chapter 14. Pleural Disease. PDF
    12. Jump up ^ Raed A. Dweik. Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuous Education: Pleural Disease.
    13. Jump up ^ Light, R.W. Diagnostic principles in pleural disease. European Respiratory Journal, 1997 Feb; 10(2): 476-81.PDF
    14. Jump up ^ Sahn, Steven A. Pleural Disease. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2006.
    15. Jump up ^ Klein RC (October 1984). "Effects of indomethacin on pleural pain". South. Med. J. 77 (10): 1253–4. doi:10.1097/00007611-198410000-00011. PMID 6207594. 
    16. Jump up ^ Fishman, Alfred P., and Jack A. Elias. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, 1997.
    17. Jump up ^ Peters RR, Saleh TF, Lora M, et al. (1999). "Anti-inflammatory effects of the products from Wilbrandia ebracteata on carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice". Life Sci. 64 (26): 2429–37. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00200-3. PMID 10403502. 
    18. ^ Jump up to: a b Siqueira JM, Peters RR, Gazola AC, et al. (March 2007). "Anti-inflammatory effects of a triterpenoid isolated from Wilbrandia ebracteata Cogn". Life Sci. 80 (15): 1382–7. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.021. PMID 17286991. 
    19. Jump up ^ Lopes-Martins RA, Pegoraro DH, Woisky R, Penna SC, Sertié JA (April 2002). "The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a crude extract of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae)". Phytomedicine 9 (3): 245–8. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00118. PMID 12046866. 
    20. Jump up ^ Goulart S, Moritz MI, Lang KL, Liz R, Schenkel EP, Fröde TS (September 2007). "Anti-inflammatory evaluation of Solidago chilensis Meyen in a murine model of pleurisy". J Ethnopharmacol 113 (2): 346–53. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.003. PMID 17686594. 
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