tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67990977898403101872024-03-26T23:38:06.038-07:00my mess/msmy ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.comBlogger4217125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-15494823274499193212019-05-28T01:38:00.004-07:002019-05-28T01:39:46.907-07:00Don't waste people's time.I will delete all inappropriate comments or links to websites or advertising.<br />
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SO DON'T BOTHERmy ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-28330527042248495212019-05-28T01:27:00.003-07:002019-05-28T01:30:01.879-07:00Still here - solutions, solutions, solutions.<h2>
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I am still here.</h2>
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every problem has a solution,</div>
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pharmaceutical drugs are not it.</div>
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Me </div>
my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-59368521458774151782019-05-05T02:19:00.003-07:002019-05-05T02:19:41.818-07:00The brain-gut axis<h1 class="content-title">
Focus on the gut-brain axis: Multiple sclerosis, the intestinal barrier and the microbiome</h1>
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<a class="affpopup" co-class="co-affbox" co-rid="_co_idm140321403752944" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Camara-Lemarroy%20CR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30310254">Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy</a>, <a class="affpopup" co-class="co-affbox" co-rid="_co_idm140321431037824" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Metz%20LM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30310254">Luanne M Metz</a>, and <a class="affpopup" co-class="co-affbox" co-rid="_co_idm140321425581632" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yong%20VW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30310254">V Wee Yong</a></div>
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Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy</h3>
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada<br />
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. <a class="oemail" data-email="ac.secivreshtlaehatrebla@yorramel-aramac.solrac" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">ac.secivreshtlaehatrebla@yorramel-aramac.solrac</a><br />
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Luanne M Metz</h3>
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada<br />
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada<br />
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V Wee Yong</h3>
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada<br />
Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada<br />
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<span class="fm-affl">Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy, </span><span class="fm-affl" id="idm140321422721872" lang="en"> Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada;</span><span class="fm-affl" id="idm140321422721488" lang="en"> Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. <a class="oemail" data-email="ac.secivreshtlaehatrebla@yorramel-aramac.solrac" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">ac.secivreshtlaehatrebla@yorramel-aramac.solrac</a>;</span></div>
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Author contributions: Camara-Lemarroy CR conceived the study and drafted the manuscript; Metz LM and Yong VW revised and approved the final version of the article.<div class="p" id="__p2">
Supported by the Lejoie-Lake Fellowship (to Camara-Lemarroy CR) awarded by the Hotchkiss Brain Institute.</div>
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Correspondence to: Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy, MD, Academic Fellow, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. <a class="oemail" data-email="ac.secivreshtlaehatrebla@yorramel-aramac.solrac" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">ac.secivreshtlaehatrebla@yorramel-aramac.solrac</a></div>
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Telephone: +1-403-9444253 Fax: +1-403-2707162</div>
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Received 2018 Jul 5; Revised 2018 Jul 30; Accepted 2018 Aug 1.</div>
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This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.</div>
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Abstract</h2>
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The brain-gut axis serves as the bidirectional connection between the gut microbiome, the intestinal barrier and the immune system that might be relevant for the pathophysiology of inflammatory demyelinating diseases. People with multiple sclerosis have been shown to have an altered microbiome, increased intestinal permeability and changes in bile acid metabolism. Experimental evidence suggests that these changes can lead to profound alterations of peripheral and central nervous system immune regulation. Besides being of pathophysiological interest, the brain-gut axis could also open new avenues of therapeutic targets. Modification of the microbiome, the use of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, supplementation with bile acids and intestinal barrier enhancers are all promising candidates. Hopefully, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials will soon yield significant results.</div>
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<strong class="kwd-title">Keywords: </strong><span class="kwd-text">Multiple sclerosis, Microbiome, Intestinal barrier, Bile acids, Gut-brain axis</span></div>
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<strong>Core tip:</strong> Many studies suggest that the brain-gut connection can contribute to our knowledge of the pathophysiology of neurological conditions. Recent evidence suggests that people with multiple sclerosis have changes in their gut microbiome, their intestinal barrier and even in the metabolism of bile acids. All of these represent relevant therapeutic targets that could feasibly be addressed by pre-clinical and clinical studies. This knowledge acquired in the bench might soon be translated to the bedside.</div>
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INTRODUCTION</h2>
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Clinical and preclinical studies have shown bidirectional interactions within the brain-gut axis and the gut microbiome, the intestinal barrier and the immune system, both in health and disease. These complex interactions might be relevant for the pathophysiology of inflammatory demyelinating diseases, and in particular, multiple sclerosis, where much interest has been placed in the recent literature.</div>
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THE GUT MICROBIOME</h2>
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Much interest has been placed recently on the possible role of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology. Many review articles on this subject have recently been published[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B1" id="__tag_728109355" rid="B1" role="button">1</a>-<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B3" id="__tag_728109369" rid="B3" role="button">3</a>], perhaps more than original research articles that actually characterize the gut microbiome in patients with MS. This research is in keeping with the essential role that the gut microbiome has in regulating the development of the immune system[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B4" id="__tag_728109386" rid="B4" role="button">4</a>]. This area of research has also been the subject of recent symposia in international MS conferences[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B5" rid="B5" role="button">5</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B6" rid="B6" role="button">6</a>].</div>
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Much of the experimental evidence is derived from studies using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Modifying the gut microbiota with either antibiotic cocktails or probiotics leads to EAE attenuation as well as a multitude of regulatory immune responses[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B7" id="__tag_728109345" rid="B7" role="button">7</a>-<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B9" id="__tag_728109393" rid="B9" role="button">9</a>]. Animals bred in germ-free conditions are resistant to EAE induction and show an attenuated immunological response[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B10" id="__tag_728109361" rid="B10" role="button">10</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B11" id="__tag_728109352" rid="B11" role="button">11</a>], an effect lost when mice are repopulated with gut commensals[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B11" id="__tag_728109362" rid="B11" role="button">11</a>]. In recent intriguing experiments, transgenic mice prone to spontaneous brain autoimmunity developed severe disease when transplanted with fecal microbiota from MS patients, as opposed to mice that received fecal microbiota from healthy matching twins[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B12" id="__tag_728109358" rid="B12" role="button">12</a>]. Germ-free mice receiving similar transplants also developed severe EAE, while showing altered peripheral immune responses[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B13" id="__tag_728109343" rid="B13" role="button">13</a>].</div>
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From studies attempting to characterize the composition of the microbiome, it is clear there are some differences in people with MS compared to controls. People with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) have an abundance of <em>Anaerostipes</em>, <em>Faecalibacterium</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Mycoplasma</em>, <em>Haemophilus</em>, <em>Blautia</em>, and <em>Dorea</em> and a relative decrease of <em>Bacteroides</em>, <em>Prevotella</em>, <em>Parabacteroides</em> and <em>Adlercreutzia</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B14" id="__tag_728533769" rid="B14" role="button">14</a>-<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B16" id="__tag_728109347" rid="B16" role="button">16</a>]. In pediatric MS, patients have higher levels of members of <em>Desulfovibrionaceae</em> and depletion in <em>Lachnospiraceae</em> and <em>Ruminococcaceae</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B17" id="__tag_728109371" rid="B17" role="button">17</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B18" id="__tag_728109384" rid="B18" role="button">18</a>]. Issues are further complicated by complex analyses at the taxa, phylum and species levels, and a myriad of microbes have been implicated. For example, studies have found a significant depletion in clostridial species[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B15" id="__tag_728109375" rid="B15" role="button">15</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B19" id="__tag_728109353" rid="B19" role="button">19</a>], <em>Butyricimonas</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B20" id="__tag_728109387" rid="B20" role="button">20</a>], <em>Roseburia</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B21" id="__tag_728109360" rid="B21" role="button">21</a>] and an increase in <em>Streptococcus</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B22" id="__tag_728109395" rid="B22" role="button">22</a>], <em>Methanobrevibacter</em>, <em>Akkermansia</em> and <em>Coprococcus</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B14" id="__tag_728533773" rid="B14" role="button">14</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B20" id="__tag_728109340" rid="B20" role="button">20</a>].</div>
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However, there are some limitations to these studies. The methods used to analyze the microbiome have been heterogeneous, with most (but not all) studies using a variation of 16S sequencing. There are differences in sample processing, DNA extraction, choice of primers, databases and hyper-variable regions analyzed across studies. Furthermore, close to two thirds of patients with MS have gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, dyspepsia and other functional gastrointestinal disorders[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B23" id="__tag_728109364" rid="B23" role="button">23</a>], and many of these have been also associated with an altered gut microbiota[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B24" id="__tag_728109376" rid="B24" role="button">24</a>]. Studies so far have not properly accounted for these symptoms or other relevant variables such as diet. An ongoing International MS Microbiome study aims to define a “core microbiome”[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B3" id="__tag_728109338" rid="B3" role="button">3</a>]. It might shine some light into this complicated field.</div>
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Nonetheless, there is mounting experimental evidence that the gut microbiome may play a role in MS pathophysiology and human studies suggest that patients have a different microbiome compared to controls. Of course, the true significance of the results obtained so far is unclear, considering that there has often been a failure to replicate microbiome animal studies in humans. But the next question that comes to mind is whether this can also constitute a relevant therapeutic target. Although this appears to be the case in experimental models, translation to clinical practice may prove challenging.</div>
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Modifying the microbiome through medications, possibly antibiotics, could be the simplest method, but several issues arise that question the feasibility of this approach. Targeting specific commensals might prove difficult and requires appropriate identification of these targets. The case of minocycline is an interesting example. Recently shown to delay the occurrence of a second demyelinating event in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B25" id="__tag_728109391" rid="B25" role="button">25</a>], minocycline is an antibiotic known to alter the gut microbiome[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B26" id="__tag_728109394" rid="B26" role="button">26</a>]. Whether this is an additional mechanism of action remains unknown; it is noteworthy that the initial rationale for testing minocycline in early MS is based on its various immune-modifying properties[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B27" id="__tag_728109381" rid="B27" role="button">27</a>]. On the other hand, there is also evidence that MS disease modifying therapies (DMTs) may alter the microbiome directly[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B26" id="__tag_728109367" rid="B26" role="button">26</a>], and indeed, it also appears that a multitude of other medications such as antidepressants, antipsychotics and immune modulators may also do so[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B28" id="__tag_728109351" rid="B28" role="button">28</a>]. Issues such as the generation of resistant strains are also worthy of consideration.</div>
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Probiotics are a popular option but there are various issues with their practical implementation. Probiotics do not modify the host microbiome in a robust and persistent manner, although they are purported to be able to influence gut immunity and homeostasis. Despite success in showing a benefit for probiotics in animal models[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B29" id="__tag_728109370" rid="B29" role="button">29</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B30" id="__tag_728109366" rid="B30" role="button">30</a>], there are only a handful of clinical trials in MS. Results have been preliminary, with some modest beneficial trends in clinical variables and some biochemical markers of changes in peripheral immune function[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B31" id="__tag_728109344" rid="B31" role="button">31</a>-<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B33" id="__tag_728109341" rid="B33" role="button">33</a>]. However, they have included very small numbers of patients and the duration of these trials have been too short to shed any light onto clinically meaningful outcomes. There are many barriers to be overcome, such as selecting the appropriate formulation, dose and study design. There is also a lesson to be learned from the multiple clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where despite a wealth of available studies (although heterogeneous in design and quality), the evidence supporting their clinical use is limited to carefully selected subpopulations[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B34" id="__tag_728109388" rid="B34" role="button">34</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B35" id="__tag_728109396" rid="B35" role="button">35</a>].</div>
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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) would constitute the optimal strategy to modify the gut microbiome. It has proven to be remarkably effective in managing <em>C. difficile</em> colitis, and isolated case reports describe beneficial effects over MS disease course, through mechanisms that remain unclear[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B36" rid="B36" role="button">36</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B37" id="__tag_728109357" rid="B37" role="button">37</a>]. A clinical trial of FMT is underway[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B38" rid="B38" role="button">38</a>], but even before its completion, many questions arise. It is unclear which population should be studied and what characterizes an ideal donor, not to mention the dose, route of administration and dose scheduling (single dose <em>vs</em> multiple doses). Patient with <em>C. diff</em> colitis who undergo FMT have been previously treated with antibiotics such as vancomycin and metronidazole, and presumably, have had some of their microbiota depleted. Would patients with MS require “ablation” of their microbiome before FMT? DMTs have immune modulating properties and they may also directly alter the microbiome[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B26" id="__tag_728109383" rid="B26" role="button">26</a>], so their possible effects on the “engraftment” cannot be underestimated.</div>
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THE INTESTINAL BARRIER</h2>
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The intestinal barrier is the physical and functional zone of interaction between the gut microbiome and the organism. It is a complex multi-layered structure that includes major portions of the gut immunological system and is essential for homeostasis[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B26" id="__tag_728109342" rid="B26" role="button">26</a>]. However, it has been comparatively ignored regarding its possible role in MS pathophysiology.</div>
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In experimental models, mice undergoing EAE show an altered intestinal barrier, with increased permeability and various gross morphological changes, as well as alterations in the expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal mucosa[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B39" id="__tag_728109365" rid="B39" role="button">39</a>]. The peak of intestinal barrier dysfunction mirrors the peak of EAE clinical severity and preventing intestinal barrier breakdown leads to attenuation of EAE[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B40" id="__tag_728109374" rid="B40" role="button">40</a>]. These alterations have also been associated with several abnormal immunological responses.</div>
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Patients with MS also have an altered intestinal barrier. Almost 2 decades ago, investigators found that patients with MS had increased intestinal permeability when compared to controls, using an <em>in vivo</em> mannitol/lactulose ratio test[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B41" id="__tag_728109378" rid="B41" role="button">41</a>]. Increased intestinal permeability was also found to be associated with the number of peripheral CD45RO+ B cells[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B41" id="__tag_728109377" rid="B41" role="button">41</a>]. A more recent study confirmed this finding; up to 70% of MS patients had increased intestinal permeability[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B42" id="__tag_728109390" rid="B42" role="button">42</a>]. It has been hypothesized that an altered intestinal barrier might lead to bacterial translocation thus allowing the passage of noxious molecules such as microbial associated molecular patterns. This could then alter peripheral immune responses or allow these molecules to enter the CNS and alter neuroimmunity[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B26" id="__tag_728109349" rid="B26" role="button">26</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B43" id="__tag_728109380" rid="B43" role="button">43</a>].</div>
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Although the evidence linking the intestinal barrier with MS is much more limited than evidence linking MS with alterations of the gut microbiome, the question of whether it constitutes a viable therapeutic target is the same. Of course, the issue is complicated by the fact that the microbiome is essential in the regulation of intestinal barrier function, so it could be arbitrary to think of them as separate entities. An altered intestinal barrier is also a crucial aspect of the pathophysiology of IBD and celiac disease, so research from these fields has shed light on possible strategies to maintain intestinal barrier integrity.</div>
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One of the first components of the intestinal barrier is a thick mucus layer forming a protective film, enriched by secretory IgA and antimicrobial peptides and proteins. Oral supplementation with lecithin and phosphatidylcholine can adhere to the intestinal mucosa, strengthening the mucus layer and improving barrier function[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B44" id="__tag_728533774" rid="B44" role="button">44</a>-<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B46" id="__tag_728109392" rid="B46" role="button">46</a>]. Regulators of tight junctions, such as larazotide, are under development. Larazotide is a peptide able to re-arrange tight junctions and prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction. It has been studied in patients with celiac disease with promising results[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B47" id="__tag_728109368" rid="B47" role="button">47</a>-<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B49" id="__tag_728533771" rid="B49" role="button">49</a>]. Designing pre-clinical studies using these methods to enhance barrier function in the setting of autoimmune neurological disease should be straightforward.</div>
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Although probiotics may not be the ideal method to modify the microbiome, they have been suggested to play a significant role in modulating barrier function. <em>E. coli</em> strain <em>nissle</em> has been marketed in Europe for many years as a probiotic with beneficial effects on the intestinal barrier[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B50" id="__tag_728533772" rid="B50" role="button">50</a>]. It has moderate evidence from randomized trials showing it may lead to remission in ulcerative colitis[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B51" id="__tag_728109373" rid="B51" role="button">51</a>] and in the EAE mouse model of MS it reduced disease severity by maintaining intestinal barrier function[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B40" id="__tag_728109359" rid="B40" role="button">40</a>]. VSL#3 is another probiotic mixture with putative barrier-protecting properties[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B52" id="__tag_728109372" rid="B52" role="button">52</a>]. There is evidence of clinical effectiveness in the management of chronic pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B35" id="__tag_728109379" rid="B35" role="button">35</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B53" id="__tag_728109389" rid="B53" role="button">53</a>]. VSL#3 administered to a small number of MS patients leads to an anti-inflammatory peripheral immune response[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B33" id="__tag_728109354" rid="B33" role="button">33</a>]. These two probiotic agents would be good candidates for a large, well-designed clinical trial.</div>
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Finally, we go full circle and return to FMT. It is believed that after successful modification of the microbiome, this strategy might lead to improved intestinal barrier function[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B54" id="__tag_728109398" rid="B54" role="button">54</a>]. The gut microbiome is essential for the regulation of intestinal barrier homeostasis[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B55" id="__tag_728109385" rid="B55" role="button">55</a>], partly through the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyrate, propionate and acetate. SCFAs can modulate tight junctions in the gut and modulate inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B44" id="__tag_728533770" rid="B44" role="button">44</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B55" id="__tag_728109337" rid="B55" role="button">55</a>]. Other interesting alternatives have also recently been described including the use of stool substitute preparations made from purified intestinal bacterial cultures derived from a single healthy donor[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B56" id="__tag_728109356" rid="B56" role="button">56</a>]. Of course, many questions would need to be settled before clinical trials as discussed above.</div>
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BILE ACIDS</h2>
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Bile acids are the main regulators of fat and fat-soluble vitamins digestion. They also significantly affect gut physiology and homeostasis. Bile acids can modulate the intestinal barrier function through complex mechanisms[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B57" id="__tag_728109339" rid="B57" role="button">57</a>,<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B58" id="__tag_728109363" rid="B58" role="button">58</a>], and can shape the gut microbiota community. In turn, the microbiome can change bile acid metabolism[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B59" id="__tag_728109346" rid="B59" role="button">59</a>]. Remarkably, bile acids may also modulate inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system. Ursodeoxycholic acid can inhibit the inflammatory activity of microglia <em>in vitro</em>[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B60" id="__tag_728109350" rid="B60" role="button">60</a>], and tauroursodeoxycholic acid can shift microglia phenotypes towards an anti-inflammatory state through activation of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1/Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B61" id="__tag_728109397" rid="B61" role="button">61</a>]. Bile acids are also agonists of the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor. Bile acid farnesoid X agonism led to attenuation of EAE and modulation of neuroinflammatory responses[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B62" id="__tag_728109382" rid="B62" role="button">62</a>]. Mice fed a high-fat diet show dysregulated bile acid synthesis, gut dysbiosis and increased microglial activation[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B63" id="__tag_728109348" rid="B63" role="button">63</a>]. Furthermore, metabolomics studies have found alterations in bile acids in patients with MS compared to healthy controls[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B64" rid="B64" role="button">64</a>]. Conjugated bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid have been used in the management of some gastrointestinal diseases for decades. A clinical trial of bile acid supplementation in MS is underway[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class=" bibr popnode" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/#B65" rid="B65" role="button">65</a>].</div>
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CONCLUSION</h2>
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Exciting research suggests that the brain-gut axis, once an almost esoteric concept, might yield novel therapeutic targets in neuroimmunological diseases such as MS (Figure <a class="fig-table-link figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175760/figure/F1/" rid-figpopup="F1" rid-ob="ob-F1" target="figure"><span style="position: relative; text-decoration: none;"><span class="figpopup-sensitive-area" style="left: -3.5em;">(Figure1).</span></span><span>1</span></a>). The often-symbiotic roles of the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier and even bile acids in the regulation of neuroimmune responses is beginning to be elucidated. If future pre-clinical and clinical studies confirm the relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction, bile acid metabolism and the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of MS, the next step will be to translate these findings into therapeutics. Only well designed clinical trials will answer whether interventions such as FMT, probiotics or barrier protectors yield clinically meaningful results. The time is right to assess whether the gut-brain axis can be transferred from the bench to the bedside.</div>
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Alterations in intestinal homeostasis described in multiple sclerosis as therapeutic targets. Altered bile acid metabolism, altered microbiota and alterations in intestinal barrier function all lead to local and systemic alterations in immune responses that could negatively impact MS pathophysiology (grey squares). Bile acid supplementation, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, antibiotics and barrier protectors are all possible therapeutic interventions (blue squares). MS: Multiple sclerosis; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; PC: Paneth cells; EC: Epithelial cells; TJ: Tight junctions; L: Lymphocytes<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></div>
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-18185169629241013392019-05-05T01:55:00.000-07:002019-05-05T02:20:53.962-07:00P.2 CCSVI<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,&quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
While <strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CCSVI treatment </strong>can improve venous drainage, which may further relieve hydrocephalic conditions in certain cases, it <strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cannot improve CSF flow through the subarachnoid space of the upper cervical spine</strong>. Furthermore, increasing venous drainage of the brain and consequently decreasing CSF volume without a proportionate rise in passive CSF production could compromise brain support causing it to sink in the vault resulting in a condition similar to a pressure conus or Chiari malformation. Over drainage of the brain may thus present problems similar to spinal taps which can cause headaches due to a pressure conus condition following CSF removal. Over drainage is probably less likely in younger cases where the passive CSF pressure gradient and CSF production remains strong. Older patients, on the other hand, may have a lower CSF pressure gradient and thus a decrease in passive production of CSF due to aging of the brain and chronic craniocervical back pressure against the vertebral veins and subarachnoid space.</div>
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The flow of CSF clearly plays a role in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), which has been associated with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. It also plays a role in Chiari malformations, which cause signs and symptoms similar to MS. I discuss CSF production and flow thoroughly in my book. I will be discussing it more here in future posts as well as on my new website at: <a href="http://www.upright-health.com/" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0066cc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.upright-health.com/</a>.</div>
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ADVERTISING</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-13754621697080663022019-05-05T01:51:00.001-07:002019-05-05T01:51:08.045-07:00Uprightdoc ( 100% respect) p.1<div class="mceTemp" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,&quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow is called the third circulation of the brain and it is the least understood. CSF production and flow is critical to brain cushioning and protection. In terms of protection CSF is important to brain support to prevent the brain from sinking in the cranial vault. Conversely, excess CSF volume compresses the brain.</div>
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CSF comes from arterial blood that has been filtered through the blood brain barrier to the point where it is mostly water. CSF leaves the brain through the venous system. Therefore, backups in the venous drainage system affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and drainage. Although it uses other routes as well, such as cranial and spinal nerves and the lymphatic system, most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced by the brain eventually makes its way up to the superior sagittal sinus where it empties into the venous system.</div>
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<a href="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/csf-paths-cisterns2.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0066cc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2895" class="size-medium wp-image-2895" data-attachment-id="2895" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"HP ojj6400","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="CSF-paths-cisterns" data-large-file="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/csf-paths-cisterns2.jpg?w=640" data-medium-file="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/csf-paths-cisterns2.jpg?w=206&h=300" data-orig-file="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/csf-paths-cisterns2.jpg" data-orig-size="1040,1513" data-permalink="https://uprightdoctor.wordpress.com/2011/02/06/c1-c2-and-csf-flow/csf-paths-cisterns-4/" height="300" sizes="(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px" src="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/csf-paths-cisterns2.jpg?w=206&h=300" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; height: 300px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 216px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="CSF-paths-cisterns" width="206" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2895" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: &quot; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Arachnoid Granulations</div>
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The superior sagittal sinus, depicted in the graphic image on the right, is the largest dural sinus located at the top of the brain. The superior sagittal sinus contains arachnoid granulations that act as one way check valves for the flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the sinus. Click on the image for a better view. The pulsatile nature and the pressure generated by the CSF outflow through the arachnoid granulations is powerful enough to scour impressions into the roof of the cranial vault.</div>
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About sixty percent of the CSF produced in the brain ends up in the spinal cord. Eventually most of the CSF in the spinal cord makes its way back up through the subarachnoid space of the cord and into the subarchnoid space of the brain. From there it travels up to the superior sagittal sinus and arachnoid granulations to exit the brain along with venous blood.</div>
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The movement of CSF is driven by cardiovascular waves arising from the heart and blood vessels. During the contraction phase of the heart cycle (systole) pressure in the arteries of the brain increases. The increase in blood pressure drives CSF out of the brain through the upper cervical spine because as blood volume rises CSF volume must decrease. During the relaxation phase (diastole) the pressure drops and CSF enters the cranial vault through the subarachnoid space of the upper cervical spine. In addition, because the veins of the vertebral venous plexus of the spine have no valves, respiratory pressure changes are transmitted to the brain and amplify the cardiovascular waves. In brief, as pressure in the chest cavity drops during inspiration, due to the diaphram moving down and the chest wall moving out, CSF is pulled out of the cranial vault. As pressure in the chest cavity increases during exhalation CSF is driven into the cranial cavity. Thus, <strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">combined cardiorespiratory waves are important to the movement of CSF through the brain and cord</strong>.</div>
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<a href="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/spirosapom1.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0066cc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2897" class="size-medium wp-image-2897" data-attachment-id="2897" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="SpirosAPOM" data-large-file="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/spirosapom1.jpg?w=640" data-medium-file="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/spirosapom1.jpg?w=239" data-orig-file="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/spirosapom1.jpg" data-orig-size="778,977" data-permalink="https://uprightdoctor.wordpress.com/2011/02/06/c1-c2-and-csf-flow/spirosapom-8/" height="300" sizes="(max-width: 238px) 100vw, 238px" src="https://uprightdoctor.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/spirosapom1.jpg?w=238&h=300" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; height: 299px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 248px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="SpirosAPOM" width="238" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-2897" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: &quot; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
C1 & C2 Misalignment</div>
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The CSF that leaves the brain on its way down to the cord , however, must first pass through the tight neural (spinal) canal of the the upper cervical spine. Likewise, on its return trip back to the brain, it must again pass through the neural canal of the upper cervical spine. Therefore, <strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the upper cervical spine is a critical link in the flow of CSF between the subarachnoid space of the brain and the cord</strong>. Under normal circumstances cardiorespiratory waves move CSF through the neural canal of the upper cervical spine unimpeded with good pulsatility and continue to drive it through the subarachnoid space up to the superior sagittal sinus. </div>
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Genetic design flaws, such as Chiari malformations, and acquired disorders from injuries or disease can impede the pulsatility and flow of CSF through the upper cervical spine. Restrictions in CSF flow that cause a decrease in its volume, can, in turn, cause Chiari malformations and pressure conus conditions. Furthermore, any condition that restricts CSF flow can lead to hydrocephalus-like conditions. It is therefore important to maintain the correct volume of CSF in order to provide sufficient brain support and protection, as well as to prevent hydrocephalus. </div>
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The picture above shows a fairly severe rotational misalignment of the upper cervical spine to the right. Click on the image for a better view. The dart shaped structure in the upper cervical spine is the spinous process of C2. It should be in the midline. The misalignment was caused by a motorcycle accident in which the victim landed on the right side of his head causing his head to snap to the left while simultaneously shifting and twisting his upper cervical spine to the right. <strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Misalignments, </strong>such as the one above (due to micro or macro trauma),<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> genetic design flaws </strong>(Chiari malformations)<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, diseases </strong>(rheumatoid arthritis)<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and degenerative conditons </strong>(aging)<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> of the upper cervical spine</strong> can affect the vertebral arteries that supply the brain, as well as the vertebral veins that drain the brain during upright posture. They can also cause deformation of the subarachnoid space and consequently, they <strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">can affect CSF flow going into and out of the brain and cord</strong>. </div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-84391282912825482412019-05-05T01:41:00.002-07:002019-05-05T01:41:22.154-07:00Subluxation<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span class="upcspinehd" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;">THE ANATOMY OF THE ATLAS SUBLUXATION</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
<img alt="" height="5" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/underline1.gif" style="display: block;" vspace="2" width="735" /></div>
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The atlas subluxation is so common
yet so easily missed by mainstream medical practitioners. This problem
is not very difficult to detect, in fact my daughter has become quite
adept at picking out people walking down the street who exhibit the hallmarks
of this upper cervical subluxation. There are maybe two reasons why most
medical doctors do not detect this phenomenon. One could be that they
doubt completely the existence of such subluxations and the other is
maybe that their training is focussed on looking for major problems like
dislocations, fractures, tumours and the like. The purpose of this section
is to summarise what an atlas subluxation looks like and what actually
happens to one's body when one does sustain such a misalignment of one's
atlas. There is a wealth of information in medical texts, on websites
and in scientific papers that provide more in-depth information. Hopefully,
my summary will assist the layperson to understand the phenomenon, which
is <strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">"the atlas subluxation"</strong>.</div>
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The term 'subluxation' means 'minor misalignment' however the affects
on the human body as a result of a subluxation of the first cervical
vertebra (C1 or atlas) with respect to the skull can be far from 'minor'.
To understand what the 'anatomy of an atlas subluxation' looks like it's
first important to understand the anatomy of the atlas. The following
graphic depicts the atlas (C1) vertebra articulating with the axis (C2)
vertebra below it. The spinal cord with exiting spinal nerves can be
seen tethered by dentate ligaments to the inner margins of the vertebral
foramen. The human skull via the occipital condyles at the base of the
skull sits on top of (or articulates with) the superior articular condylar
surface of the atlas. According to Gray's Anatomy<span class="textsm" style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.66px;">[1]</span> "This articulation
is a double condyloid joint. Its ligaments are the Anterior Occipito-atlantal,
Posterior Occipito-atlantal, two Lateral Occipital-atlantal and two Capsular." There
is a passage on each side in the Posterior Occipito-atlantal ligament
to allow penetration of the vertebral arteries and 1st cervical nerves.
The vertebral arteries exit the foramen in the atlas transverse processes;
penetrate the ligament and then loop up into the brain. A number of strong
ligaments support the skull and its contents and attach it to the cervical
spine. Many other ligaments and muscles enable movement, bending, twisting
and head rotation. There are other key structures within the vicinity
of the atlas and supporting ligaments. These are 4 pairs of cranial nerves,
namely the vagus, spinal accessory, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal.
The common carotid arteries, which run underneath the sternocleidomastoid
muscle and jugular veins, are also present in the tissues of the neck.
At the base of the neck near the junction of the shoulders there are
some deep muscles known as the scalenes. These are the posterior, middle
and anterior scalenes. The anterior scalenes are of particular interest
as they are in very close proximity to the brachial plexus of nerves
and the origin of the vertebral arteries where they leave the subclavian
arteries. Even though the atlas is at the top of the cervical spine and
the above-mentioned structures are near the base of the neck, a subluxation
of the atlas and skull can result in these scalenes compressing the brachial
plexus and/or the vertebral arteries. This is due to altered weight bearing
from a shift in the centre of gravity of the skull, which in causes the
muscles of the head and neck to strain in maintaining the head upright
on the cervical spine. Also the phrenic nerve, which runs between anterior
and middle scalenes on its path to the diaphragm, can be likewise affected
by muscle and ligament compression and/or traction.</div>
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<img alt="Atlas-C1 and Axis-C2 Superior viewsubluxation " src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub1.jpg" style="display: block;" /></div>
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<img align="right" alt="Figure 1: Upper Cervical Spine - No subluxation" height="139" hspace="4" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub2.gif" style="display: block;" width="212" /><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figure
1: Upper Cervical Spine – No subluxation</strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Figure1 opposite is a drawing of the upper cervical spine articulation
between the occiput (C0), the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). The 'usual'
anatomy is for the occipital condyles (cream) of the skull to sit on
the atlas condylar surfaces and for the atlas lateral masses (white)
(shown cut away) to articulate with the facet joints of the axis (brown)
below it. The odontoid peg or dens of the axis should sit about central
to the foramen magnum. This is the front (anterior) view, if you were
looking directly at the face of this person. The double condyloid joints
are represented in this drawing by the 'gaps' between the occiput and
atlas lateral masses. </div>
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</span><br />
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<img align="right" alt="Figure 2: Upper Cervical Spine - Skull to atlas subluxation " height="134" hspace="4" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub3.gif" style="display: block;" width="214" /><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figure
2: Upper Cervical Spine – Skull to atlas subluxation </strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Figure 2 opposite shows what can happen to the 'usual' anatomy in Figure
1, when a force is applied to the skull on one side. The blue arrow indicates
the direction of trauma, which in this case is from the left side of
the person's head. This trauma can take many forms. In my case it was
my head striking the ground in a football tackle. For one little girl
it was falling out of bed and hitting her head on the bedside table and
for another lady playing basketball, it was a direct hit to the jaw.
The force is enough to push the skull sideways as it slides along the
atlas condylar surface. The occipital condyles of the skull can slide
off (over or underlap) the atlas condylar surface, however the anatomy
and the restraining ligaments limit this over and underlapping. The result
in this example is a head tilted to the left, and an atlas that's high
(elevated) on the right. The axis dens is no longer central to the foramen
magnum. See then animation <a href="http://www.upcspine.com/video/occiput_to_atlas.avi" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;">OCCIPUT
TO ALTAS SUBLUXATION</a> to view the mechanism
of injury. The actual slope of the atlas condyles will determine whether
or not the atlas will actually rotate a little with respect to the occiput
(skull) and to the axis (C2). Flatter condyles will result in slight
rotation of the atlas, whereas steep angled condyles will most likely
not produce a great deal of rotation. The skull is quite heavy thus any
change in the centre of gravity will most likely produce undesirable
stresses on structures within the tissues of the cervical spine. This
situation has important implications for the spinal cord, which leaves
the foramen magnum and travels through the foramen (holes) in the atlas
and other skeletal vertebrae to the base of the spine. This also has
important implications for the vertebral arteries, which travel through
the cervical spine from C6 to the atlas, for the carotid arteries, which
travel beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscles, and for the cranial nerves
leaving foramen in the skull base. All of these structures have the potential
to be trapped, compressed, stretched or otherwise interfered with by
the taught muscles and ligaments involved in maintaining the skull and
its contents on top of the cervical spine. The resultant stresses on
arteries could yield reduction in oxygenated blood flow to the brain,
and on cranial nerves could result in attenuation of nervous system signals
to and from the brain. The cranial nerves which are potentially involved
are the vagus, spinal accessory, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal. Of
course these arteries and nerves are of major importance to proper functioning
and maintenance of the human body.</div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div class="upcspine" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<img align="right" alt="Figure 3: Even Death does not hide the proof! " hspace="4" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub4.jpg" style="display: block;" vspace="4" /><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figure
3: Even Death does not hide the proof! </strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
(Source: The Chiropractic Story silently told in a medical museum –
William G. Blair D.C., Ph. C., F.I.C.A., ©1973)<br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Copyright permission granted by Mrs Blair and Dr. E. Addington, Blair
Chiropractic Clinic, Lubbock, Texas, USA. <br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Website: <a href="http://www.blairchiropractic.com/" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">http://www.blairchiropractic.com</a> </div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div class="upcspine" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Figure 3 opposite is the skeleton of a soldier from the Spanish American
War (1898). He developed chronic rheumatoid arthritis, the disease progressing
and fusing most of his joints from his skull to his sacrum. His teeth
had to be removed in order to feed him since the rheumatoid arthritis
had also fused his jaw. Following his death and in accordance with his
will his body was given to the Army Medical Museum. His family honoured
his request and the skeleton is today displayed in the museum. Dr. William
G. Blair was given permission to examine and photograph the skeleton.
Figure 3, shows the head inclination as a result of a subluxation in
the upper cervical spine. Since rheumatoid arthritis does not progress
in death it is demonstrably obvious that the "spinal joints are
fixed in the same position they occupied at the time of fusion occurred" and "since
fusion can take place only in a living person, the present position of
these spinal vertebra in death are the same as they were during life".
These images are powerful and help to prove the existence of such subluxations
of the upper cervical spine, which are the focus of specific upper cervical
chiropractors like Dr. Blair and of my website. I suggest that it would
be interesting indeed to hypothesise that rheumatoid arthritis is one
sequelae of subluxations like this of the upper cervical spine. Fusing
of joints may well be the body's way of protecting the spinal cord, brainstem
and surrounding neurological and vascular structures from damage, by
allowing no additional movement, which would compromise them further.
Certainly it would not be the only disease process, which would be initiated
if someone sustained such a condition! This injury is so high up and
so close to the human central processing unit and other structures, as
mentioned earlier, that it's not hard to visualise such subluxations
may well be a root cause of human illness.</div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div class="upcspinehd" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<img align="right" alt="Figure 4: A close look at the subluxation!" class="upcspine" hspace="4" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub5.jpg" style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" vspace="4" /><strong style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;">Figure
4: A close look at the subluxation!</strong><br style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;" />
Page 9 of Dr. Blair’s document
(The Chiropractic Story silently told in a medical museum – William
G. Blair D.C., Ph. C., F.I.C.A., ©1973) shows the photograph in Figure
4 opposite. Let’s have a closer look at the anatomy of this subluxation.
The numbered structures are: 1. Right mastoid process; 2. Right styloid
process; 3. Right side
occipital
bone; 4. Right occipital condyle; 5. right lateral mass of the atlas
(C1); 6. Right side posterior arch of atlas; 7. Right lamina of axis
(C2). </div>
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According to Blair, "You will note the fusion of all three cervical
vertebrae. These vertebra are fused not only at the usual joints but
also at an unusual union of the posterior arch of first cervical (6)
with the right lamina of the second cervical (7). Since the growing together
process can take place only in the living body, every structure is fused
in the exact position it occupied during life.</div>
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</span><br />
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Continuing our examination of Figure 4, note the two arrows. The arrow
on the left points to the outside (distal) margin of the right occipital
condyle (4). The arrow on the right points to the outside (distal) margin
of the right lateral mass of the first cervical vertebra (5). These are
the margins of the adjoining joint surfaces. Without misalignment the
two arrows would line up, instead there is displacement. The first cervical
vertebra is decidedly misaligned with the skull. By actual measurement
on the skeleton this displacement amounts to 3/8 of an inch (approx.
1cm). The second and third cervical vertebrae have followed the first
cervical vertebra to the misaligned position."</div>
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</span><br />
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<img align="right" alt="Figure 5: An even closer look at the subluxation!" hspace="4" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub6.jpg" style="display: block;" vspace="4" /><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figure
5: An even closer look at the subluxation! </strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Page 10 of Dr. Blair's document shows these numbered structures: 1. Right
mastoid process; 2. Right styloid process; 4. Right occipital condyle;
5. right lateral mass of the atlas (C1); 6. Right side posterior arch
of atlas; 9. Right jaw (ramus of mandible). According to Dr. Blair, "Note
the two arrows. The arrow on the left points to the front (anterior)
margin of the right occipital condyle. The arrow on the right points
to the front (anterior) margin of the right lateral mass of the first
cervical vertebra. Again these margins are of adjoining joint surfaces.
If there were no misalignment, the two arrows would line up. Again there
is displacement. Again the first cervical vertebra is decidedly misaligned
with the skull. The actual amount of misalignment on the skeleton is
5/8 inch (approx. 1.6cm). Also note the bony fusion of first cervical
lateral mass, number 5, to the body of the second cervical vertebra below
and to the occipital condyle above, number 4. These structures having
grown together during life are found in exactly the same position after
death as they were during life. The body of the second cervical vertebra
has followed the atlas to the misaligned position and is aligned (juxtaposition)
with the atlas."</div>
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</span><br />
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<img align="right" alt="Figure 6: The Effects of the Atlas Subluxation" height="356" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub7.jpg" style="display: block;" width="249" /><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figure
6: The Effects of the Atlas Subluxation</strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
(Figure 6 - reprinted with permission from Daniel
O. Clark D.C., Website: <a href="http://www.uppercervicalillustrations.com/" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">www.uppercervicalillustrations.com</a>).</div>
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</span><br />
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Figure 6 opposite provides information about
the effect an atlas subluxation will have on the surrounding ligaments
and muscles. In this case the
head is tilted to the right, the chin will be rotated to the left and
the neck will be in a left inflexion. The ligaments and muscles in the
sub-occipital area and those holding the head on to the cervical spine
will now be under stress and/or go into spasm. The spinal cord (brainstem
just above C1) will be 'kinked' at the craniocervical junction (skull
to atlas articulation). See the animation <a href="http://www.upcspine.com/video/subluxation_kink.avi" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;">KINK
SUBLUXATION</a> to view the
mechanism of injury. The average human skull and its contents weigh in
at around 4.5 to 6 kg (approx. 10 to 14 pounds), and under normal circumstances
one can bend and rotate their neck without compromising the critical
neurological structures at this level. However, when this 4.5kg (10 pounds)
'bowling ball' is shifted the whole centre of gravity throughout the
cervical spine changes and this altered weight bearing will have negative
effects on neurological and vascular structures at the base of the skull
and throughout the neck, especially those structures which are in close
proximity to the muscles under stress. Remember that the vertebral arteries
and 1st cervical nerves pierce the posterior occipito-atlantal ligament
and it is highly possible that this and other ligaments will irritate
both these structures. The sub-occipital and cervical ligaments and muscles
implicated in this situation include but are not limited to the rectus
capitus posterior minor and major, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus
capitis inferior, sternocleidomastoid, leveator scapula, trapezius and
scalenes (in particular the anterior scalenes). Go to a bowling alley
and pick up a 10-pound bowling ball. Balance the ball on your fingers
and then tilt your hand so that the centre of gravity is now altered.
You will soon find out how hard it is to maintain this position for very
long. I know that in my own circumstance, my trapezius muscles were so
painful that I found it relieving to allow my head posture to go forward,
although over time the only relief was through putting my head down on
a surface or laying down in a bed. The stressed muscles and those in
spasm will begin to waste and over time this is very noticeable in sick
people. Their posture can be used as window into their health. There
is so much atrophy in the neck and shoulder muscles of people with obvious
atlas subluxations that part of the healing process or approach, after
the correction of the atlas subluxation, must include rehabilitation
of these muscles. This atrophy is very noticeable in people suffering
from Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
For further information on a suggested rehabilitation process for sufferers
of an atlas subluxation see my section <a href="http://www.upcspine.com/totalwel.htm" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;">"A
NEW APPROACH TO WELLNESS"</a></div>
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<span class="upcspinehd" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;"><img align="right" alt="Figure 7: The Effects of the Atlas Subluxation" height="400" hspace="6" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub8.jpg" style="display: block;" width="247" /></span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figure
7: The Effects of the Atlas Subluxation</strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
(Figure 7 reprinted with permission from Daniel
O. Clark D.C., Website: <a href="http://www.uppercervicalillustrations.com/" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">www.uppercervicalillustrations.com</a>).<br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Figure 7 opposite explains what happens to your body if you unfortunate
enough to sustain a head injury which shifts your skull on your atlas
and results in a skull to atlas subluxation. Make no mistake for this
is exactly what happens. The ramifications of the subluxation can extend
to all parts of your body. In the most benign of these subluxations you
may only experience a little lower back pain and in the more serious
your whole body can be racked with pain and dysfunction. The tight sub-occipital
ligaments and cervical spine muscles can be responsible for headaches
or migraines as well as neck pain. </div>
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<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span class="upcspinehd" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;"><img align="left" height="257" hspace="4" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub9.jpg" style="display: block;" vspace="4" width="260" /></span>Figure 8: Myodural Bridge </strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Some years back Gary Hack D.D.S. et al 1995. "Anatomic relation
between the rectus capitus posterior minor and the dura mater" Spine
20 (23): 2484-2486 discovers a previously unknown ligament directly attaching
the posterior arch of the atlas to the dura mater of the brainstem and
cerebellum. This attachment has become known as the myodural bridge and
it is shown following in Figure 8.</div>
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The structures numbered in this dissection are as follows;
1. Posterior arch of the atlas; 2. Posterior occipital bone; 3. Rectus
capitus posterior
minor (RCPMI); 4; Dura mater of brainstem and cerebellum. The arrows
indicate the myodural bridge attaching the posterior arch of the atlas
to the dura mater of the brainstem & cerebellum. It is not difficult
to see that any misalignment of the atlas with respect to the skull could
traction the dura mater of the brainstem and cerebellum area. What would
be the effects of such traction? Certainly it is possible for headaches
and migraines to be an effect, but also there may well be other consequences.
Researchers at Michigan State University; "College of Osteopathic
Medicine" suggest "that
the function of the RCPMI muscle is to provide static and dynamic proprioceptive
feedback
to the CNS (central nervous system), monitoring movement of the head and influencing
movement of the surrounding musculature." In fact amongst other joints,
the joints of the upper cervical spine are rich in proprioceptors, which provide
positional feedback to the brain, in order for the brain to understand where
the joints and therefore the head are in space and to make appropriate adjustments
during movement. Close your eyes and point your first fingers on both hands.
Now try and touch the tips of these fingers without opening your eyes. Your
ability to touch your fingertips is an indication of your proprio receptive
abilities.
Any problems in this area may well be responsible for over and under corrections
made by your brain, which would manifest as dizziness or balance disorders.
Atlas subluxations, especially because they go hand in hand with some atrophy
of these
sub-occipital cervical muscles, could manifest as dizziness and/or balance
disorders. Meniere's Disease has been associated with cervical dysfunction
in a number of
medical papers, and I have personally witnessed and know of other people diagnosed
with Meniere's Disease who have had dramatic reversal of the disease's symptoms
following upper cervical correction to their atlas vertebra by specific upper
cervical chiropractors. This deserves further investigation as Meniere's Disease
and other balance disorders are highly distressing to sufferers.</div>
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Now looking at Figure 7 further you will note that because the skull
is tilted the pelvis will pull up on one side to compensate for the body
imbalance and pull that leg off the ground. This is known as a functional
short leg as opposed to an anatomical short leg. Of course, the leg is
not off the ground because the weight of the body keeps it on the ground
during walking. With the pelvis pulling up on one side the spinal column
will now twist into scoliosis. Now the back muscles are contracting on
one side which creates trigger points mainly at the 's' bend points in
the scoliosis, lower back pain is evident and now hip problems can be
a result. Leave this for long enough and the result may be surgical replacement
of a degenerated hip. Knee, ankle, groin and calf problems can be a direct
result, which people normally pass off as an aging thing or an accident.
For me this explains the back pain all the way down my back and my ankle
and knee problems, which corrected following correction of my atlas subluxation.
The brain is the key initiator of this lifting of the pelvis, in order
to align the pelvis and skeleton underneath the skull. There are cases
of scoliosis that have resolved completely or at least improved considerably
following upper cervical specific chiropractic correction of an atlas
subluxation. Re-position the skull on top of the atlas, and thus cervical
spine and the pelvis will be realigned directly underneath the skull. </div>
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</span><br />
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<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">Figures 9 & 10: NUCCA Types</strong> <br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Figures 9 & 10 reprinted with permission of National Upper Cervical
Chiropractic Association - see Website <a href="http://www.nucca.org/" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">www.nucca.org</a> with special thanks
to Robert Goodman, D.C. NUCCA</div>
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</span><br />
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<tbody style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<tr style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<td class="sidetext" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.66px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700;"><img height="298" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub10.jpg" style="display: block;" width="234" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.66px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700;" />
Figure 9</td>
<td class="sidetext" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.66px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700;"><img height="294" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub11.jpg" style="display: block;" width="186" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.66px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700;" />
Figure 10</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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</span><br />
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These graphics from the NUCCA site also show further the types of subluxations
that can occur at the upper cervical spine level. </div>
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</span><br />
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Which one actually occurs in each individual really depends upon their
prevailing anatomy at that level and the direction and amplitude of the
force imparted during the trauma they received. While it is not always
the case, I have noticed that some people who have particularly large
misalignments in their upper cervical spine sometimes can exhibit only
minor symptoms, whilst others who have less of a misalignment can be
in a very bad state in terms of the symptoms they are experiencing. </div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div class="upcspine" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">UPPER CERVICAL ANIMATIONS</strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
The Sid E. William Research Center
at Life University has some absolutely fantastic cervical spine animations
showing different motions and subluxations within the cervical spine.
I have chosen a couple of the animations to help explain further the
anatomy of the atlas subluxation and what happens to the occipito-atlantal
joint when there is a traumatic event. These animations follow herein.</div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span class="upcspinehd" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.upcspine.com/video/subluxation_kink.avi" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;"><img align="right" border="0" height="267" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub12.jpg" style="display: block;" width="320" /></a></span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">ANIMATION 1: The Kink Subluxation</strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Animation 1: Copyright permission granted by Life University with special
thanks to J. Roger Hinson, D.C.<br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
This is known as the Grostic Kink Subluxation. This animation shows the
movement of the skull and atlas with respect to the lower cervical spine. <a href="http://www.upcspine.com/video/subluxation_kink.avi" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><img align="texttop" alt="Play Movie" border="0" height="22" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/but_play.gif" style="display: block;" width="84" /></a></div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
To play the animation RIGHT CLICK the PICTURE and click Linked Video
Clip Object and click Play Link or click on the following Hyperlink Kink
Subluxation.</div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Within the Media Player you can use the slider to move the animation
slowly through the subluxation. When you do this and leave the slider
in a position about halfway along you will now note the position that
the skull will be left in following a traumatic force to the skull, which
stretches the ligaments strapping the skull to the upper cervical spine.</div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
<span class="upcspinehd" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.upcspine.com/video/occiput_to_atlas.avi" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;"><img align="right" border="0" height="267" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/atlas_sub13.jpg" style="display: block;" width="320" /></a></span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">ANIMATION 2:
The Occipito-Atlantal </strong><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
Animation 2: Copyright permission
granted by Life University with special thanks to J. Roger Hinson,
D.C.<br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; text-align: left;" />
This animation shows the movement of the skull with respect to the atlas
in lateral flexion to opposite sides. The skull slides with respect to
the lower cervical spine, and because of the skull weight and ligaments
its movement will drive and jam the atlas.<a href="http://www.upcspine.com/video/occiput_to_atlas.avi" style="color: #dc5500; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><img align="texttop" alt="Play Movie" border="0" height="22" src="http://www.upcspine.com/images/but_play.gif" style="display: block;" width="84" /></a></div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
To play the animation RIGHT CLICK the PICTURE and click Linked Video
Clip Object and click Play Link or click on the following Hyperlink Occiput
to Atlas Subluxation.</div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
</span><br />
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Within the Media Player you can use the slider to move the animation
slowly through the subluxation. When you do this and leave the slider
in a position about halfway along you will now note the position that
the skull will be left in following a traumatic force to the skull, which
stretches the ligaments strapping the skull to the upper cervical spine. </div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-36655673159662032122019-05-05T01:32:00.004-07:002019-05-05T01:32:59.363-07:00Ketogenic diet<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Ketogenic diet</h1>
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High-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet</div>
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This article is about a dietary therapy for epilepsy. For information on ketogenic diets as a lifestyle choice or for weight loss, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate diet</a>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ketonuria.jpg"><img alt="A test strip is compared with a colour chart that indicates the degree of ketonuria." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1971" data-file-width="1971" decoding="async" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ketonuria.jpg/220px-Ketonuria.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ketonuria.jpg/330px-Ketonuria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ketonuria.jpg/440px-Ketonuria.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">
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The <b>ketogenic diet</b> is a high-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, adequate-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">low-carbohydrate diet</a> that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> in children. The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>. Normally, the carbohydrates contained in food are converted into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, which is then transported around the body and is particularly important in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metabolism" title="Brain metabolism">fueling brain function</a>. However, if little carbohydrate remains in the diet, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> converts <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triacylglycerol" title="Triacylglycerol">fat</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">ketone bodies</a>. The ketone bodies pass into the brain and replace glucose as an energy source. An elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood, a state known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">ketosis</a>, leads to a reduction in the frequency of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizures</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> Around half of children and young people with epilepsy who have tried some form of this diet saw the number of seizures drop by at least half, and the effect persists even after discontinuing the diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-MartinMcGill2018-2">[2]</a></sup> Some evidence indicates that adults with epilepsy may benefit from the diet, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkins_diet" title="Atkins diet">Atkins diet</a>, is similarly effective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> Potential side effects may include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">high cholesterol</a>, growth slowing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease" title="Kidney stone disease">kidney stones</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2013_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2013-3">[3]</a></sup> <br />
The original therapeutic diet for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy_in_children" title="Epilepsy in children">paediatric epilepsy</a> provides just enough protein for body growth and repair, and sufficient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">calories</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Units_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Units-4">[Note 1]</a></sup> to maintain the correct weight for age and height. The classic therapeutic ketogenic diet was developed for treatment of paediatric epilepsy in the 1920s and was widely used into the next decade, but its popularity waned with the introduction of effective <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> medications. This classic ketogenic diet contains a 4:1 ratio by weight of fat to combined protein and carbohydrate. This is achieved by excluding high-carbohydrate foods such as starchy fruits and vegetables, bread, pasta, grains, and sugar, while increasing the consumption of foods high in fat such as nuts, cream, and butter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> Most dietary fat is made of molecules called long-chain triglycerides (LCTs). However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride" title="Medium-chain triglyceride">medium-chain triglycerides</a> (MCTs)—made from fatty acids with shorter <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_chain" title="Carbon chain">carbon chains</a> than LCTs—are more ketogenic. A variant of the classic diet known as the MCT ketogenic diet uses a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, which is rich in MCTs, to provide around half the calories. As less overall fat is needed in this variant of the diet, a greater proportion of carbohydrate and protein can be consumed, allowing a greater variety of food choices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liu2008_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Liu2008-5">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008a-6">[5]</a></sup> <br />
In the mid-1990s, Hollywood producer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Abrahams" title="Jim Abrahams">Jim Abrahams</a>, whose son's severe epilepsy was effectively controlled by the diet, created the Charlie Foundation to promote it. Publicity included an appearance on NBC's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC"><i>Dateline</i></a> programme and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...First_Do_No_Harm" title="...First Do No Harm">...First Do No Harm</a></i> (1997), a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_movie" title="Television movie">made-for-television film</a> starring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a>. The foundation sponsored a multicentre research study, the results of which—announced in 1996—marked the beginning of renewed scientific interest in the diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> <br />
Possible therapeutic uses for the ketogenic diet have been studied for many additional neurological disorders, some of which include: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cancer" title="Brain cancer">brain cancer</a>, headache, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrauma" title="Neurotrauma">neurotrauma</a>, pain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gano2014_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Gano2014-7">[6]</a></sup> <br />
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<h2>
Contents</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Epilepsy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="toctext">Epilepsy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Fasting"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span><span class="toctext">Fasting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Diet"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span><span class="toctext">Diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Anticonvulsants_and_decline"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span><span class="toctext">Anticonvulsants and decline</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#MCT_diet"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span><span class="toctext">MCT diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Revival"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span><span class="toctext">Revival</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Efficacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="toctext">Efficacy</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Trial_design"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span><span class="toctext">Trial design</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Outcomes"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span><span class="toctext">Outcomes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Indications_and_contra-indications"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="toctext">Indications and contra-indications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Interactions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span><span class="toctext">Interactions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Adverse_effects"><span class="tocnumber">6</span><span class="toctext">Adverse effects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Implementation"><span class="tocnumber">7</span><span class="toctext">Implementation</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Initiation"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span><span class="toctext">Initiation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Maintenance"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span><span class="toctext">Maintenance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Discontinuation"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span><span class="toctext">Discontinuation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Variants"><span class="tocnumber">8</span><span class="toctext">Variants</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Classic"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span><span class="toctext">Classic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#MCT_oil"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span><span class="toctext">MCT oil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Modified_Atkins"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span><span class="toctext">Modified Atkins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Low_glycaemic_index_treatment"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span><span class="toctext">Low glycaemic index treatment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Prescribed_formulations"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span><span class="toctext">Prescribed formulations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Worldwide"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span><span class="toctext">Worldwide</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Mechanism_of_action"><span class="tocnumber">9</span><span class="toctext">Mechanism of action</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Seizure_pathology"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span><span class="toctext">Seizure pathology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Seizure_control"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span><span class="toctext">Seizure control</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Other_applications"><span class="tocnumber">10</span><span class="toctext">Other applications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span><span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span><span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span><span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span><span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Epilepsy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a> is one of the most common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> disorders after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Stafstrom2004-8">[7]</a></sup> and affects around 50 million people worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-deBoer2008_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-deBoer2008-9">[8]</a></sup> It is diagnosed in a person having recurrent, unprovoked <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>. These occur when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)" title="Cortex (anatomy)">cortical</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> fire excessively, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersynchronization_of_electrophysiological_activity_in_epilepsy" title="Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy">hypersynchronously</a>, or both, leading to temporary disruption of normal brain function. This might affect, for example, the muscles, the senses, consciousness, or a combination. A seizure can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">focal</a> (confined to one part of the brain) or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_seizure" title="Generalised seizure">generalised</a> (spread widely throughout the brain and leading to a loss of consciousness). Epilepsy can occur for a variety of reasons; some forms have been classified into epileptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndromes</a>, most of which begin in childhood. Epilepsy is considered refractory (not yielding to treatment) when two or three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> drugs have failed to control it. About 60% of patients achieve control of their epilepsy with the first drug they use, whereas around 30% do not achieve control with drugs. When drugs fail, other options include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy_surgery" title="Epilepsy surgery">epilepsy surgery</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve_stimulation" title="Vagus nerve stimulation">vagus nerve stimulation</a>, and the ketogenic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Stafstrom2004-8">[7]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The ketogenic diet is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream#In_science" title="Mainstream">mainstream</a> dietary therapy that was developed to reproduce the success and remove the limitations of the non-mainstream use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> to treat epilepsy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fasting_10-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Fasting-10">[Note 2]</a></sup> Although popular in the 1920s and '30s, it was largely abandoned in favour of new anticonvulsant drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> Most individuals with epilepsy can successfully control their seizures with medication. However, 20–30% fail to achieve such control despite trying a number of different drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> For this group, and for children in particular, the diet has once again found a role in epilepsy management.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Fasting">Fasting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fasting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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A news report of Dr Hugh Conklin's "water diet" treatment from 1922</div>
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Physicians of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> treated diseases, including epilepsy, by altering their patients' diet. An early treatise in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Sacred_Disease" title="On the Sacred Disease">On the Sacred Disease</a></i>, covers the disease; it dates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 400 BC</span>. Its author argued against the prevailing view that epilepsy was supernatural in origin and cure, and proposed that dietary therapy had a rational and physical basis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hippocrates1_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hippocrates1-13">[Note 3]</a></sup> In the same collection, the author of <i>Epidemics</i> describes the case of a man whose epilepsy is cured as quickly as it had appeared, through complete abstinence of food and drink.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hippocrates2_14-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hippocrates2-14">[Note 4]</a></sup> The royal physician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a> declared, "One inclining to epilepsy should be made to fast without mercy and be put on short rations."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Galen1_15-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Galen1-15">[Note 5]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> believed an "attenuating diet"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Galen2_16-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Galen2-16">[Note 6]</a></sup> might afford a cure in mild cases and be helpful in others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Temkin1971_17-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Temkin1971-17">[11]</a></sup> <br />
The first modern study of fasting as a treatment for epilepsy was in France in 1911.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Guelpa1911_18-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Guelpa1911-18">[12]</a></sup> Twenty epilepsy patients of all ages were "detoxified" by consuming a low-calorie vegetarian diet, combined with periods of fasting and purging. Two benefited enormously, but most failed to maintain compliance with the imposed restrictions. The diet improved the patients' mental capabilities, in contrast to their medication, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, which dulled the mind.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bailey2005_19-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Bailey2005-19">[13]</a></sup> <br />
Around this time, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a>, an American exponent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a>, popularised the use of fasting to restore health. His disciple, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">osteopathic physician</a> Dr. Hugh William Conklin of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek, Michigan</a>, began to treat his epilepsy patients by recommending fasting. Conklin conjectured that epileptic seizures were caused when a toxin, secreted from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer%27s_patches" title="Peyer's patches">Peyer's patches</a> in the intestines, was discharged into the bloodstream. He recommended a fast lasting 18 to 25 days to allow this toxin to dissipate. Conklin probably treated hundreds of epilepsy patients with his "water diet" and boasted of a 90% cure rate in children, falling to 50% in adults. Later analysis of Conklin's case records showed 20% of his patients achieved freedom from seizures and 50% had some improvement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> <br />
Conklin's fasting therapy was adopted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologists</a> in mainstream practice. In 1916, a Dr McMurray wrote to the <i>New York Medical Journal</i> claiming to have successfully treated epilepsy patients with a fast, followed by a starch- and sugar-free diet, since 1912. In 1921, prominent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinologist</a> Henry Rawle Geyelin reported his experiences to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> convention. He had seen Conklin's success first-hand and had attempted to reproduce the results in 36 of his own patients. He achieved similar results despite only having studied the patients for a short time. Further studies in the 1920s indicated that seizures generally returned after the fast. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Howland" title="Charles P. Howland">Charles P. Howland</a>, the parent of one of Conklin's successful patients and a wealthy New York corporate lawyer, gave his brother John Elias Howland a gift of $5,000 to study "the ketosis of starvation". As professor of paediatrics at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>, John E. Howland used the money to fund research undertaken by neurologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cobb" title="Stanley Cobb">Stanley Cobb</a> and his assistant <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Lennox" title="William G. Lennox">William G. Lennox</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
In 1921, Rollin Turner Woodyatt reviewed the research on diet and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. He reported that three water-soluble compounds, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid">β-hydroxybutyrate</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate" title="Acetoacetate">acetoacetate</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> (known collectively as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">ketone bodies</a>), were produced by the liver in otherwise healthy people when they were starved or if they consumed a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> Dr. Russell Morse Wilder, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, built on this research and coined the term "ketogenic diet" to describe a diet that produced a high level of ketone bodies in the blood (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonemia" title="Ketonemia">ketonemia</a>) through an excess of fat and lack of carbohydrate. Wilder hoped to obtain the benefits of fasting in a dietary therapy that could be maintained indefinitely. His trial on a few epilepsy patients in 1921 was the first use of the ketogenic diet as a treatment for epilepsy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> <br />
Wilder's colleague, paediatrician Mynie Gustav Peterman, later formulated the classic diet, with a ratio of one gram of protein per kilogram of body weight in children, 10–15 g of carbohydrate per day, and the remainder of calories from fat. Peterman's work in the 1920s established the techniques for induction and maintenance of the diet. Peterman documented positive effects (improved alertness, behaviour, and sleep) and adverse effects (nausea and vomiting due to excess ketosis). The diet proved to be very successful in children: Peterman reported in 1925 that 95% of 37 young patients had improved seizure control on the diet and 60% became seizure-free. By 1930, the diet had also been studied in 100 teenagers and adults. Clifford Joseph Barborka, Sr., also from the Mayo Clinic, reported that 56% of those older patients improved on the diet and 12% became seizure-free. Although the adult results are similar to modern studies of children, they did not compare as well to contemporary studies. Barborka concluded that adults were least likely to benefit from the diet, and the use of the ketogenic diet in adults was not studied again until 1999.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2007_20-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2007-20">[14]</a></sup> <br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Anticonvulsants_and_decline">Anticonvulsants and decline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anticonvulsants and decline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
During the 1920s and 1930s, when the only anticonvulsant drugs were the sedative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">bromides</a> (discovered 1857) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a> (1912), the ketogenic diet was widely used and studied. This changed in 1938 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Houston_Merritt" title="H. Houston Merritt">H. Houston Merritt, Jr.</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Putnam" title="Tracy Putnam">Tracy Putnam</a> discovered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a> (Dilantin), and the focus of research shifted to discovering new drugs. With the introduction of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_valproate" title="Sodium valproate">sodium valproate</a> in the 1970s, drugs were available to neurologists that were effective across a broad range of epileptic syndromes and seizure types. The use of the ketogenic diet, by this time restricted to difficult cases such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox%E2%80%93Gastaut_syndrome" title="Lennox–Gastaut syndrome">Lennox–Gastaut syndrome</a>, declined further.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="MCT_diet">MCT diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MCT diet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liquigen_edit.jpg"><img alt="A glass bottle of 250 ml of Liquigen, a white opaque liquid" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2191" data-file-width="1461" decoding="async" height="330" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Liquigen_edit.jpg/220px-Liquigen_edit.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Liquigen_edit.jpg/330px-Liquigen_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Liquigen_edit.jpg/440px-Liquigen_edit.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride" title="Medium-chain triglyceride">Medium-chain triglyceride</a> (MCT) oil emulsion</div>
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In the 1960s, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride" title="Medium-chain triglyceride">medium-chain triglycerides</a> (MCTs) were found to produce more ketone bodies per unit of energy than normal dietary fats (which are mostly long-chain triglycerides).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Huttenlocher1971_21-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Huttenlocher1971-21">[15]</a></sup> MCTs are more efficiently absorbed and are rapidly transported to the liver via the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system" title="Hepatic portal system">hepatic portal system</a> rather than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neal2008_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Neal2008-22">[16]</a></sup> The severe carbohydrate restrictions of the classic ketogenic diet made it difficult for parents to produce palatable meals that their children would tolerate. In 1971, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Huttenlocher" title="Peter Huttenlocher">Peter Huttenlocher</a> devised a ketogenic diet where about 60% of the calories came from the MCT oil, and this allowed more protein and up to three times as much carbohydrate as the classic ketogenic diet. The oil was mixed with at least twice its volume of skimmed milk, chilled, and sipped during the meal or incorporated into food. He tested it on 12 children and adolescents with intractable seizures. Most children improved in both seizure control and alertness, results that were similar to the classic ketogenic diet. Gastrointestinal upset was a problem, which led one patient to abandon the diet, but meals were easier to prepare and better accepted by the children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Huttenlocher1971_21-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Huttenlocher1971-21">[15]</a></sup> The MCT diet replaced the classic ketogenic diet in many hospitals, though some devised diets that were a combination of the two.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Revival">Revival</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revival">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
The ketogenic diet achieved national media exposure in the US in October 1994, when NBC's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC"><i>Dateline</i></a> television programme reported the case of Charlie Abrahams, son of Hollywood producer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Abrahams" title="Jim Abrahams">Jim Abrahams</a>. The two-year-old suffered from epilepsy that had remained uncontrolled by mainstream and alternative therapies. Abrahams discovered a reference to the ketogenic diet in an epilepsy guide for parents and brought Charlie to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Freeman_(neurologist)" title="John M. Freeman (neurologist)">John M. Freeman</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>, which had continued to offer the therapy. Under the diet, Charlie's epilepsy was rapidly controlled and his developmental progress resumed. This inspired Abrahams to create the Charlie Foundation to promote the diet and fund research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wheless2004-12">[10]</a></sup> A multicentre prospective study began in 1994, the results were presented to the American Epilepsy Society in 1996 and were published<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vining1998_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Vining1998-23">[17]</a></sup> in 1998. There followed an explosion of scientific interest in the diet. In 1997, Abrahams produced a TV movie, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...First_Do_No_Harm" title="...First Do No Harm">...First Do No Harm</a></i>, starring Meryl Streep, in which a young boy's intractable epilepsy is successfully treated by the ketogenic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> <br />
By 2007, the ketogenic diet was available from around 75 centres in 45 countries, and less restrictive variants, such as the modified Atkins diet, were in use, particularly among older children and adults. The ketogenic diet was also under investigation for the treatment of a wide variety of disorders other than epilepsy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> <br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Efficacy">Efficacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Efficacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The ketogenic diet reduces seizure frequency by more than 50% in half of the patients who try it and by more than 90% in a third of patients.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> Three-quarters of children who respond do so within two weeks, though experts recommend a trial of at least three months before assuming it has been ineffective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> Children with refractory epilepsy are more likely to benefit from the ketogenic diet than from trying another anticonvulsant drug.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman2007-1">[1]</a></sup> Some evidence indicates that adolescents and adults may also benefit from the diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_design">Trial design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trial design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Early studies reported high success rates; in one study in 1925, 60% of patients became seizure-free, and another 35% of patients had a 50% reduction in seizure frequency. These studies generally examined a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort</a> of patients recently treated by the physician (a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_study" title="Retrospective study">retrospective study</a>) and selected patients who had successfully maintained the dietary restrictions. However, these studies are difficult to compare to modern trials. One reason is that these older trials suffered from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">selection bias</a>, as they excluded patients who were unable to start or maintain the diet and thereby selected from patients who would generate better results. In an attempt to control for this bias, modern study design prefers a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">prospective cohort</a> (the patients in the study are chosen before therapy begins) in which the results are presented for all patients regardless of whether they started or completed the treatment (known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_to_treat_analysis" title="Intention to treat analysis">intent-to-treat analysis</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> <br />
Another difference between older and newer studies is that the type of patients treated with the ketogenic diet has changed over time. When first developed and used, the ketogenic diet was not a treatment of last resort; in contrast, the children in modern studies have already tried and failed a number of anticonvulsant drugs, so may be assumed to have more difficult-to-treat epilepsy. Early and modern studies also differ because the treatment <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(natural_sciences)" title="Protocol (natural sciences)">protocol</a> has changed. In older protocols, the diet was initiated with a prolonged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a>, designed to lose 5–10% <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_weight" title="Body weight">body weight</a>, and heavily restricted the calorie intake. Concerns over child health and growth led to a relaxation of the diet's restrictions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> Fluid restriction was once a feature of the diet, but this led to increased risk of constipation and kidney stones, and is no longer considered beneficial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Outcomes">Outcomes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outcomes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
A study with an intent-to-treat prospective design was published in 1998 by a team from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman1998_26-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Freeman1998-26">[20]</a></sup> and followed-up by a report published in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hemingway2001_27-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hemingway2001-27">[21]</a></sup> As with most studies of the ketogenic diet, no <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_group" title="Control group">control group</a> (patients who did not receive the treatment) was used. The study enrolled 150 children. After three months, 83% of them were still on the diet, 26% had experienced a good reduction in seizures, 31% had had an excellent reduction, and 3% were seizure-free.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reduction_28-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Reduction-28">[Note 7]</a></sup> At 12 months, 55% were still on the diet, 23% had a good response, 20% had an excellent response, and 7% were seizure-free. Those who had discontinued the diet by this stage did so because it was ineffective, too restrictive, or due to illness, and most of those who remained were benefiting from it. The percentage of those still on the diet at two, three, and four years was 39%, 20%, and 12%, respectively. During this period, the most common reason for discontinuing the diet was because the children had become seizure-free or significantly better. At four years, 16% of the original 150 children had a good reduction in seizure frequency, 14% had an excellent reduction, and 13% were seizure-free, though these figures include many who were no longer on the diet. Those remaining on the diet after this duration were typically not seizure-free, but had had an excellent response.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hemingway2001_27-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hemingway2001-27">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009c_29-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009c-29">[22]</a></sup> <br />
It is possible to combine the results of several small studies to produce evidence that is stronger than that available from each study alone—a statistical method known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>. One of four such analyses, conducted in 2006, looked at 19 studies on a total of 1,084 patients.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Henderson2006_30-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Henderson2006-30">[23]</a></sup> It concluded that a third achieved an excellent reduction in seizure frequency and half the patients achieved a good reduction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <br />
A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> systematic review in 2018 found and analysed eleven randomized controlled trials of ketogenic diet in people with epilepsy for whom drugs failed to control their seizures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-MartinMcGill2018-2">[2]</a></sup> Six of the trials compared a group assigned to a ketogenic diet with a group not assigned to one. The other trials compared types of diets or ways of introducing them to make them more tolerable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-MartinMcGill2018-2">[2]</a></sup> In the largest trial of the ketogenic diet with a non-diet control<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neal2008_22-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Neal2008-22">[16]</a></sup>, nearly 38% of the children and young people had half or fewer seizures with the diet compared 6% with the group not assigned to the diet. Two large trials of the Modified Atkins Diet compared to a non-diet control had similar results, with over 50% of children having half or fewer seizures with the diet compared to around 10% in the control group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-MartinMcGill2018-2">[2]</a></sup> <br />
A systematic review in 2018 looked at 16 studies on the ketogenic diet in adults. It concluded that the treatment was becoming more popular for that group of patients, that the efficacy in adults was similar to children, the side effects relatively mild. However, many patients gave up with the diet, for various reasons, and the quality of evidence was inferior to studies on children. Health issues include high levels of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a>, high total <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liu2018_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Liu2018-31">[24]</a></sup> <br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Indications_and_contra-indications">Indications and contra-indications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indications and contra-indications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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Experts on the ketogenic diet recommend it be strongly considered for children with uncontrolled epilepsy who have tried and failed two or three anticonvulsant drugs;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> most children who start the ketogenic diet have failed at least three times this number.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bergqvist2004_32-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Bergqvist2004-32">[25]</a></sup></div>
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The ketogenic diet is indicated as an adjunctive (additional) treatment in children and young people with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug-resistant_epilepsy" title="Drug-resistant epilepsy">drug-resistant epilepsy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NICE_33-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-NICE-33">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SIGN_34-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-SIGN-34">[27]</a></sup> It is approved by national <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">clinical guidelines</a> in Scotland,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SIGN_34-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-SIGN-34">[27]</a></sup> England, and Wales<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NICE_33-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-NICE-33">[26]</a></sup> and reimbursed by nearly all US insurance companies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner2006_35-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Turner2006-35">[28]</a></sup> Children with a focal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesion</a> (a single point of brain abnormality causing the epilepsy) who would make suitable candidates for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy_surgery" title="Epilepsy surgery">surgery</a> are more likely to become seizure-free with surgery than with the ketogenic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stainman2007_36-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Stainman2007-36">[29]</a></sup> About a third of epilepsy centres that offer the ketogenic diet also offer a dietary therapy to adults. Some clinicians consider the two less restrictive dietary variants—the low <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycaemic_index" title="Glycaemic index">glycaemic index</a> treatment and the modified Atkins diet—to be more appropriate for adolescents and adults.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> A liquid form of the ketogenic diet is particularly easy to prepare for, and well tolerated by, infants on formula and children who are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_tube" title="Feeding tube">tube-fed</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008a-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2004b_37-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2004b-37">[30]</a></sup> <br />
Advocates for the diet recommend that it be seriously considered after two medications have failed, as the chance of other drugs succeeding is only 10%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2004a-38">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spendiff2008_39-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Spendiff2008-39">[32]</a></sup> The diet can be considered earlier for some epilepsy and genetic syndromes where it has shown particular usefulness. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravet_syndrome" title="Dravet syndrome">Dravet syndrome</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_spasms" title="Infantile spasms">infantile spasms</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic-astatic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy">myoclonic-astatic epilepsy</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis_complex" title="Tuberous sclerosis complex">tuberous sclerosis complex</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wang2014_40-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wang2014-40">[33]</a></sup> <br />
A survey in 2005 of 88 paediatric neurologists in the US found that 36% regularly prescribed the diet after three or more drugs had failed, 24% occasionally prescribed the diet as a last resort, 24% had only prescribed the diet in a few rare cases, and 16% had never prescribed the diet. Several possible explanations exist for this gap between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence</a> and clinical practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mastriani2008_41-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Mastriani2008-41">[34]</a></sup> One major factor may be the lack of adequately trained <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitians</a>, who are needed to administer a ketogenic diet programme.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2004a-38">[31]</a></sup> <br />
Because the ketogenic diet alters the body's metabolism, it is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-line_therapy" title="First-line therapy">first-line therapy</a> in children with certain <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_metabolic_disease" title="Congenital metabolic disease">congenital metabolic diseases</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency">pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) deficiency</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Vivo_disease" title="De Vivo disease">glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wang2018_42-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Wang2018-42">[35]</a></sup> which prevent the body from using carbohydrates as fuel, leading to a dependency on ketone bodies. The ketogenic diet is beneficial in treating the seizures and some other symptoms in these diseases and is an absolute indication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Huffman2006_43-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Huffman2006-43">[36]</a></sup> However, it is absolutely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindicated</a> in the treatment of other diseases such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency">pyruvate carboxylase deficiency</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>, and other rare <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_lipid_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of lipid metabolism">genetic disorders of fat metabolism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> Persons with a disorder of fatty acid oxidation are unable to metabolise fatty acids, which replace carbohydrates as the major energy source on the diet. On the ketogenic diet, their bodies would consume their own protein stores for fuel, leading to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoacidosis" title="Ketoacidosis">ketoacidosis</a>, and eventually coma and death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2004-44">[37]</a></sup> <br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Interactions">Interactions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The ketogenic diet is usually initiated in combination with the patient's existing anticonvulsant regimen, though patients may be weaned off anticonvulsants if the diet is successful. Some evidence of synergistic benefits is seen when the diet is combined with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve_stimulation" title="Vagus nerve stimulation">vagus nerve stimulator</a> or with the drug <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">zonisamide</a>, and that the diet may be less successful in children receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The ketogenic diet is not a benign, holistic, or natural treatment for epilepsy; as with any serious medical therapy, complications may result.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner2006_35-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Turner2006-35">[28]</a></sup> These are generally less severe and less frequent than with anticonvulsant medication or surgery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner2006_35-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Turner2006-35">[28]</a></sup> Common but easily treatable short-term side effects include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, low-grade <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycaemia" title="Hypoglycaemia">hypoglycaemia</a> if an initial fast is undertaken. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">Raised levels of lipids in the blood</a> affect up to 60% of children<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bergqvist2011_45-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Bergqvist2011-45">[38]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">cholesterol levels may increase</a> by around 30%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner2006_35-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Turner2006-35">[28]</a></sup> This can be treated by changes to the fat content of the diet, such as from saturated fats towards polyunsaturated fats, and if persistent, by lowering the ketogenic ratio.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bergqvist2011_45-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Bergqvist2011-45">[38]</a></sup> Supplements are necessary to counter the dietary deficiency of many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <br />
Long-term use of the ketogenic diet in children increases the risk of slowed or stunted growth, bone fractures, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> The diet reduces levels of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a>, which is important for childhood growth. Like many anticonvulsant drugs, the ketogenic diet has an adverse effect on bone health. Many factors may be involved such as acidosis and suppressed growth hormone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bergqvist2011_45-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Bergqvist2011-45">[38]</a></sup> About one in 20 children on the ketogenic diet develop kidney stones (compared with one in several thousand for the general population). A class of anticonvulsants known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitors" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors">carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">topiramate</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">zonisamide</a>) are known to increase the risk of kidney stones, but the combination of these anticonvulsants and the ketogenic diet does not appear to elevate the risk above that of the diet alone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup> The stones are treatable and do not justify discontinuation of the diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup> Johns Hopkins Hospital now gives oral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_citrate" title="Potassium citrate">potassium citrate</a> supplements to all ketogenic diet patients, resulting in one-seventh of the incidence of kidney stones.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McNally2009_47-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-McNally2009-47">[40]</a></sup> However, this empiric usage has not been tested in a prospective controlled trial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> Kidney stone formation (nephrolithiasis) is associated with the diet for four reasons:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup> <br />
<ul>
<li>Excess calcium in the urine (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalciuria" title="Hypercalciuria">hypercalciuria</a>) occurs due to increased bone demineralisation with acidosis. Bones are mainly composed of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>. The phosphate reacts with the acid, and the calcium is excreted by the kidneys.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hypocitraturia: the urine has an abnormally low concentration of citrate, which normally helps to dissolve free calcium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li>The urine has a low pH, which stops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> from dissolving, leading to crystals that act as a <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nidus" title="wikt:nidus">nidus</a> for calcium stone formation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li>Many institutions traditionally restricted the water intake of patients on the diet to 80% of normal daily needs;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Sampath2007-46">[39]</a></sup> this practice is no longer encouraged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
In adolescent and adults, common side effects reported include weight loss, constipation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">dyslipidemia</a>, and in women, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2006_48-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2006-48">[41]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Implementation">Implementation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The ketogenic diet is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_nutrition_therapy" title="Medical nutrition therapy">medical nutrition therapy</a> that involves participants from various disciplines. Team members include a registered paediatric <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitian</a> who coordinates the diet programme; a paediatric <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologist" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> who is experienced in offering the ketogenic diet; and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">registered nurse</a> who is familiar with childhood epilepsy. Additional help may come from a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_social_worker" title="Medical social worker">medical social worker</a> who works with the family and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a> who can advise on the carbohydrate content of medicines. Lastly, the parents and other caregivers must be educated in many aspects of the diet for it to be safely implemented.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008a-6">[5]</a></sup> <br />
Implementing the diet can present difficulties for caregivers and the patient due to the time commitment involved in measuring and planning meals. Since any unplanned eating can potentially break the nutritional balance required, some people find the discipline needed to maintain the diet challenging and unpleasant. Some people terminate the diet or switch to a less demanding diet, like the modified Atkins diet or the low-glycaemic index treatment diet, because they find the difficulties too great.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vogelstein2010_49-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Vogelstein2010-49">[42]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Initiation">Initiation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Initiation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
The Johns Hopkins Hospital protocol for initiating the ketogenic diet has been widely adopted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kim2008_50-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kim2008-50">[43]</a></sup> It involves a consultation with the patient and their caregivers and, later, a short hospital admission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> Because of the risk of complications during ketogenic diet initiation, most centres begin the diet under close medical supervision in the hospital.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
At the initial consultation, patients are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screened</a> for conditions that may <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraindicate" title="Contraindicate">contraindicate</a> the diet. A dietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history</a> is obtained and the parameters of the diet selected: the ketogenic ratio of fat to combined protein and carbohydrate, the calorie requirements and the fluid intake.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> <br />
The day before admission to hospital, the proportion of carbohydrate in the diet may be decreased and the patient begins fasting after his or her evening meal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> On admission, only calorie- and caffeine-free fluids<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2004-44">[37]</a></sup> are allowed until dinner, which consists of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">eggnog</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eggnog_51-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Eggnog-51">[Note 8]</a></sup> restricted to one-third of the typical calories for a meal. The following breakfast and lunch are similar, and on the second day, the "eggnog" dinner is increased to two-thirds of a typical meal's caloric content. By the third day, dinner contains the full calorie quota and is a standard ketogenic meal (not "eggnog"). After a ketogenic breakfast on the fourth day, the patient is discharged. Where possible, the patient's current medicines are changed to carbohydrate-free formulations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> <br />
When in the hospital, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar" title="Blood sugar">glucose levels</a> are checked several times daily and the patient is monitored for signs of symptomatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">ketosis</a> (which can be treated with a small quantity of orange juice). Lack of energy and lethargy are common, but disappear within two weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vining1998_23-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Vining1998-23">[17]</a></sup> The parents attend classes over the first three full days, which cover nutrition, managing the diet, preparing meals, avoiding sugar, and handling illness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> The level of parental education and commitment required is higher than with medication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2008a_52-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2008a-52">[44]</a></sup> <br />
Variations on the Johns Hopkins protocol are common. The initiation can be performed using <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatient" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> clinics rather than requiring a stay in hospital. Often, no initial fast is used (fasting increases the risk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">acidosis</a>, hypoglycaemia, and weight loss). Rather than increasing meal sizes over the three-day initiation, some institutions maintain meal size, but alter the ketogenic ratio from 2:1 to 4:1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
For patients who benefit, half achieve a seizure reduction within five days (if the diet starts with an initial fast of one to two days), three-quarters achieve a reduction within two weeks, and 90% achieve a reduction within 23 days. If the diet does not begin with a fast, the time for half of the patients to achieve an improvement is longer (two weeks), but the long-term seizure reduction rates are unaffected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2008a_52-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2008a-52">[44]</a></sup> Parents are encouraged to persist with the diet for at least three months before any final consideration is made regarding efficacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Maintenance">Maintenance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maintenance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
After initiation, the child regularly visits the hospital outpatient clinic where they are seen by the dietitian and neurologist, and various tests and examinations are performed. These are held every three months for the first year and then every six months thereafter. Infants under one year old are seen more frequently, with the initial visit held after just two to four weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> A period of minor adjustments is necessary to ensure consistent ketosis is maintained and to better adapt the meal plans to the patient. This fine-tuning is typically done over the telephone with the hospital <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> and includes changing the number of calories, altering the ketogenic ratio, or adding some MCT or coconut oils to a classic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonuria" title="Ketonuria">Urinary ketone levels</a> are checked daily to detect whether ketosis has been achieved and to confirm that the patient is following the diet, though the level of ketones does not correlate with an anticonvulsant effect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> This is performed using ketone test strips containing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroprusside" title="Nitroprusside">nitroprusside</a>, which change colour from buff-pink to maroon in the presence of acetoacetate (one of the three ketone bodies).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Musa-Veloso2004_53-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Musa-Veloso2004-53">[45]</a></sup> <br />
A short-lived increase in seizure frequency may occur during illness or if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> levels fluctuate. The diet may be modified if seizure frequency remains high, or the child is losing weight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> Loss of seizure-control may come from unexpected sources. Even "sugar-free" food can contain carbohydrates such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">maltodextrin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. The sorbitol content of suntan lotion and other skincare products may be high enough for some to be absorbed through the skin and thus negate ketosis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2004a-38">[31]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Discontinuation">Discontinuation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discontinuation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
About 20% of children on the ketogenic diet achieve freedom from seizures, and many are able to reduce the use of anticonvulsant drugs or eliminate them altogether.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> Commonly, at around two years on the diet, or after six months of being seizure-free, the diet may be gradually discontinued over two or three months. This is done by lowering the ketogenic ratio until urinary ketosis is no longer detected, and then lifting all calorie restrictions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martinez2007_54-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Martinez2007-54">[46]</a></sup> This timing and method of discontinuation mimics that of anticonvulsant drug therapy in children, where the child has become seizure-free. When the diet is required to treat certain metabolic diseases, the duration will be longer. The total diet duration is up to the treating ketogenic diet team and parents; durations up to 12 years have been studied and found beneficial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
Children who discontinue the diet after achieving seizure freedom have about a 20% risk of seizures returning. The length of time until recurrence is highly variable, but averages two years. This risk of recurrence compares with 10% for resective surgery (where part of the brain is removed) and 30–50% for anticonvulsant therapy. Of those who have a recurrence, just over half can regain freedom from seizures either with anticonvulsants or by returning to the ketogenic diet. Recurrence is more likely if, despite seizure freedom, an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalogram" title="Electroencephalogram">electroencephalogram</a> shows epileptiform spikes, which indicate epileptic activity in the brain but are below the level that will cause a seizure. Recurrence is also likely if an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_scan" title="MRI scan">MRI scan</a> shows focal abnormalities (for example, as in children with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a>). Such children may remain on the diet longer than average, and children with tuberous sclerosis who achieve seizure freedom could remain on the ketogenic diet indefinitely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martinez2007_54-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Martinez2007-54">[46]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Variants">Variants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Classic">Classic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Classic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg"><img alt="A series of four pie charts for the typical American diet, the induction phase of the Atkins diet, the classic ketogenic diet, and the MCD ketogenic diet. The typical American diet has about half its calories from carbohydrates, where the others have very little carbohydrate. The Atkins diet is higher in protein than the others. Most of the fat in the MCT diet comes from MCT oil." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1565" data-file-width="725" decoding="async" height="475" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg/220px-Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg/330px-Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg/440px-Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg.png 2x" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ketogenic_diets_pie_MCT.svg" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The ratio of calorific contributions from food components of four diets, by weight</div>
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The ketogenic diet is calculated by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitian</a> for each child. Age, weight, activity levels, culture, and food preferences all affect the meal plan. First, the energy requirements are set at 80–90% of the recommended daily amounts (RDA) for the child's age (the high-fat diet requires less energy to process than a typical high-carbohydrate diet). Highly active children or those with muscle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a> require more food energy than this; immobile children require less. The ketogenic ratio of the diet compares the weight of fat to the combined weight of carbohydrate and protein. This is typically 4:1, but children who are younger than 18 months, older than 12 years, or who are obese may be started on a 3:1 ratio. Fat is energy-rich, with 9 kcal/g (38 kJ/g) compared to 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g) for carbohydrate or protein, so portions on the ketogenic diet are smaller than normal. The quantity of fat in the diet can be calculated from the overall energy requirements and the chosen ketogenic ratio. Next, the protein levels are set to allow for growth and body maintenance, and are around 1 g protein for each kg of body weight. Lastly, the amount of carbohydrate is set according to what allowance is left while maintaining the chosen ratio. Any carbohydrate in medications or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">supplements</a> must be subtracted from this allowance. The total daily amount of fat, protein, and carbohydrate is then evenly divided across the meals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2004-44">[37]</a></sup> <br />
A computer program such as KetoCalculator may be used to help generate recipes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008b_55-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008b-55">[47]</a></sup> The meals often have four components: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">heavy whipping cream</a>, a protein-rich food (typically meat), a fruit or vegetable and a fat such as butter, vegetable oil, or mayonnaise. Only low-carbohydrate fruits and vegetables are allowed, which excludes bananas, potatoes, peas, and corn. Suitable fruits are divided into two groups based on the amount of carbohydrate they contain, and vegetables are similarly divided into two groups. Foods within each of these four groups may be freely substituted to allow for variation without needing to recalculate portion sizes. For example, cooked broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and green beans are all equivalent. Fresh, canned, or frozen foods are equivalent, but raw and cooked vegetables differ, and processed foods are an additional complication. Parents are required to be precise when measuring food quantities on an electronic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">scale</a> accurate to 1 g. The child must eat the whole meal and cannot have extra portions; any snacks must be incorporated into the meal plan. A small amount of MCT oil may be used to help with constipation or to increase ketosis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2004-44">[37]</a></sup> <br />
The classic ketogenic diet is not a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_diet" title="Balanced diet">balanced diet</a> and only contains tiny portions of fresh fruit and vegetables, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a> cereals, and calcium-rich foods. In particular, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> must be artificially supplemented. This is achieved by taking two sugar-free supplements designed for the patient's age: a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">multivitamin</a> with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> with vitamin D.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> A typical day of food for a child on a 4:1 ratio, 1,500 kcal (6,300 kJ) ketogenic diet comprises three small meals and three small snacks:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner2006_35-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Turner2006-35">[28]</a></sup> <br />
<table class="wikitable"><caption>Sample meal plan for one day </caption><tbody>
<tr><th>Meal </th><th>Menu idea </th><th>Ingredients </th></tr>
<tr><td>Breakfast </td><td>Egg with bacon </td><td><ul>
<li>28 g egg (about half an egg)</li>
<li>11 g bacon (about half a slice)</li>
<li>37 g of 36% heavy whipping cream</li>
<li>23 g butter</li>
<li>9 g slice of apple</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>Morning snack </td><td>Peanut butter ball (serving size: 0.5 ounce) </td><td><ul>
<li>6 g peanut butter</li>
<li>9 g butter</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lunch </td><td>Tuna salad </td><td><ul>
<li>28 g tuna fish</li>
<li>30 g mayonnaise</li>
<li>10 g celery</li>
<li>36 g of 36% heavy whipping cream</li>
<li>15 g lettuce (one large leaf)</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>Afternoon snack </td><td>Keto yogurt (serving size: 1.3 ounces) </td><td><ul>
<li>18 g of 36% heavy whipping cream</li>
<li>17 g sour cream</li>
<li>4 g strawberries (about half of one small strawberry)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_sweetener" title="Artificial sweetener">artificial sweetener</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dinner </td><td>Cheeseburger (no bun) </td><td><ul>
<li>22 g <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">minced (ground) beef</a></li>
<li>10 g <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cheese" title="American cheese">American cheese</a></li>
<li>26 g butter</li>
<li>38 g cream</li>
<li>10 g lettuce (one medium leaf)</li>
<li>11 g green beans (one spoonful)</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>Evening snack </td><td>Keto custard (serving size: 1.2 ounces) </td><td><ul>
<li>25 g of 36% heavy whipping cream</li>
<li>9 g egg</li>
<li>Pure, unsweetened vanilla flavouring</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="MCT_oil">MCT oil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: MCT oil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Normal dietary fat contains mostly long-chain triglycerides (LCTs). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglycerides" title="Medium-chain triglycerides">Medium-chain triglycerides</a> (MCTs) are more ketogenic than LCTs because they generate more ketones per unit of energy when metabolised. Their use allows for a diet with a lower proportion of fat and a greater proportion of protein and carbohydrate,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> leading to more food choices and larger portion sizes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liu2008_5-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Liu2008-5">[4]</a></sup> The original MCT diet developed by Peter Huttenlocher in the 1970s derived 60% of its calories from MCT oil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Huttenlocher1971_21-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Huttenlocher1971-21">[15]</a></sup> Consuming that quantity of MCT oil caused abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting in some children. A figure of 45% is regarded as a balance between achieving good ketosis and minimising gastrointestinal complaints. The classical and modified MCT ketogenic diets are equally effective and differences in tolerability are not statistically significant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> The MCT diet is less popular in the United States; MCT oil is more expensive than other dietary fats and is not covered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">insurance companies</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Modified_Atkins">Modified Atkins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modified Atkins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
First reported in 2003, the idea of using a form of the Atkins diet to treat epilepsy came about after parents and patients discovered that the induction phase of the Atkins diet controlled seizures. The ketogenic diet team at Johns Hopkins Hospital modified the Atkins diet by removing the aim of achieving weight loss, extending the induction phase indefinitely, and specifically encouraging fat consumption. Compared with the ketogenic diet, the modified Atkins diet (MAD) places no limit on calories or protein, and the lower overall ketogenic ratio (about 1:1) does not need to be consistently maintained by all meals of the day. The MAD does not begin with a fast or with a stay in hospital and requires less dietitian support than the ketogenic diet. Carbohydrates are initially limited to 10 g per day in children or 20 g per day in adults, and are increased to 20–30 g per day after a month or so, depending on the effect on seizure control or tolerance of the restrictions. Like the ketogenic diet, the MAD requires vitamin and mineral supplements and children are carefully and periodically monitored at outpatient clinics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2008c_56-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2008c-56">[48]</a></sup> <br />
The modified Atkins diet reduces seizure frequency by more than 50% in 43% of patients who try it and by more than 90% in 27% of patients.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> Few adverse effects have been reported, though cholesterol is increased and the diet has not been studied long term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2008c_56-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2008c-56">[48]</a></sup> Although based on a smaller data set (126 adults and children from 11 studies over five centres), these results from 2009 compare favourably with the traditional ketogenic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Low_glycaemic_index_treatment">Low glycaemic index treatment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Low glycaemic index treatment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
The low glycaemic index treatment (LGIT)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pfeifer2013_57-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Pfeifer2013-57">[49]</a></sup> is an attempt to achieve the stable <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_glucose" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> levels seen in children on the classic ketogenic diet while using a much less restrictive regimen. The hypothesis is that stable blood glucose may be one of the mechanisms of action involved in the ketogenic diet,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> which occurs because the absorption of the limited carbohydrates is slowed by the high fat content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008a-6">[5]</a></sup> Although it is also a high-fat diet (with approximately 60% calories from fat),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008a-6">[5]</a></sup> the LGIT allows more carbohydrate than either the classic ketogenic diet or the modified Atkins diet, approximately 40–60 g per day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> However, the types of carbohydrates consumed are restricted to those that have a glycaemic index lower than 50. Like the modified Atkins diet, the LGIT is initiated and maintained at outpatient clinics and does not require precise weighing of food or intensive dietitian support. Both are offered at most centres that run ketogenic diet programmes, and in some centres they are often the primary dietary therapy for adolescents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
Short-term results for the LGIT indicate that at one month approximately half of the patients experience a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency, with overall figures approaching that of the ketogenic diet. The data (coming from one centre's experience with 76 children up to the year 2009) also indicate fewer side effects than the ketogenic diet and that it is better tolerated, with more palatable meals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muzykewicz2009_58-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Muzykewicz2009-58">[50]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Prescribed_formulations">Prescribed formulations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prescribed formulations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Measuring_Ketocal.jpg"><img alt="A cream-coloured powder is poured from a tin into a measuring jug on an electronic kitchen scale." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3456" data-file-width="2592" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Measuring_Ketocal.jpg/220px-Measuring_Ketocal.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Measuring_Ketocal.jpg/330px-Measuring_Ketocal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Measuring_Ketocal.jpg/440px-Measuring_Ketocal.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Measuring_Ketocal.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Measuring KetoCal—a powdered formula for administering the classic ketogenic diet</div>
</div>
</div>
Infants and patients fed via a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_tube" title="Feeding tube">gastrostomy tube</a> can also be given a ketogenic diet. Parents make up a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescribed</a> powdered formula, such as KetoCal, into a liquid feed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> Gastrostomy feeding avoids any issues with palatability, and bottle-fed infants readily accept the ketogenic formula.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2004a-38">[31]</a></sup> Some studies have found this liquid feed to be more efficacious and associated with lower total <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> than a solid ketogenic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24">[18]</a></sup> KetoCal is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteral_formula" title="Enteral formula">nutritionally complete food</a> containing milk protein and is supplemented with amino acids, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and trace elements. It is used to administer the 4:1 ratio classic ketogenic diet in children over one year. The formula is available in both 3:1 and 4:1 ratios, either unflavoured or in an artificially sweetened vanilla flavour and is suitable for tube or oral feeding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KetoCal_59-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-KetoCal-59">[51]</a></sup> Other formula products include KetoVolve<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KetoVolve_60-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-KetoVolve-60">[52]</a></sup> and Ketonia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KetoBottle_61-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-KetoBottle-61">[53]</a></sup> Alternatively, a liquid ketogenic diet may be produced by combining Ross Carbohydrate Free soy formula with Microlipid and Polycose.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KetoBottle_61-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-KetoBottle-61">[53]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Worldwide">Worldwide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Worldwide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
There are theoretically no restrictions on where the ketogenic diet might be used, and it can cost less than modern anticonvulsants. However, fasting and dietary changes are affected by religious and cultural issues. A culture where food is often prepared by grandparents or hired help means more people must be educated about the diet. When families dine together, sharing the same meal, it can be difficult to separate the child's meal. In many countries, food labelling is not mandatory so calculating the proportions of fat, protein and carbohydrate is difficult. In some countries, it may be hard to find sugar-free forms of medicines and supplements, to purchase an accurate electronic scale, or to afford MCT oils.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2005_62-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2005-62">[54]</a></sup> <br />
In Asia, the normal diet includes rice and noodles as the main energy source, making their elimination difficult. Therefore, the MCT-oil form of the diet, which allows more carbohydrate, has proved useful. In India, religious beliefs commonly affect the diet: some patients are vegetarians, will not eat root vegetables or avoid beef. The Indian ketogenic diet is started without a fast due to cultural opposition towards fasting in children. The low-fat, high-carbohydrate nature of the normal Indian and Asian diet means that their ketogenic diets typically have a lower ketogenic ratio (1:1) than in America and Europe. However, they appear to be just as effective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2005_62-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2005-62">[54]</a></sup> <br />
In many developing countries, the ketogenic diet is expensive because dairy fats and meat are more expensive than grain, fruit and vegetables. The modified Atkins diet has been proposed as a lower-cost alternative for those countries; the slightly more expensive food bill can be offset by a reduction in pharmaceutical costs if the diet is successful. The modified Atkins diet is less complex to explain and prepare and requires less support from a dietitian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2008b_63-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2008b-63">[55]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Seizure_pathology">Seizure pathology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Seizure pathology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone bodies</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid">β-hydroxybutyrate</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetic_acid" title="Acetoacetic acid">acetoacetic acid</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg"><img alt="Skeletal formula of acetone" data-file-height="163" data-file-width="167" decoding="async" height="73" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg/75px-Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg/113px-Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg/150px-Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" width="75" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a></div>
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The brain is composed of a network of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurons that transmit signals</a> by propagating <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_impulse" title="Nerve impulse">nerve impulses</a>. The propagation of this impulse from one neuron to another is typically controlled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>, though there are also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_synapse" title="Electrical synapse">electrical pathways</a> between some neurons. Neurotransmitters can inhibit impulse firing (primarily done by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">γ-aminobutyric acid</a>, or GABA) or they can excite the neuron into firing (primarily done by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>). A neuron that releases inhibitory neurotransmitters from its terminals is called an inhibitory neuron, while one that releases excitatory neurotransmitters is an excitatory neuron. When the normal balance between inhibition and excitation is significantly disrupted in all or part of the brain, a seizure can occur. The GABA system is an important target for anticonvulsant drugs, since seizures may be discouraged by increasing GABA synthesis, decreasing its breakdown, or enhancing its effect on neurons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Stafstrom2004-8">[7]</a></sup> <br />
The nerve impulse is characterised by a great influx of sodium ions through <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">channels</a> in the neuron's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> followed by an efflux of potassium ions through other channels. The neuron is unable to fire again for a short time (known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_period_(physiology)" title="Refractory period (physiology)">refractory period</a>), which is mediated by another <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">potassium channel</a>. The flow through these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> is governed by a "gate" which is opened by either a voltage change or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">chemical messenger</a> known as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> (such as a neurotransmitter). These channels are another target for anticonvulsant drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Stafstrom2004-8">[7]</a></sup> <br />
There are many ways in which epilepsy occurs. Examples of pathological physiology include: unusual excitatory connections within the neuronal network of the brain; abnormal neuron structure leading to altered current flow; decreased inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesis; ineffective receptors for inhibitory neurotransmitters; insufficient breakdown of excitatory neurotransmitters leading to excess; immature synapse development; and impaired function of ionic channels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Stafstrom2004-8">[7]</a></sup> <br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Seizure_control">Seizure control</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Seizure control">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Although many hypotheses have been put forward to explain how the ketogenic diet works, it remains a mystery. Disproven hypotheses include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">systemic acidosis</a> (high levels of acid in the blood), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_disturbance" title="Electrolyte disturbance">electrolyte changes</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycaemia" title="Hypoglycaemia">hypoglycaemia</a> (low <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_glucose" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007b-25">[19]</a></sup> Although many biochemical changes are known to occur in the brain of a patient on the ketogenic diet, it is not known which of these has an anticonvulsant effect. The lack of understanding in this area is similar to the situation with many anticonvulsant drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007-64">[56]</a></sup> <br />
On the ketogenic diet, carbohydrates are restricted and so cannot provide for all the metabolic needs of the body. Instead, fatty acids are used as the major source of fuel. These are used through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">fatty-acid oxidation</a> in the cell's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> (the energy-producing parts of the cell). Humans can convert some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> into glucose by a process called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>, but cannot do this by using fatty acids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kerndt1982_65-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kerndt1982-65">[57]</a></sup> Since amino acids are needed to make proteins, which are essential for growth and repair of body tissues, these cannot be used only to produce glucose. This could pose a problem for the brain, since it is normally fuelled solely by glucose, and most fatty acids do not cross the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>. However, the liver can use long-chain fatty acids to synthesise the three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">ketone bodies</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid">β-hydroxybutyrate</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate" title="Acetoacetate">acetoacetate</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>. These ketone bodies enter the brain and <i>partially</i> substitute for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_glucose" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> as a source of energy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007-64">[56]</a></sup> <br />
The ketone bodies are possibly anticonvulsant; in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_model" title="Animal model">animal models</a>, acetoacetate and acetone protect against seizures. The ketogenic diet results in adaptive changes to brain energy metabolism that increase the energy reserves; ketone bodies are a more efficient fuel than glucose, and the number of mitochondria is increased. This may help the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> to remain stable in the face of increased energy demand during a seizure, and may confer a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotective" title="Neuroprotective">neuroprotective</a> effect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007-64">[56]</a></sup> <br />
The ketogenic diet has been studied in at least 14 rodent animal models of seizures. It is protective in many of these models and has a different protection profile than any known anticonvulsant. Conversely, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenofibrate" title="Fenofibrate">fenofibrate</a>, not used clinically as an antiepileptic, exhibits experimental <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> properties in adult rats comparable to the ketogenic diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Porta2009_66-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Porta2009-66">[58]</a></sup> This, together with studies showing its efficacy in patients who have failed to achieve seizure control on half a dozen drugs, suggests a unique mechanism of action.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007-64">[56]</a></sup> <br />
Anticonvulsants suppress epileptic seizures, but they neither cure nor prevent the development of seizure susceptibility. The development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) is a process that is poorly understood. A few anticonvulsants (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproate</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">levetiracetam</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>) have shown antiepileptogenic properties in animal models of epileptogenesis. However, no anticonvulsant has ever achieved this in a clinical trial in humans. The ketogenic diet has been found to have antiepileptogenic properties in rats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Hartman2007-64">[56]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_applications">Other applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The ketogenic diet has been studied for potential therapeutic use in various neurological disorders other than epilepsy: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> (AD), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, headache, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrauma" title="Neurotrauma">neurotrauma</a>, pain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> (PD) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gano2014_7-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Gano2014-7">[6]</a></sup> <br />
Because some cancer cells are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)" title="Warburg effect (oncology)">inefficient in processing ketone bodies for energy</a>, the ketogenic diet has also been suggested as a treatment for cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baranano2008_67-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Baranano2008-67">[59]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Allen2014_68-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Allen2014-68">[60]</a></sup> A 2018 review looked at the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies of ketogenic diets in cancer therapy. The clinical studies in humans are typically very small, with some providing weak evidence for anti-tumour effect, particularly for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">glioblastoma</a>, but in other cancers and studies, no anti-tumour effect was seen. Taken together, results from preclinical studies, albeit sometimes contradictory, tend to support an anti-tumor effect rather than a pro-tumor effect of the KD for most solid cancers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weber2018_69-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Weber2018-69">[61]</a></sup> <br />
The evidence of benefit for these conditions has not reached the level where clinical recommendations can be made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11">[9]</a></sup> <br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkins_diet" title="Atkins diet">Atkins diet</a> – brand of low-carbohydrate diet</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a> – metabolic process that uses fats as an energy source</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate diet</a> – varieties of diets that focus on reducing carbohydrates</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride" title="Medium-chain triglyceride">Medium-chain triglyceride</a> – easily absorbed, naturally occurring type of fat</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-carbohydrate_diet" title="No-carbohydrate diet">No-carbohydrate diet</a> – an extreme version of a low-carbohydrate diet</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-weight/diet-reviews/ketogenic-diet/" rel="nofollow">Diet Review</a> – Ketogenic Diet for Weight Loss</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Units-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Units_4-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this article, <i>kcal</i> stands for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> as a unit of measure (4.1868 kJ), and <i>calories</i> stands for "energy" from food.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Fasting-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Fasting_10-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise stated, the term <i>fasting</i> in this article refers to going without food while maintaining calorie-free fluid intake.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Hippocrates1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hippocrates1_13-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippocrates, <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Sacred_Disease" title="s:On the Sacred Disease">On the Sacred Disease</a></i>, ch. 18; vol. 6.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Hippocrates2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hippocrates2_14-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippocrates, <i>Epidemics</i>, VII, 46; vol. 5.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Galen1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Galen1_15-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galen, <i>De venae sect. adv. Erasistrateos Romae degentes</i>, c. 8; vol. 11.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Galen2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Galen2_16-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galen, <i>De victu attenuante</i>, c. 1.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Reduction-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Reduction_28-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <i>good</i> reduction is defined here to mean a 50–90% decrease in seizure frequency. An <i>excellent</i> reduction is a 90–99% decrease.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Eggnog-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Eggnog_51-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketogenic "eggnog" is used during induction and is a drink with the required ketogenic ratio. For example, a 4:1 ratio eggnog would contain 60 g of 36% heavy whipping cream, 25 g pasteurised raw egg, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">saccharin</a> and vanilla flavour. This contains 245 kcal (1,025 kJ), 4 g protein, 2 g carbohydrate and 24 g fat (24:6 = 4:1).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vining1998_23-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Vining1998-23">[17]</a></sup> The eggnog may also be cooked to make a custard, or frozen to make ice cream.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_note-Zupec-Kania2004-44">[37]</a></sup></span> </li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Freeman2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman2007_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman JM, Kossoff EH, Hartman AL. The ketogenic diet: one decade later. Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):535–43. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-2447" rel="nofollow">10.1542/peds.2006-2447</a>.
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332207" rel="nofollow">17332207</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-MartinMcGill2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-MartinMcGill2018_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin-McGill KJ, Jackson CF, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PN. <a class="external text" href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub4/full" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy.</a> Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 7;11:CD001903. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001903.pub4" rel="nofollow">10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30403286" rel="nofollow">30403286</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2013_3-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Wang HS. <a class="external text" href="http://biomedj.cgu.edu.tw/pdfs/2013/36/1/images/BiomedJ_2013_36_1_2_107152.pdf" rel="nofollow">Dietary therapies for epilepsy.</a> Biomed J. 2013 Jan-Feb;36(1):2-8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2319-4170.107152" rel="nofollow">10.4103/2319-4170.107152</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23515147" rel="nofollow">23515147</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Liu2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Liu2008_5-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Liu2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu YM. <a class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01830.x/full" rel="nofollow">Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapy.</a> Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49 Suppl 8:33–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01830.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01830.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049583" rel="nofollow">19049583</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008a_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zupec-Kania BA, Spellman E. An overview of the ketogenic diet for pediatric epilepsy. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008 Dec–2009 Jan;23(6):589–96. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0884533608326138" rel="nofollow">10.1177/0884533608326138</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033218" rel="nofollow">19033218</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Gano2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Gano2014_7-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Gano2014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gano LB, Patel M, Rho JM. <a class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/content/55/11/2211.long" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diets, mitochondria, and neurological diseases.</a> J Lipid Res. 2014 Nov;55(11):2211-28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1194%2Fjlr.R048975" rel="nofollow">10.1194/jlr.R048975</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847102" rel="nofollow">24847102</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Stafstrom2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Stafstrom2004_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafstrom CE. An introduction to seizures and epilepsy. In: Stafstrom CE, Rho JM, editors. Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9">1-58829-295-9</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-deBoer2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-deBoer2008_9-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Boer HM, Mula M, Sander JW. The global burden and stigma of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008 May;12(4):540–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2007.12.019" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.019</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280210" rel="nofollow">18280210</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2009a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009a_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, Ballaban-Gil KR, Bergqvist AG, Blackford R, <i>et al.</i> <a class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01765.x/full" rel="nofollow">Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group.</a> Epilepsia. 2009 Feb;50(2):304–17. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01765.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01765.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823325" rel="nofollow">18823325</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Wheless2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wheless2004_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheless JW. <a class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781588292599-c2.pdf" rel="nofollow">History and origin of the ketogenic diet</a> (PDF). In: Stafstrom CE, Rho JM, editors. Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9">1-58829-295-9</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Temkin1971-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Temkin1971_17-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temkin O. The falling sickness: a history of epilepsy from the Greeks to the beginnings of modern neurology. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1971. p. 33, 57, 66, 67, 71, 78. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4849-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4849-0">0-8018-4849-0</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Guelpa1911-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Guelpa1911_18-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guelpa G, Marie A. La lutte contre l'epilepsie par la desintoxication et par la reeducation alimentaire. Rev Ther med-Chirurg. 1911; 78: 8–13. As cited by Bailey (2005).</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Bailey2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Bailey2005_19-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey EE, Pfeifer HH, Thiele EA. The use of diet in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005 Feb;6(1):4–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2004.10.006" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.10.006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15652725" rel="nofollow">15652725</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2007_20-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH. <a class="external text" href="http://www.epilepsy.com/article/2007/3/do-ketogenic-diets-work-adults-epilepsy-yes" rel="nofollow">Do ketogenic diets work for adults with epilepsy? Yes!</a> epilepsy.com. 2007, March. Cited 24 October 2009.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Huttenlocher1971-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Huttenlocher1971_21-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Huttenlocher1971_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Huttenlocher1971_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huttenlocher PR, Wilbourn AJ, Signore JM. Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. <i>Neurology</i>. 1971 Nov;21(11):1097–103. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.21.11.1097" rel="nofollow">10.1212/wnl.21.11.1097</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5166216" rel="nofollow">5166216</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Neal2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Neal2008_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Neal2008_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal EG, Chaffe H, Schwartz RH, Lawson MS, Edwards N, Fitzsimmons G, <i>et al.</i> The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Jun;7(6):500–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2808%2970092-9" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70092-9</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18456557" rel="nofollow">18456557</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Vining1998-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Vining1998_23-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Vining1998_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Vining1998_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vining EP, Freeman JM, Ballaban-Gil K, Camfield CS, Camfield PR, Holmes GL, <i>et al.</i> <a class="external text" href="http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/55/11/1433" rel="nofollow">A multicenter study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet.</a> Arch Neurol. 1998 Nov;55(11):1433–7. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.55.11.1433" rel="nofollow">10.1001/archneur.55.11.1433</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823827" rel="nofollow">9823827</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2009b-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009b_24-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Rho JM. Ketogenic diets: an update for child neurologists. J Child Neurol. 2009 Aug;24(8):979–88. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0883073809337162" rel="nofollow">10.1177/0883073809337162</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19535814" rel="nofollow">19535814</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Hartman2007b-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007b_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartman AL, Vining EP. <a class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00914.x/full" rel="nofollow">Clinical aspects of the ketogenic diet.</a> Epilepsia. 2007 Jan;48(1):31–42. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2007.00914.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00914.x</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241206" rel="nofollow">17241206</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Freeman1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Freeman1998_26-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman JM, Vining EP, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL, Casey JC, Kelly LM. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet—1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec;102(6):1358–63. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.102.6.1358" rel="nofollow">10.1542/peds.102.6.1358</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9832569" rel="nofollow">9832569</a>. <a class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040629224858/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/1998/DECEMBER/981207.HTM" rel="nofollow">https://web.archive.org/web/20040629224858/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/1998/DECEMBER/981207.HTM</a> Lay summary]—JHMI Office of Communications and Public Affairs. Updated 7 December 1998. Cited 6 March 2008.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Hemingway2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hemingway2001_27-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hemingway2001_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemingway C, Freeman JM, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL. The ketogenic diet: a 3- to 6-year follow-up of 150 children enrolled prospectively. Pediatrics. 2001 Oct;108(4):898–905. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.108.4.898" rel="nofollow">10.1542/peds.108.4.898</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11581442" rel="nofollow">11581442</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2009c-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2009c_29-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Rho JM. <a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1016%2Fj.nurt.2009.01.005.pdf" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diets: evidence for short- and long-term efficacy.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Apr;6(2):406–14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nurt.2009.01.005" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.005</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332337" rel="nofollow">19332337</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Henderson2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Henderson2006_30-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson CB, Filloux FM, Alder SC, Lyon JL, Caplin DA. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet as a treatment option for epilepsy: meta-analysis. J Child Neurol. 2006 Mar;21(3):193–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2310%2F7010.2006.00044" rel="nofollow">10.2310/7010.2006.00044</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16901419" rel="nofollow">16901419</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Liu2018-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Liu2018_31-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Tang H, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. <a class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/epi4.12098" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy in adults: A meta-analysis of observational studies</a>. Epilepsia Open. 2018 Feb 19;3(1):9–17. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fepi4.12098" rel="nofollow">10.1002/epi4.12098</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588983" rel="nofollow">29588983</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Bergqvist2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Bergqvist2004_32-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergqvist AGC. Indications and Contraindications of the Ketogenic diet. In: Stafstrom CE, Rho JM, editors. Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 53–61. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9">1-58829-295-9</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-NICE-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-NICE_33-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-NICE_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137/chapter/1-Guidance" rel="nofollow">Epilepsies: diagnosis and management</a>. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Published January 2012. Updated February 2016. Cited March 2018. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4731-1790-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4731-1790-7">978-1-4731-1790-7</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-SIGN-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-SIGN_34-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-SIGN_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610140906/http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign81.pdf" rel="nofollow">Guideline 81, Diagnosis and management of epilepsies in children and young people. A national clinical guideline</a> (PDF). Edinburgh: Royal College of Physicians; 2005. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899893-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-899893-24-5">1-899893-24-5</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Turner2006-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Turner2006_35-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Turner2006_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Turner2006_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Turner2006_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Turner2006_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner Z, Kossoff EH. <a class="external text" href="http://www.practicalgastro.com/pdf/June06/TurnerArticle.pdf" rel="nofollow">The ketogenic and Atkins diets: recipes for seizure control</a> (PDF). Pract Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun;29(6):53, 56, 58, 61–2, 64.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Stainman2007-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Stainman2007_36-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stainman RS, Turner Z, Rubenstein JE, Kossoff EH. <a class="external text" href="http://www.seizure-journal.com/article/PIIS1059131107000994/fulltext" rel="nofollow">Decreased relative efficacy of the ketogenic diet for children with surgically approachable epilepsy.</a> Seizure. 2007 Oct;16(7):615–9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.seizure.2007.04.010" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.seizure.2007.04.010</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544706" rel="nofollow">17544706</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2004b-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2004b_37-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, McGrogan JR, Freeman JM. Benefits of an all-liquid ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1163. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0013-9580.2004.18504.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.18504.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329084" rel="nofollow">15329084</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2004a-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2004a_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet—the physician's perspective. In: Stafstrom CE, Rho JM, editors. Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 53–61. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9">1-58829-295-9</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Spendiff2008-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Spendiff2008_39-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spendiff S. <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/apr/15/healthandwellbeing.medicalresearch" rel="nofollow">The diet that can treat epilepsy.</a> Guardian. 2008 Aug 15;Sect. Health & wellbeing.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Wang2014-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wang2014_40-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang S, Fallah A. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211915/" rel="nofollow">Optimal management of seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex: current and emerging options.</a> Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014 Oct 23;10:2021–30. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S51789" rel="nofollow">10.2147/NDT.S51789</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25364257" rel="nofollow">25364257</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Mastriani2008-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Mastriani2008_41-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mastriani KS, Williams VC, Hulsey TC, Wheless JW, Maria BL. Evidence-based versus reported epilepsy management practices. J Child Neurol. 2008 Feb 15;23(5):507–14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0883073807309785" rel="nofollow">10.1177/0883073807309785</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18281618" rel="nofollow">18281618</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Wang2018-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Wang2018_42-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang D, Pascual JM, De Vivo D. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1430/" rel="nofollow">Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome</a>. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2018. 2002 Jul 30 [updated 2018 Mar 1]. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301603" rel="nofollow">20301603</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Huffman2006-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Huffman2006_43-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huffman J, Kossoff EH. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201104446/http://www.matthewsfriends.org/jh/CurrentNNKossoff.pdf" rel="nofollow">State of the ketogenic diet(s) in epilepsy</a> (PDF). Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006 Jul;6(4):332–40. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11910-006-0027-6" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s11910-006-0027-6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822355" rel="nofollow">16822355</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Zupec-Kania2004-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2004_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zupec-Kania B, Werner RR, Zupanc ML. Clinical Use of the Ketogenic Diet—The Dietitian's Role. In: Stafstrom CE, Rho JM, editors. Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 63–81. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9">1-58829-295-9</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Bergqvist2011-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Bergqvist2011_45-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Bergqvist2011_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Bergqvist2011_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergqvist AG. Long-term monitoring of the ketogenic diet: Do's and Don'ts. Epilepsy Res. 2011 Aug 18;100(3):261–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2011.05.020" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.05.020</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855296" rel="nofollow">21855296</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Sampath2007-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Sampath2007_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampath A, Kossoff EH, Furth SL, Pyzik PL, Vining EP. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314160921/http://site.matthewsfriends.org/uploads/File/StonesPolycitra1.pdf" rel="nofollow">Kidney stones and the ketogenic diet: risk factors and prevention</a> (PDF). J Child Neurol. 2007 Apr;22(4):375–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0883073807301926" rel="nofollow">10.1177/0883073807301926</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17621514" rel="nofollow">17621514</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-McNally2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-McNally2009_47-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH. Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet. Pediatrics. 2009 Aug;124(2):e300–4. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2009-0217" rel="nofollow">10.1542/peds.2009-0217</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731" rel="nofollow">19596731</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2006-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2006_48-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff E. Is there a role for the ketogenic diet beyond childhood? In: Freeman J, Veggiotti P, Lanzi G, Tagliabue A, Perucca E. <a class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7253814_The_ketogenic_diet_From_molecular_mechanisms_to_clinical_effects" rel="nofollow">The ketogenic diet: from molecular mechanisms to clinical effects.</a> Epilepsy Res. 2006 Feb;68(2):145–80. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eplepsyres.2005.10.003" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.10.003</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16523530" rel="nofollow">16523530</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Vogelstein2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Vogelstein2010_49-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogelstein F. <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/magazine/21Epilepsy-t.html" rel="nofollow">Epilepsy's Big, Fat Miracle.</a> New York Times. 2010 Nov 17.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kim2008-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kim2008_50-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim DY, Rho JM. The ketogenic diet and epilepsy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Mar;11(2):113–20. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCO.0b013e3282f44c06" rel="nofollow">10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f44c06</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18301085" rel="nofollow">18301085</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2008a-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2008a_52-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2008a_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Laux LC, Blackford R, Morrison PF, Pyzik PL, Hamdy RM, <i>et al.</i> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003093915/http://site.matthewsfriends.org/uploads/File/TimeToImprovementKD.pdf" rel="nofollow">When do seizures usually improve with the ketogenic diet?</a> (PDF). Epilepsia. 2008 Feb;49(2):329–33. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2007.01417.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01417.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028405" rel="nofollow">18028405</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Musa-Veloso2004-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Musa-Veloso2004_53-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musa-Veloso K, Cunnane SC. Measuring and interpreting ketosis and fatty acid profiles in patients on a high-fat ketogenic diet. In: Stafstrom CE, Rho JM, editors. Epilepsy and the ketogenic diet. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 129–41. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-295-9">1-58829-295-9</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Martinez2007-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Martinez2007_54-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Martinez2007_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez CC, Pyzik PL, Kossoff EH. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210220203/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117957470/HTMLSTART" rel="nofollow">Discontinuing the ketogenic diet in seizure-free children: recurrence and risk factors.</a> Epilepsia. 2007 Jan;48(1):187–90. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2006.00911.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00911.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241227" rel="nofollow">17241227</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Zupec-Kania2008b-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Zupec-Kania2008b_55-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zupec-Kania B. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20101115162256/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121501170/HTMLSTART" rel="nofollow">KetoCalculator: a web-based calculator for the ketogenic diet.</a> Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49 Suppl 8:14–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01824.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01824.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049577" rel="nofollow">19049577</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2008c-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2008c_56-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2008c_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Dorward JL. The modified Atkins diet. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49 Suppl 8:37–41. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01831.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01831.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049584" rel="nofollow">19049584</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Pfeifer2013-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Pfeifer2013_57-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfeifer, Heidi H. <a class="external text" href="http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/low-glycemic-index-treatment" rel="nofollow">Low glycemic index treatment</a>. Epilepsy Foundation. 22 August 2013. Cited 31 March 2018.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Muzykewicz2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Muzykewicz2009_58-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muzykewicz DA, Lyczkowski DA, Memon N, Conant KD, Pfeifer HH, Thiele EA. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the low glycemic index treatment in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 May;50(5):1118–26. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01959.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01959.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19220406" rel="nofollow">19220406</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-KetoCal-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-KetoCal_59-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.myketocal.com/ourproducts.aspx" rel="nofollow">KetoCal Product Information</a>. Nutricia North America. Cited 8 June 2018.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-KetoVolve-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-KetoVolve_60-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819073744/http://www.solacenutrition.com/pdfs/ketovolve-brochure.pdf" rel="nofollow">KetoVOLVE: 4:1 Ratio Powder</a>. Solace Nutrition. Cited 17 June 2013.</span> </li>
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<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2005-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2005_62-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2005_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, McGrogan JR. Worldwide use of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2005 Feb;46(2):280–9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0013-9580.2005.42704.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.42704.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15679509" rel="nofollow">15679509</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kossoff2008b-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kossoff2008b_63-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossoff EH, Dorward JL, Molinero MR, Holden KR. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121218003207/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121395735/HTMLSTART" rel="nofollow">The modified Atkins diet: a potential treatment for developing countries.</a> Epilepsia. 2008 Sep;49(9):1646–7. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01580_6.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01580_6.x</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782218" rel="nofollow">18782218</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Hartman2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Hartman2007_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartman AL, Gasior M, Vining EP, Rogawski MA. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940242" rel="nofollow">The neuropharmacology of the ketogenic diet.</a> Pediatr Neurol. 2007 May;36(5):281–292. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pediatrneurol.2007.02.008" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.02.008</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17509459" rel="nofollow">17509459</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Kerndt1982-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Kerndt1982_65-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerndt PR, Naughton JL, Driscoll CE, Loxterkamp DA. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1274154" rel="nofollow">Fasting: the history, pathophysiology and complications.</a> West J Med. 1982 Nov;137(5):379–99. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6758355" rel="nofollow">6758355</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Porta2009-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Porta2009_66-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porta N, Vallée L, Lecointe C, Bouchaert E, Staels B, Bordet R, Auvin S. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, exerts anticonvulsive properties. <i>Epilepsia</i>. 2009 Apr;50(4):943–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01901.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01901.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19054409" rel="nofollow">19054409</a>.</span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Baranano2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Baranano2008_67-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barañano KW, Hartman AL. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898565/" rel="nofollow">The ketogenic diet: uses in epilepsy and other neurologic illnesses.</a> Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10(6):410–9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11940-008-0043-8" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s11940-008-0043-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18990309" rel="nofollow">18990309</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Allen2014-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Allen2014_68-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen BG, Bhatia SK, Anderson CM, et al. <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215472/" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diets as an adjuvant cancer therapy: History and potential mechanism.</a> Redox Biol. 2014 Aug 7;2C:963–70. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.redox.2014.08.002" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.redox.2014.08.002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460731" rel="nofollow">25460731</a></span> </li>
<li id="cite_note-Weber2018-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet#cite_ref-Weber2018_69-0" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber DD, Aminazdeh-Gohari S, Kofler B. <a class="external text" href="http://www.aging-us.com/article/101382/text" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diet in cancer therapy</a>. Aging (Albany NY). 2018 Feb 11;10(2):164–165. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.101382" rel="nofollow">10.18632/aging.101382</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29443693" rel="nofollow">29443693</a>.</span> </li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Freeman JM, Kossoff EH, Freeman JB, Kelly MT. <i>The Ketogenic Diet: A Treatment for Children and Others with Epilepsy</i>. 4th ed. New York: Demos; 2007. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932603-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-932603-18-2">1-932603-18-2</a>.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketogenic_diet&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.matthewsfriends.org/" rel="nofollow">Matthew's Friends.</a> A UK charity and information resource.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Epilepsy/Treatment/Ketogenic_Diet/" rel="nofollow">Ketogenic diet</a> at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.charliefoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">The Charlie Foundation.</a> A US charity and information resource, set up by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Abrahams" title="Jim Abrahams">Jim Abrahams</a>.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.epilepsy.com/EPILEPSY/dietary_therapies" rel="nofollow">epilepsy.com: Dietary Therapies & Ketogenic News.</a> Information and regular research news updates.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401230600/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/brainwaves/talk_with_john_freeman.html" rel="nofollow">A Talk with John Freeman: Tending the Flame.</a> An interview discussing the ketogenic diet that appeared in BrainWaves, Fall 2003, Volume 16, Number 2.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405175932/https://www.luriechildrens.org/en-us/care-services/specialties-services/epilepsy/programs/Pages/ketogenic-diet.aspx" rel="nofollow">Lurie Children's Hospital: How the Ketogenic Diet Works</a>.<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></li>
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-16016365930637172642019-03-16T02:42:00.001-07:002019-03-16T02:42:16.762-07:00Hello <br />
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-85619284739326768732019-02-01T05:19:00.001-08:002019-02-01T05:19:07.311-08:00https://theblessedseed.com/nigella-sativa-history/https://theblessedseed.com/nigella-sativa-history/my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-82642514414453836852019-02-01T00:48:00.002-08:002019-02-01T00:48:19.789-08:00We do have ALL the answers,,,,,,,,<br />
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and that was the question...………...my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-60173024420380891082019-02-01T00:42:00.002-08:002019-02-01T00:42:52.443-08:00Nigella sativa .... cumin seed,,,,,black seed oil<div class="thebless-img" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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History of Nigella Sativa</h1>
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Nigella Sativa and Its History</h2>
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Nigella sativa is a plant that belongs to the ranunculus family (Ranunculaceae). This amazing plant is actually native to southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean, and Africa, yet due to its popularity, it is being cultivated all around the world. The Nigella sativa plant grows up to twelve inches tall and produces a fruit with seeds that are used as a flavorful spice in many cuisines! It has been grown for centuries for its aromatic and flavorful seeds that can be used as a spice or as an herbal medicine.</div>
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The Nigella sativa plant is commonly known as cumin seed, black caraway or fennel flower in western countries. In the middle east, it is known as kalonji, among many other names.</div>
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The seeds are mostly used in an oil and span a very extensive list of benefits. This is one simple, yet powerful seed. Nigella Sativa oil acts as a natural remedy for everything from bronchitis to diarrhea.</div>
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Mentioned In the Bible</h3>
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<img alt="mention in bible" class="alignright wp-image-141 size-medium lazyloaded" data-src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history1-300x203.jpg" height="203" src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history1-300x203.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: right; height: 189.67px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 907.5px; opacity: 1; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></div>
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The earliest written reference to black seed is in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament where it is called “ketzah”, which is Hebrew for black cumin, a spice for used for bread and cakes. Easton’s bible dictionary clarifies that the Hebrew word for black cumin, ketsah, refers to nigella sativa. Isaiah compares the reaping of black cumin with wheat. “For the black cumin is not threshed with a threshing sledge, nor is a cart wheel rolled over the cumin, but the black cumin is beaten out with a stick, and the cumin with a rod.”(Isiah 28:25,27 NKJV).</div>
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Recommended By The Prophet Muhammad (SWS)</div>
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<img alt="Ancient Remedy" class="alignright wp-image-142 size-full lazyloaded" data-src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history2.jpg" height="185" src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history2.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: right; height: 170px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 907.5px; opacity: 1; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></div>
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The Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Hold on to the use of the black seed for indeed it has a remedy for every disease except death.”</div>
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“Hold on,” indicates constancy and continuity and suggests a long-term use and that means taking it regularly.</div>
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Hadith (Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (SWS) narrated by his companions.)7.591</div>
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Narrated Khalid Bin Sad on Nigella seeds:</h3>
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We went out and Ghalib bin Abjar was accompanying us. He fell ill on the way and when we arrived at Medina he was still sick. Ibn Abi ‘Atiq came to visit him and said to us, “Treat him with black cumin. Take five or seven seeds and crush them (mix the powder with oil) and drop the resulting mixture into both nostrils, for Aisha has narrated to me that she heard the Prophet saying, ‘This black cumin is healing for all diseases except As-Sam.’ ‘Aisha had asked ‘What is As-Sam?’ The Prophet (SWS) replied, ‘Death.’ ” – Hadith 7.592</div>
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The Assyrian Herbal</h3>
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The Assyrian Herbal, by R. Campbell Thompson and published in 1924, was a monograph on the Assyrian vegetable drugs. It was translated from medicine records found on cuneiform clay tablets from Kouyunjik, an ancient city of Assyria on the Tigris River, an important waterway in Mesopotamia.</div>
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The Assyrian Herbal documents the medicinal, culinary and other uses of nigella sativa, for example: “in India the Nigella is used medicinally as powder, decoction, paste, and medicated oil; it is an aromatic digestive, stomachic, emmenagogue, lactagogue, anthelmintic…given just after delivery to stimulate uterus: applied with sweet oil in skin diseases; brayed in water it removes swellings of the hands and feet. The seeds scattered between woollen shawls are used against insects.”</div>
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Tutankhamen</h3>
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<img alt="Tutankhamen and nigella seeds" class="alignright wp-image-145 size-full lazyloaded" data-src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history3.png" height="150" src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history3.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: right; height: 123.21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 907.5px; opacity: 1; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); vertical-align: middle;" width="112" /></div>
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Black Seed was so important to the Ancient Egyptians, it was part of the preparations for Tutankhamen’s afterlife. Nigella sativa oil, as well as black seeds in honey, was found among the carefully chosen items entombed with the king, believed to assist the king in the hereafter.</div>
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From Nefertiti to Cleopatra</h3>
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Both Cleopatra and Queen Nefertiti, renowned for their allure and beauty, are believed to have relied on the beautifying effects of black cumin seed oil. The Queen of the Nile, as Cleopatra is known, was very image-conscious and extremely wealthy. Physicians in the time of the Pharaohs also used black seed as a remedy for colds, headaches, digestive disorders, toothaches, infections, inflammatory disorders and allergies.</div>
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Used By All Naturopathic Masters</h3>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Hippocrates</b> (5th century B.C.) regarded nigella sativa as a valuable remedy in hepatic and digestive disorders. In the first century it was used extensively by Pliny the elder and in his “Naturalis Historia” (Natural History), he referred to it as “Gith”.</div>
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His list of conditions to be treated with black cumin includes <b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">snakebites and scorpion stings, calosites, old tumors, abscesses, and skin rashes</b>. A series of remedies for colds and inflammation in the area of the head were also recommended. These remedies survived almost unchanged in the large German medicinal plant encyclopedias of the 16th to 18th centuries.</div>
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Roughly 2,000 years ago, the Greek physician <b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Dioscoredes</b> described the plant clearly under the name of melanthion in his 5-volume pharmacology “De Materia Medica” that was used as a reference for healing with herbs into the Middle Ages. He used black cumin seed to treat <b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">headaches, nasal congestion, toothache and intestinal parasites</b>.</div>
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They were also used, he reported, as a diuretic to <b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">promote menstruation and increase milk production</b>. Dioscoredes is known as “Father of Pharmacology” and his works were hugely influential on the development of medicine, both in the east and the west.</div>
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The Muslim Scholar Al-Biruni (973-1048)</h3>
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He composed a treatise on the origins of Indian and Chinese drugs where he mentions that the black seed is a kind of grain called <i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">alwanak</i> in the Sigzi dialect. Later, this was confirmed by Suhar Bakht who explained it to be habb-i-Sajzi. This reference to black seed as “grains” points to the seed’s possible nutritional use during the 10th and 11th centuries.</div>
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Appreciated In Ayurveda</h3>
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<img alt="nigella sativa in Ayurveda" class="alignright wp-image-149 size-full lazyloaded" data-src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history5.png" height="300" src="https://theblessedseed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/history5.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: right; height: 280px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 907.5px; opacity: 1; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></div>
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In Ayurvedic medicine, black seed has long been valued for its many qualities and its bitter, warming stimulant nature. In the tradition and typology of the three doshas, black cumin balances Vata and Kapha and increases Pitta.</div>
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It is used for a wide variety of diseases and disorders such as <a href="https://theblessedseed.com/black-seed-oil-cancer/" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: auto; word-break: break-all;">cancer</a>, <a href="https://theblessedseed.com/can-black-seed-oil-help-you-to-combat-diabetes/" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: auto; word-break: break-all;">diabetes</a>, intestinal parasites, liver damage, anemia, and arthritis but has also been employed for unusual and more modern maladies like <b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">anorexia</b>, certain disorders of the <b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">nervous system, and venereal disease</b>.</div>
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As a result of its uterus-contracting effect, it is also administered when labor is weak and in cases of sepsis. <a href="https://theblessedseed.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: auto; word-break: break-all;">Black seed oil</a> should not be taken during pregnancy but is useful following birth because of its uterus cleansing and toning abilities.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">The seeds are:</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">acrid</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">bitter</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">thermogenic</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">aromatic</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">carminative/li></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">diuretic</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">emmenagogue</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">anodyne</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">antibacterial</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">antiinflammatory</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">deodorant</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">appetizing</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">digestive</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">anthelmintic</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">sudorific</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">febrifuge</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">stimulant</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">galactagogue</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">expectorant</li>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">They are useful in:</strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">skin diseases</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">hemorrhoids</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">cephalalgia</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">jaundice</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">inflammation</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">fever</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">paralysis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">ophthalmic</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">halitosis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">anorexia</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">dyspepsia</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">flatulence</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">diarrhea</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">dysentery</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">a cough</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">amenorrhea</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">dysmenorrheal</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">helminthiasis (especially tapeworm)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">strangury</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">intermittent fevers, agalactia and vitiated conditions of vata and pita</li>
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<a class="defu_btn" href="https://theblessedseed.com/shop/organic-mild-black-seed-oil-1-litre/" style="background-color: #ffd10e; border-bottom-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; display: table; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 324.19px; margin-right: 324.2px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 7px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: 259.11px; word-break: break-all;">Buy Organic Black Seed Oil »</a></div>
<h3 style="border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #41291b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 22px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 30.8px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 20px; text-transform: capitalize;">
Ibn Sina (980-1037)</h3>
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Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is the author of the celebrated work “The Canon of Medicine”, one of the most famous and significant medical textbooks. He claimed black seed is good for:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">Inner purification and detoxification of the body.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">Reduction of mucous and strengthening lungs.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">Fever, coughs, colds, toothache, and headache.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">Skin diseases and wound treatments.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">Intestinal parasites and remedy for poisonous bites and stings.</li>
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Ibn Sina described the black seed as that which “stimulates the body’s energy and helps recovery from fatigue or dispiritedness,” and this still holds true for Tibb (Islamic Medicine) health practitioners today.</div>
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The rich nutritional value of nigella sativa, as illustrated by scientific analysis, also points to it as a great source of energy.</div>
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From the Tibb health perspective, the black seed has the capacity to restore and maintain body heat. Our western <a href="https://staging2.theblessedseed.com/black-seed-oil-and-food-everything-that-you-need-to-know/" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: auto; word-break: break-all;">diet</a>, predominantly made up of cold foods, ice in our drinks, yoghurt, pizza, cheese, processed and refined foods, depletes the innate heat our body requires in order to function optimally.</div>
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Tibb holds the view that a reduced metabolic rate (innate heat) is the cause of most illnesses. The body, in losing energy, also loses its ability to fight off toxins, making it vulnerable to disease.</div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Traditionally used in the Orient for:</b></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">gastrointestinal complaints</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">flatulence</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">diarrhea</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">constipation</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">jaundice</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">gallstones</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">mental degeneration</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">pancreatic cancer</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">stimulation of kidneys and increased urine flow</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">infections</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">congestion and bronchial disorders</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">menstrual complaints</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">promotion of lactation</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">skin parasites</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">Obesity / weight loss</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; left: auto; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 6px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: auto;">blood pressure control</li>
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<a class="defu_btn" href="https://theblessedseed.com/shop/organic-black-seed-honey-340g-jar/" style="background-color: #ffd10e; border-bottom-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(65, 41, 27); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; display: table; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 309.83px; margin-right: 309.83px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 7px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: 287.84px; word-break: break-all;">Buy Organic Black Seed Honey »</a></div>
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German Medicinal Encyclopedias</h3>
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Published in 1546, Kreutterbuch or “herbal” by Hieronymous Bock, mentions “the most lovely Nigella”. Bock, the pioneer of Renaissance botany, was also a physician, herbalist, and Lutheran minister.</div>
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Jacobus Theodorus, called Tabernaemontanus, was Bock’s student and became known as the “father of German botany”. He wrote the last of the great German encyclopedias of medicinal plants. It was called Neuwe Kreuterbuch or “The New Complete Herbal Book” (1588). It was reprinted through the 17th century. The book has detailed mentions about the medicinal herb nigella. Nigella sativa oil has been used in a variety of disease like Parasites, Detoxify and heal amoebic dysentery. Severe treatments like Shigellosis, Abscesses, old tumors. And topical applies to ulcers of the mouth and consuming it for. Several instances of nigella seed help improve sperm count and rhinitis has also been found.</div>
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Black cumin seed has been traditionally and successfully used in the Middle Eastern and Far East countries for centuries. It was used to treat ailments including bronchial asthma and bronchitis, rheumatism and related inflammatory diseases. It has treated with increase milk production in nursing mothers, to treat digestive disturbances. There have also been several mentions of the seeds supporting the body’s immune system. It also promotes digestion and elimination and to fight parasitic infestation and control blood sugar. This essential oil has been used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and boils. It is also used topically to treat cold symptoms.</div>
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Research was scanty in the mid 20th century but are abundant today. These research has continued to confirm that The Blessed Seed has potent medicinal applications. It applies to the old diseases that have plagued mankind for centuries. It is also helpful with the new diseases and conditions of the 21st century. Black Seed is indeed a timeless remedy and, as The Prophet (PBUH) said, a “remedy for all diseases except death.“ Check out <a href="https://theblessedseed.com/black-seed-oil-benefits/" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.4s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1); width: auto; word-break: break-all;">Black Seed Oil Benefits</a> here.</div>
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<br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-12344403086422855452019-01-10T01:56:00.003-08:002019-01-10T01:56:59.627-08:00They have created our diseasesCancer is MANMADE by doctors and scientists, our gut bacteria has been destroyed and that destroys us and our children.<br />
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Being off line is another factor.my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-83162551600438832472019-01-05T01:54:00.001-08:002019-01-05T01:54:06.568-08:00https://www.uppercervicalhealthcentersboise.com/testimonials.htmlmy ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-20930302745233573832019-01-05T01:52:00.001-08:002019-01-05T01:52:11.349-08:00scroll and move you will find it<div class="banner-wrap" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 643.78px; left: auto; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; top: auto; white-space: normal; width: 1350px; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Testimonials:<br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Dr. Blom Has A Proven Track Record of Getting Very Difficult Cases Well Where All Others Have Failed!</span><br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: x-small; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Note: This is a sample of some of the testimonials we have in binders in the office that are signed by the individuals who wrote them. </span><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: x-small; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Names are published in the manner the patient was comfortable with.</span><br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: small; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">- Click on any of the links below to read more.</span></h2>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-76684649111707417812019-01-05T01:37:00.001-08:002019-01-05T01:37:37.429-08:00great lengths seem to be taken - to stop me pasting and posting<b></b><h2>
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But the truth is out there Scully</h2>
my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-9530712592322887712019-01-05T01:27:00.000-08:002019-01-05T01:27:43.256-08:00Wow, spot on<div class="main-wrap" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">What are the Signs and Symptoms of Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC)?</span><br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">By Dr. Grayson Blom - Boise, Idaho</span></h2>
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The very first bone in the neck is called Atlas or C1 for short and it is a ring like bone at the junction where the head and neck meet. The second neck bone is called Axis or C2 for short and is found just below Atlas. Atlas and Axis together are commonly referred to as the upper cervical spine. The Atlas and Axis are in close proximity to a portion of your central nervous system called the brain stem. The brain stem controls and coordinates virtually all of your body's vital functions. When damage to the connective tissues occurs due to accidents and injuries, Atlas and Axis can misalign and lock into a stressed abnormal position, resulting in pressure, tension, irritation, disruption to blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Atlas/Axis subluxation will also result in Postural Distortion in the spine below.<br />
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It is critical to note that an Atlas, Axis Subluxation will remain stuck in its abnormal configuration slowly causing health problems over time, with the average time to onset of symptoms being 10-15 years. </div>
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<span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Signs and Symptoms of Atlas Subluxation Complex</span></h2>
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Here is a list of some of the most common signs and symptoms of Atlas Subluxation Complex. Please note that the average case we see in the office will have at least 3 of the following signs and symptoms.<br />
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1. Neck Pain, Stiffness, Muscle Ache<br />
2. Headaches that frequently involve the base of the skull and radiate usually to one side of the head.<br />
3. Migraine's that not only produce a throbbing pain but may cause visual disturbance, nausea, or vomiting.<br />
4. Vertigo, Dizziness, Faintness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and some types of hearing loss.<br />
5. Facial Pain or Palsy (Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bells Palsy)<br />
6. Grating or crackling sounds in the neck or at the base of the skull when turning the head or neck.<br />
7. Inability to fully turn or lean your head to one side or the other (loss of range of motion).<br />
8. Shoulder pain that is commonly between the shoulder blades but can occur between the neck and shoulder area as well.<br />
9. Jaw pain that is typically behind the jaw or close to the ear.<br />
10. Postural Distortion:<br />
a. Head Tilt <br />
b. Shoulder Tilt<br />
c. Pelvic Tilt<br />
d. Short Leg<br />
e. Please note that head, shoulder, rib cage, and pelvic rotation can also occur.<br />
11. Chest or Rib ache, discomfort, or pain From Postural Distortion.<br />
12. Nerve root irritation can occur at the resulting stress points along the spine.<br />
13. Radiating arm pain, shoulder pain and leg pain (sciatica) can develop through nerve root tension and irritation.<br />
14. Low back pain and spinal disc damage occur over time due to Postural Distortion.<br />
15. Hip, knee, or ankle pain and dysfunction typically on the side of the short leg.<br />
16. Brain congestion due to mechanical blockage of blood flow, particularly venous drainage and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. (Current research is pointing to neurodegenerative disorders developing over time due to long term brain congestion).<br />
17. High Blood Pressure (neurologically based)<br />
18. Vagus nerve disruption can present as heart, lung, stomach, digestive, and bowl disorders.<br />
19. Dysautonomia due to imbalance between sympathetic (fight or flight system) and parasympathetic (rest and digest system) nervous system which most commonly results in over-activity of the fight or flight response leading to a chronic stress state. <br />
20. Difficulty sleeping, insomnia and some cases grind their teeth at night (bruxism).</div>
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<br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC) Doctors in Boise Idaho</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span>Dr. Grayson Blom is an Upper Cervical Chiropractic specialist located in Boise Idaho. Specializing in the detection and correction of Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC). If you suspect you are suffering from Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC) we invite you to give us a call to schedule a consultation to determine if you are a candidate for care. You can call <a href="https://www.uppercervicalhealthcentersboise.com/schedule-an-appointment.html" style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.5s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);"><strong style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);">(208) 559-0541</strong> </a>or "<a href="https://www.uppercervicalhealthcentersboise.com/schedule-an-appointment.html" style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.5s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);"><strong style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);">click</strong></a>" to schedule. </div>
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1. Eriksen, K. Upper Cervical Subluxation Complex: A review of the chiropractic and medical literature. (2004)<br />
2. Eriksen, K. Rochester, R.P. Orthospinology Procedures: An evidence based approach to spinal care. (2007)<br />
3. Thomas, M.D. NUCCA Protocols and Perspectives: A textbook for the national upper cervical chiropractic association. First Edition. (2002)<br />
4. Palmer, B.J. The Subluxation Specific Adjustment Specific, Davenport IA, (1934)<br />
5. Palmer, B.J. Chiropractic Clinical Controlled Research. Davenport, IA, (1951)<br />
6. Upper Cervical Diplomate Program, Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic. Spartanburg, SC, (2005)<br />
7. Upper Cervical Diplomate Program, ICA Council on Upper Cervical Care, (2013)</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-33355199746281700642019-01-05T01:23:00.003-08:002019-01-05T01:25:28.582-08:00...............urika............<h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">What are the Signs and Symptoms of Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC)?</span><br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">By Dr. Grayson Blom - Boise, Idaho</span></h2>
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The very first bone in the neck is called Atlas or C1 for short and it is a ring like bone at the junction where the head and neck meet. The second neck bone is called Axis or C2 for short and is found just below Atlas. Atlas and Axis together are commonly referred to as the upper cervical spine. The Atlas and Axis are in close proximity to a portion of your central nervous system called the brain stem. The brain stem controls and coordinates virtually all of your body's vital functions. When damage to the connective tissues occurs due to accidents and injuries, Atlas and Axis can misalign and lock into a stressed abnormal position, resulting in pressure, tension, irritation, disruption to blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Atlas/Axis subluxation will also result in Postural Distortion in the spine below.<br />
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It is critical to note that an Atlas, Axis Subluxation will remain stuck in its abnormal configuration slowly causing health problems over time, with the average time to onset of symptoms being 10-15 years. </div>
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Here is a list of some of the most common signs and symptoms of Atlas Subluxation Complex. Please note that the average case we see in the office will have at least 3 of the following signs and symptoms.<br />
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1. Neck Pain, Stiffness, Muscle Ache<br />
2. Headaches that frequently involve the base of the skull and radiate usually to one side of the head.<br />
3. Migraine's that not only produce a throbbing pain but may cause visual disturbance, nausea, or vomiting.<br />
4. Vertigo, Dizziness, Faintness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and some types of hearing loss.<br />
5. Facial Pain or Palsy (Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bells Palsy)<br />
6. Grating or crackling sounds in the neck or at the base of the skull when turning the head or neck.<br />
7. Inability to fully turn or lean your head to one side or the other (loss of range of motion).<br />
8. Shoulder pain that is commonly between the shoulder blades but can occur between the neck and shoulder area as well.<br />
9. Jaw pain that is typically behind the jaw or close to the ear.<br />
10. Postural Distortion:<br />
a. Head Tilt <br />
b. Shoulder Tilt<br />
c. Pelvic Tilt<br />
d. Short Leg<br />
e. Please note that head, shoulder, rib cage, and pelvic rotation can also occur.<br />
11. Chest or Rib ache, discomfort, or pain From Postural Distortion.<br />
12. Nerve root irritation can occur at the resulting stress points along the spine.<br />
13. Radiating arm pain, shoulder pain and leg pain (sciatica) can develop through nerve root tension and irritation.<br />
14. Low back pain and spinal disc damage occur over time due to Postural Distortion.<br />
15. Hip, knee, or ankle pain and dysfunction typically on the side of the short leg.<br />
16. Brain congestion due to mechanical blockage of blood flow, particularly venous drainage and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. (Current research is pointing to neurodegenerative disorders developing over time due to long term brain congestion).<br />
17. High Blood Pressure (neurologically based)<br />
18. Vagus nerve disruption can present as heart, lung, stomach, digestive, and bowl disorders.<br />
19. Dysautonomia due to imbalance between sympathetic (fight or flight system) and parasympathetic (rest and digest system) nervous system which most commonly results in over-activity of the fight or flight response leading to a chronic stress state. <br />
20. Difficulty sleeping, insomnia and some cases grind their teeth at night (bruxism).</div>
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<br style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: &quot; font-size: 36px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #3b3b3b; font-family: "quot"; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; line-height: 43.2px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC) Doctors in Boise Idaho</span></h2>
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<div class="paragraph" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span>Dr. Grayson Blom is an Upper Cervical Chiropractic specialist located in Boise Idaho. Specializing in the detection and correction of Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC). If you suspect you are suffering from Atlas Subluxation Complex (ASC) we invite you to give us a call to schedule a consultation to determine if you are a candidate for care. You can call <a href="https://www.uppercervicalhealthcentersboise.com/schedule-an-appointment.html" style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.5s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);"><strong style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);">(208) 559-0541</strong> </a>or "<a href="https://www.uppercervicalhealthcentersboise.com/schedule-an-appointment.html" style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.5s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);"><strong style="color: #1cadeb; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);">click</strong></a>" to schedule. </div>
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1. Eriksen, K. Upper Cervical Subluxation Complex: A review of the chiropractic and medical literature. (2004)<br />
2. Eriksen, K. Rochester, R.P. Orthospinology Procedures: An evidence based approach to spinal care. (2007)<br />
3. Thomas, M.D. NUCCA Protocols and Perspectives: A textbook for the national upper cervical chiropractic association. First Edition. (2002)<br />
4. Palmer, B.J. The Subluxation Specific Adjustment Specific, Davenport IA, (1934)<br />
5. Palmer, B.J. Chiropractic Clinical Controlled Research. Davenport, IA, (1951)<br />
6. Upper Cervical Diplomate Program, Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic. Spartanburg, SC, (2005)<br />
7. Upper Cervical Diplomate Program, ICA Council on Upper Cervical Care, (20</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-72542709664486200482019-01-04T05:41:00.001-08:002019-01-04T05:41:39.377-08:00COCONUT OIL and CANDIDAMost people don’t even know they have candida. Surprisingly, it infects as much as 70% of the world’s population.<span class="sup">1 </span>It’s an overgrowth of fungus in your gut. But it affects your whole body. High stress, sugar, processed foods, and antibiotics are mostly to blame.<span class="sup">2</span><br />
And it’s sneaky. Candida causes symptoms that don’t seem related… Sinus infections, blurred vision, moodiness, sugar cravings, and fatigue, just to name a few.<span id="more-117649"></span><br />
So if you’re treating symptoms individually without knowing what’s really causing them, you’re not doing much to destroy the harmful overgrowth itself.<br />
Doctors usually prescribe fluconazole. There are just a couple of problems with that. For one, a single round is rarely effective. Even worse, it causes nasty side effects like vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness.<span class="sup">3</span><br />
Your best bet is to treat the condition naturally. How? With a candida-destroying diet. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Continue"></a><br />
You can starve out the fungus by eating a diet low in sugar, and high in protein and vegetables. But there are also certain foods that actively fight fungus…<br />
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Coconut oil, in fact, is just as effective as fluconazole for treating candida.<span class="sup">4</span> It’s antifungal and contains fatty acids like lauric acid. These acids attack the cell wall of the fungus. This causes the cell wall to disintegrate.<span class="sup">5</span><br />
That’s pretty powerful for something that sits on your kitchen counter! And in countries where they eat the most coconut oil—Thailand and the Philippines—the candida rates are much lower.<span class="sup">6</span> That’s no coincidence.<br />
You see, countries that consume coconut oil not only have lower rates of candida, they have very low rates of Alzheimer’s. There’s a connection. One U.S. doctor even reversed her husband’s Alzheimer’s symptoms in seven days. Read how she did it—become a member today to get this issue. You’ll have exclusive access to all of our in-depth natural healing reports.<br />
Now, if you’ve read any of our <em>Health Watch</em> alerts on the amazing benefits of coconut oil, you know to replace some of your cooking oils with coconut oil.<br />
It keeps for a long time without having to be refrigerated. You can heat it to high temperatures without losing the beneficial properties.<br />
Consuming coconut oil can prevent and end candida. You’ll still need to practice other healthy habits—like reducing your sugar intake, decreasing stress, and eating a balanced diet.<br />
In fact, fighting candida may be even more critical than experts first thought. Stunning new research now suggests a link between candida and cancer.<br />
In one study, the <em>Journal of Infection</em> found it was present in at least 88% of cancer patients. That’s no coincidence. It might even be more. So it doesn’t matter if you’re a man or a woman. You’re at risk no matter what. That’s why it’s so important you go <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://pro1.inhresearch.com/495364/?email={emailaddress}" target="_blank"><span style="color: #258e9f;">HERE</span></a></span> now for urgent details, including the three triggers that make candida spread, the test that shows if you have it, and the three natural treatments to eradicate it for good.<br />
In Good Health,<br /><img alt="" src="https://institutefornaturalhealing.com/images/angela-salerno-signature.png" /><br />Angela Salerno<br />Executive Director, INH <em>Health Watch</em><br />
Like this Article? <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/email/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #258e9f;">Forward this article here</span></a></span> or <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=http://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #258e9f;">Share on Facebook</span></a></span>.<br />
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<strong>References:</strong><br /><span class="sup"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span> http://web.clark.edu/tkibota/240/Disease/Candidiasis.pdf<br /><span class="sup"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></span> http://www.medicinenet.com/fluconazole/page2.htm<br /><span class="sup"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651080<br /><span class="sup"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span></span> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC90807<br /><span class="sup"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5</span></span> Bruce Fife and Conrado s. Dayrit. (2005). <i>Coconut Cures: Preventing and Treating Common Health Problems with Coconut</i> (1<sup>st</sup> ed). Colorado Springs: Piccadilly Books, Ltd.</div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-230371"><time 2014-01-04t01:56:09="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">January 4, 2014</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to karen lipps" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-230371" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">karen lipps</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">hmmmm</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-788388"><time 2014-06-06t03:38:28="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">June 6, 2014</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Neil" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-788388" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Neil</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">You say: “In fact, this oil is just as effective as fluconazole for treating Candida” and your source (number 3) is this study: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651080" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #258e9f;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651080</span></a><br />
As the study says, it was an “in vitro” experiment. Perhaps you missed that part? In case you don’t know, what that means is that it might kill candida under a microscope but that is very different to killing it in your body. Unless you have a DECENT study that clearly demonstrates coconut oil killing candida in real people, this is just one more way that “apparently” kills candida to add to the large pile “reported” on health blogs.<br />
I notice your fourth source is also in vitro. I’d also like to point out that, although countries that consume more coconut oil have fewer candida infections (which may or may not be to do with coconut oil, you don’t cite the evidence in enough detail for us to know) that doesn’t at all mean that coconut oil will work in removing an established infection.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2086478"><time 2014-11-03t17:49:58="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">November 3, 2014</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to ladyliza" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2086478" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">ladyliza</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Coconut oil does work. I am living proof. The only problem is I got rather ill on the 3rd day of taking it. I took 2T/day. I am going to try it again as I want to find something to thwart the herximer effect.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2993813"><time 2016-10-25t20:20:57="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">October 25, 2016</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Cameron" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2993813" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Cameron</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">How about… all the people who take it and achieve real results? Studies arent even remotely as validating as the results that occur in the thousands of people who take this, everyday. Most of western medicine barely touches upon this very un-rare illness. So Im afraid word of mouth is all we have. More than we recieve from our wonderful government. Also, a herxheimer reaction isnt generally psychosomatic, as it can show up days to weeks after the initial treatment. If it were placebo, the herx would occur almost instantaneously, as it does in some cases. Considering this, Id say its sufficient on the burden of truth aspect…As stated above, most of us are living proof of this method.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-981260"><time 2014-07-14t11:05:51="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">July 14, 2014</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to lisa" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-981260" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">lisa</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Coconut oil is in my words brilliant its has helped me in my fight too get my candida under control,that I had for many yrs with all the horrid symptoms and didn’t even noo until I did my own research,will forever use coconut oil in my daily diet 🙂</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-1704397"><time 2014-10-02t09:30:54="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">October 2, 2014</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to gloria Maillet" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-1704397" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">gloria Maillet</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Were you getting huge breakouts on your skin also?</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-3001477"><time 2017-07-23t10:24:47="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">July 23, 2017</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Susan Kitchell" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-3001477" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Susan Kitchell</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">I do not use coconut oil any longer for my skin or deodorant, or should I say consistently. I broke out after using for a period of time especially in the axilla, which is very unusual for me. I had to switch to a different natural deodorant. Now I just use now and then and do not have problems.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2936342"><time 2015-03-23t13:30:01="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">March 23, 2015</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Robbie padgett" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2936342" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Robbie padgett</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Thanks, I don’t eat fried foods. I am going to use a tbls of coconut oil in my shake everyday to try and help my candida. I am hoping this will help me.</section></div>
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<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Alishia</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">I suffered for 16 long years with really bad yeast infections…<br />
Until I came across this info <a href="http://tinyurl.com/candidacure12hours" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: #258e9f;">http://tinyurl.com/candidacure12hours</span></a><br />
Why is the medical industry hiding this from us?</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-1704399"><time 2014-10-02t09:32:00="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">October 2, 2014</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to gloria Maillet" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-1704399" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">gloria Maillet</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Were you getting huge breakouts on your skin also?</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2951875"><time 2015-05-10t19:49:14="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">May 10, 2015</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Steve" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2951875" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Steve</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Hi guys,<br />I would like to share my experience. In my case Coconut Oil DID make a difference.<br />I took 2 or 3 tablespoons at night and after two days I could tell my BM where different and (sorry TMI) I could see dead candida strings.<br />
That said, I wouldn’t add coconut oil to a smoothie. Oils get emulsified when mixed with water, even worse if you blend or mix them and that makes them harder to digest. I would recommend adding the coconut oil to a fatty meal or simply taking it by itself like I do.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2976447"><time 2015-09-28t17:28:51="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">September 28, 2015</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Jason" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2976447" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Jason</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Hi all. I’d like to say a resounding YES, coconut oil does help you get rid of candida. I was at the point where I was taking upwards of 4 tbsp. at night before bed. Granted I am a big guy, so big folks need more of everything. I wasn’t really experiencing much in the way of progress. I think I might have been feeling a bit better, but there wasn’t much change.<br />
I’m guessing my case of candida is pretty severe. I have rash patches on my back, and on one arm. Hives galore, and these red splotches on my legs around the pores where the hairs come out. Vision’s blurry too, and mood swings hit me without a moment’s notice. Eating a lot of foods was hurting me too. Often I’d feel feverish after eating most foods, and sometimes there was some blood in my stool.<br />
Then I picked up a high-quality/high-power parasite zapper. I know, some people are rolling their eyes when they see that, but boy did it help. The creator of the device has stated that it makes the cell wall more permeable, and advises not using it around medication dosing times, because it can greatly amplify the effect of the medication.<br />
One night I took my usual 4 tbsp. of coconut oil, then zapped for 20 minutes (which was the last scheduled session for the day) before going to bed. I dozed off, then about half an hour later, I woke up to what felt like the worst flu I had dealt with in over half my life. I was honestly bed-ridden sick for the rest of the day. I took a day off, then did it again with a half dose. Again, woke up sick, but not nearly as bad. The symptoms waned after about 7 or 8 hours.<br />
This has lead me to believe that the worse your case is, that the harder the cell walls become. For people with mild cases, coconut oil alone should be enough. If you’re like me, and have been dealing with a severe case, I recommend picking up a high powered zapper (they’re not cheap though) to help with your treatment.<br />
Best,<br />Jason</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2987211"><time 2016-01-27t01:38:51="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">January 27, 2016</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Arlette" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2987211" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Arlette</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Hi Jason, can you please explain what is “zapped”? Thank you.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2987559"><time 2016-02-04t22:58:41="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">February 4, 2016</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Aaron" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2987559" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Aaron</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Search Hulda Clark Zapper and you’ll learn more.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2987183"><time 2016-01-26t15:15:32="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">January 26, 2016</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to persoane" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-2987183" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author"><a class="url" href="http://www.hemel.ro/" rel="external nofollow"><span style="color: #258e9f;">persoane</span></a></cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Thank you for another wonderful article.<br />Where else may anybody get that type of info in such an ideal manner of writing?<br />I’ve a presentation subsequent week, and I’m on the look for such info.</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-3000907"><time 2017-07-01t01:08:59="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">July 1, 2017</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Sebastien" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-3000907" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Sebastien</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">I’ve try to fight my severe candida naturally for the last 2 years,am on a very strict ketogenic diet(very high fat and very low carbs) and coconut oil is my main fat source.Am eating about 200gr of coconut oil everyday day( about 14tbsp).There is no doubt that this oil help me but it’s not a magic cure.If you think you can eradicated your candida with one table spoon per day you might end up disappointed,unless you have a really mild case.It’s only one part of the puzzle!</section></div>
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<span style="color: #258e9f;"><a class="x-comment-time" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-3052633"><time 2018-07-03t21:25:43="" itemprop="datePublished datetime=">July 3, 2018</time></a><a aria-label="Reply to Rahul" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/07/candida-doesnt-stand-a-chance-against-this-oil/#comment-3052633" rel="nofollow">Reply <span class="comment-reply-link-after"><i class="x-icon-reply" data-x-icon=""></i></span></a></span></div>
<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">Rahul</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Ive been taking virgin coconut oil for the last 1 week. Had horrible die off symptoms. Reduced it to 1 teaspoon a day and im feeling awesome. More energy, better digestion and a heightened libido. Finally im getting rid of candida and the die off is proof of that. If nothing else works coconut oil will. The best part is that its natural.</section></div>
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<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author">kaligirl51</cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">Thank you for sharing</section></div>
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<cite class="x-comment-author" itemprop="author"><a class="url" href="https://parksideimaging.com/" rel="external nofollow"><span style="color: #258e9f;">mri nearby</span></a></cite> </header><section class="x-comment-content" itemprop="description">great content…thanks for sharing</section></div>
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-59648245864453386392019-01-04T05:35:00.000-08:002019-01-04T05:35:01.175-08:00CBD and CANDIDA<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8528" id="menu-item-8528"><u><span style="color: #000120;"></span></u></li>
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I’ve been researching cannabidiol (CBD) oil lately after hearing amazing health benefits, and I’m floored by what I’m uncovering. Is this cannabinoid that’s been just out of our legal reach a miracle cure for cancer, epilepsy, anxiety, insomnia, and more?<br />
Additionally I’ve been using the oil myself recently for anxiety and to lower blood pressure, and the positive effects have been nothing short of astounding.<br />
<h3>
What is CBD?</h3>
<strong>Cannabidiol</strong> is one of the two main cannabinoids in marijuana (cannabis), and it has a non-psychoactive effect (read: it won’t get you high). Cannabinoids are the chemical compounds present in cannabis that act on cannabinoid<i> </i>receptors in cells that release and repress neurotransmitters in the brain. That’s right: we have cannabinoid receptors in our brain specifically designed to interact with cannabis molecules.<br />
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You’re probably familiar with THC, or<strong> tetrahydrocannabinol</strong>, the other main cannabinoid in marijuana that does have psychoactive properties (read: it gets you high). Though both THC and CBD are safe and non-toxic (<a href="http://norml.org/component/zoo/category/recent-research-on-medical-marijuana" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">there are no recorded cases of overdose fatalities attributed to cannabis</a>), THC causes a release of dopamine in the brain while suppressing GABA, the neurotransmitter responsible for relaxation and feelings of wellbeing. This is one reason why people who take too much THC or smoke too much pot get anxious or paranoid along with their buzz. I can attest from my pot-smoking college days that getting too high is super unpleasant; it can trigger panic attacks and psychotic episodes. CBD has the opposite effect, however. It counteracts the effects of THC and can protect marijuana users from getting too high and experiencing psychosis. It’s actually being tested as a an antipsychotic for people with schizophrenia.<br />
<h3>
CBD vs Hemp Oil</h3>
<strong>CBD and CBD oil</strong> come from hemp, but it’s not the hemp oil you see at the store. <strong>Hemp oil is made from hemp seeds or stalks, and proper CBD oil is made from hemp flowers and leaves</strong>. Hemp is naturally rich in CBD while marijuana plants are rich in THC.<br />
Medical cannabis has been selectively bred for varying amounts of THC, but hemp plants are primarily male and non-flowering, so they have a low THC content. Although marijuana is mostly illegal depending on where you live, CBD is more easily attainable and somewhat legal as long as the THC content is super low, under 0.3% I believe. The laws are still pretty murky, however.<br />
True CBD oil is made by extracting the oil <strong>from hemp flowers and leaves</strong> using solvents, carbon, or carrier oils like olive oil. It’s then used as a tincture, in topical creams, edibles, or a liquid. CBD is also available in powderized form in capsules at higher doses. Delivery methods discussed in more detail below.<br />
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<strong>BOTTOM LINE: </strong><em>Hemp oil and CBD oil are not the same thing! </em>I’ve been approached by countless manufacturers of hemp oils and hemp seed oils, asking me to mention their products in this post. They’re often prohibitively expensive, $100 or more for an ounce, and don’t have the same benefits as true CBD oil, though hemp oil does contain good fatty acids and is anti-inflammatory.<br />
<strong>Hemp oil, which is typically produced from hemp stalks, seeds, and stems, contains low levels of CBD</strong> – typically less than 25 parts per million – while CBD oil can be up to 15 percent CBD. Because the plants are related, some unscrupulous sellers of hemp oil are trying to market it for its medicinal value, which is negligible, so be aware of this. (<a href="http://www.chronictherapy.co/hemp-oil-vs-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference-2/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">source</a>) Remember that hemp oil comes from the seeds of the hemp plant, and CBD is extracted from the flowers. <a href="https://cbdoilreview.org/best-cbd-products-to-buy/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">This site offers unbiased CBD reviews</a>, but as of now I would only buy CBD oil through a dispensary.<br />
<h3>
What Does CBD Do?</h3>
Users report that CBD has a relaxing, sedative effect on the body without the fuzzy mind high of using cannabis (and no risk of using too much and freaking out). For me, it usually produces a deep and relaxing state of calm. Sometimes I don’t even notice anything until I realize how pleasant I’m feeling.<br />
The main uses for which I recommend CBD are to combat anxiety, insomnia, and pain and to lower blood pressure (note that if you have low blood pressure or are on blood pressure meds, you’ll need to monitor your pressure so it doesn’t drop too low). I would also highly recommend it for cancer and seizures. Its medicinal uses surpass those of any other cannabinoid, and it has been used for treating the following (<a href="http://www.royalqueenseeds.com/blog-cbd-the-lesser-known-cannabinoid--n52" rel="noopener" target="_blank">source</a> and <a href="http://norml.org/component/zoo/category/recent-research-on-medical-marijuana" rel="noopener" target="_blank">source</a>):<br />
<ul>
<li>reducing or preventing inflammation</li>
<li>depression and anxiety disorders: PTSD, OCD panic attacks, social anxieties</li>
<li>nausea</li>
<li>diabetes</li>
<li>hypertension</li>
<li>alcoholism</li>
<li>cancer</li>
<li>schizophrenia</li>
<li>rheumatoid & osteoarthritis</li>
<li>epilepsy & seizures</li>
<li>cardiovascular disease</li>
<li>psychosis</li>
<li>pain relief</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Is CBD Oil Nature’s Miracle Cure?</h3>
You may have heard <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/07/health/charlotte-child-medical-marijuana/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">the story of Charlotte</a>, the girl who was suffering up to 300 seizures per week at age 5 before her parents tried CBD oil after exhausting other treatment options. They were stunned when the seizures stopped almost completely, now occurring only 2-3 times monthly. Charlotte is now thriving. <strong>Scientists think the CBD quiets the excessive electrical and chemical activity in the brain that causes seizures</strong>.<br />
We know that CBD has <a href="http://www.bengreenfieldfitness.com/2015/06/how-to-use-cbd-oil/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">very strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties</a>. We also know that<a href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/inflammation-why-is-it-bad/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> inflammation</a> is a main cause of disease and pain, so CBD is really effective against inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, joint pain, and even IBS. It reportedly also has <a href="http://www.bengreenfieldfitness.com/2015/06/how-to-use-cbd-oil/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">powerful pain reducing properties</a> and could be used as a non-toxic and-non addictive alternative to opiate-based painkillers like vicodin.<br />
Aside from seizures, I’ve been researching it and talking with folks who use it to combat anxiety, depression, and insomnia and have found that it’s very effective for all. In one case, the user (a male over age 70, the father of one of my clients) was able to drop all his blood pressure meds using CBD oil along with magnesium. In my case, during a particularly stressful time. my blood pressure dropped 20 points in 2 days of taking just 15mg of CBD. Amazing. I’d also recommend it as a general tonic to help the body adapt to stress because it reduces elevated cortisol. You can also use it for your dogs (I haven’t read anything about cats); I’ve heard of at least one case where it’s stopped seizures in an older dog.<br />
Because of CBD’s <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257923" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">positive effects in reducing cortisol</a>, it has a beneficial effect on the endocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates your stress response. If you feel fried, wired, or unable to deal with life’s stressors, your HPA axis is likely dysregulated. CBD also reduces blood sugar levels.<a href="http://www.bengreenfieldfitness.com/2015/06/how-to-use-cbd-oil/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Check out the research here</a>.<br />
Initial studies on CBD and cancer are very promising. CBD may support apoptosis (programmed cell death that rids the body of old and damaged cells) and may also be <a href="http://reset.me/study/study-cannabidiol-cbd-kills-breast-cancer-cells/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">effective against breast cancer</a> by killing breast cancer cells.<br />
<h3>
How to Use CBD Oil</h3>
CBD is still classified as schedule 1 drug in the United States, and <a href="https://www.projectcbd.org/about/cannabis-facts/sourcing-cbd-marijuana-industrial-hemp-vagaries-federal-law" rel="noopener" target="_blank">it’s not super easy to get the best quality CBD oil.</a> As awareness is spreading, it’s getting easier. You want to be <em>very </em>careful about quality standards and extraction methods to ensure you are not getting an end product that has hexanes, mycotoxins, mold, pesticides, or other toxic solvents.<br />
I live in San Francisco where marijuana laws are fairly liberal, but I really don’t know the legal ins and outs of obtaining CBD oil in other states (aside from Colorado, Washington, and other states where it’s all legal!). In San Francisco, if you have any of the conditions I’ve mentioned, it’s easy to get a medical marijuana card which gives you access to high quality CBD oil in addition to medical marijuana.<br />
<a href="https://www.cbd.org/products" rel="noopener" target="_blank">I have used and recommend these CBD oils</a>, but as far as I know you can only obtain them from a dispensary. <a href="https://nuleafnaturals.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">This one</a> has been recommended to me also, but I haven’t tried it yet. It actually does contain CBD in addition to hemp oil (many labels will say hemp oil only) and has stringent quality standards. There are a lot of pricey CBD oils out there, so check the dosages and manufacturing practice. You want to be able to easily take up to 30mg per dose, so if an entire bottle only provides 5mg, it may not be strong enough to work.<br />
I recommend the oil because it’s the easiest way to start with a low dose and move up. You don’t know what your body needs and how you’ll react, so <strong>start on the lower end of the spectrum with a 5mg dose</strong> in a tincture (usually a few drops, depending) and work your way up. Remember, it’s not addictive and there’s no risk of overdose, but I have heard users report that too much can make you “fuzzy.” This will heavily depend on the CBD:THC ratio. The tinctures are at the lower end of price spectrum, less than $100 and averaging $60 or so. Because this is a new industry, demand hasn’t driven supply, so it’s still pretty pricey.<br />
<h3>
What Will CBD Do to Me?</h3>
<strong>If you’ve dosed correctly, you should notice reduction in your symptoms</strong>, whether that’s anxiety, pain, or insomnia. If you don’t feel any improvement, move your dose up day by day until you feel better. Note that you should use the oil consistently every day to get the best results. You can take as much as 100 mg or more (which, as far as I can tell, is impossible to find as a dosage in any quality CBD product unfortunately, though I HAVE seen these dosages in hemp oil), whatever works for you.<br />
If you need a higher dose, you may want to consider the powder form in capsules, but they’re more pricey. The caps usually start around 25mg per pill. Other methods of delivery include vaporizers where you get a liquid combustible form for very quick delivery into bloodstream via inhaling, like an e-cig (I haven’t researched the potential carcinogenic effects of this though). Apparently the topical creams work great for eczema and psoriasis.<br />
The effects should last a couple of hours. If you’re using it for chronic anxiety, I’d recommend also using <a data-amzn-asin="B0036THML2" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0036THML2?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creativeASIN=B0036THML2&linkCode=xm2&tag=maryvancnutrc-20" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">adrenal support </a>and possibly some <a href="https://maryvancenc.ehealthpro.com/products/neurocalm-60-capsules" rel="noopener" target="_blank">neurotransmitter support</a>. The great thing about CBD is that unlike THC, it won’t disrupt and suppress your feel-good neurotransmitters.<br />
In terms of potential bad side effects, I didn’t once come across anything negative about CBD oil in my extensive research. The only unfavorable review I saw was one person who claimed it didn’t work. That’s a much safer profile than many FDA-approved pharmaceutical drugs.<br />
We still don’t know all that much about CBD quite yet. The FDA has been <a href="http://www.leafscience.com/2013/10/22/new-cannabis-drug-approved-trials-children-epilepsy/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">testing a CBD-based drug</a> for children with epilepsy, but there aren’t any other major clinical trials to date. There is tons of research on using cannabidiol for over 23 diseases and conditions from cancer to parkinson’s to hypertension, <a href="http://norml.org/component/zoo/category/recent-research-on-medical-marijuana" rel="noopener" target="_blank">and you can check that out here</a>.<br />
<h3>
Resources</h3>
<a href="http://norml.org/component/zoo/category/recent-research-on-medical-marijuana" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Recent research on medical marijuana</a><br /><a href="http://www.bengreenfieldfitness.com/2015/06/how-to-use-cbd-oil/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">How to use CBD oil</a><a href="http://www.medicaljane.com/2012/12/20/cannabidiol-cbd-medicine-of-the-future/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CBD explained</a><br /><a href="https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/hemp-oil-uses-and-benefits" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hemp oil uses and benefits, good explanation of hemp oil vs CBD</a><br />
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-83492"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-83492"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Beth" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/12856e0afe52be2958416cfd00999f26?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/12856e0afe52be2958416cfd00999f26?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://realfoodinspiredme.wordpress.com/" rel="external nofollow">Beth</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 29 September, 2015 at 7:40 pm </span></div>
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Thank you for sharing this. I am always interested to hear of peoples success with CBD from Hemp. I am always asked if it works well and personally have never seen the Hemp heal. I thought the CBD in Colorado that Charlotte used was from a Cannabis plant? I will have to look into that more. I have MS and Lyme Disease and use a nightly oil made from Cannabis that is more THC dominant and have had great success. Along with Dr. Wahls paleo diet I have gotten my life back after 8 years of suffering. I am lucky that Cannabis is legal in the State of Oregon and I have access to it but many others do not and I would love to be able to offer them a legal alternative.</div>
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<img alt="admin" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">admin</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 29 September, 2015 at 7:57 pm </span></div>
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Hemp and marijuana come from the same plant: the cannabis plant. The strains all have varying levels of THC and CBD. Charlotte’s Web is the strain you’re referencing, and it has less than .3% THC and is a CBD-rich strain. More here: <a href="https://www.leafly.com/sativa/charlottes-web" rel="nofollow">https://www.leafly.com/sativa/charlottes-web</a><br />Glad to hear you’ve found relief with diet and THC!</div>
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<img alt="Anca Vander" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/420b45a273c3febec95eda8fca6eb631?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/420b45a273c3febec95eda8fca6eb631?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Anca Vander</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 21 October, 2015 at 9:50 pm </span></div>
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Hi everyone, I was diagnosed with stage 3 bowel cancer in June last year and after surgery, everything that could be seen was taken. I tried chemo for 2 weeks and had no control of my bowel for another 3 weeks. Never will have chemo again! I have just had 7 months with my daughter in United states where I was able to obtain and take 60 grams of hemp oil from phoenix tears plus E-mail( <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">phoenixtearsplus@aol.com</a> ) Fortunately, the latest CT scan sees there is no tumors in my lung and liver and the cancer have disappear. That was how hemp oil kill my cancer and relief my pain.</div>
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<img alt="admin" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">admin</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 21 October, 2015 at 11:23 pm </span></div>
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This is amazing, thanks for sharing!</div>
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<img alt="cbd vape oils" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eb201605189dfdf31db1b33f62778134?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eb201605189dfdf31db1b33f62778134?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://cbdhempsource.net/product-category/vape-oils/" rel="external nofollow">cbd vape oils</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 27 January, 2016 at 2:04 am </span></div>
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Thanks for such an informative post shared with us. CBD oil had many advantages. One of my friend’s uses CBD oil and its benefits are endless.</div>
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<img alt="Rodney Layton" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f204e47cd899639a65b5459c2f1146ac?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f204e47cd899639a65b5459c2f1146ac?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://n/A" rel="external nofollow">Rodney Layton</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 3 May, 2016 at 2:38 pm </span></div>
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Hi. I started using CBD tincture made from cannabis not Industrial hemp. I have noticed a huge difference in just about everything in my life from pain relief to better mood to not wanting to consume things that are bad for me ( alcohol, pharmaceuticals , cigarettes ect.. I also started giving small amounts to my 18yr old cat who was very sick and I thought she was dying. I’m happy to say that she is doing great and I feel like she is getting younger everyday. Thank You Mother Nature for Cannabis. Make sure you do your research and get the best medicine you can find. Don’t buy CBD made from industrial hemp. It won’t work and it might even be bad for you….</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 4 May, 2016 at 3:43 pm </span></div>
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Great testimonial!</div>
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<img alt="Gus Murphy" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eb201605189dfdf31db1b33f62778134?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eb201605189dfdf31db1b33f62778134?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://cbdhempsource.net/" rel="external nofollow">Gus Murphy</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 May, 2016 at 5:59 am </span></div>
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Thanks for the post, CBD effective in anxiety, seizures and chronic pain.</div>
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<img alt="David" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5ce1e455fb17199146246dbb080a6c5?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5ce1e455fb17199146246dbb080a6c5?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">David</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 29 July, 2016 at 6:40 pm </span></div>
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Hello.<br />
I’m a 30 year old male who takes CBD oil for anxiety. It’s really helpful. However, I am a bit concerned about negative effects it may have on my hormone levels. I enjoy a high sex drive and no man boobs, and would like to keep it that way.<br />
I was curious if you knew of any quality peer-reviewed evidence that sheds light on this topic. I’ve thus far been unable to find any.<br />
Thank you<br />
David</div>
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<img alt="Heidi" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fdf4dd8e2e9033c8b5412a0cc679a22f?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fdf4dd8e2e9033c8b5412a0cc679a22f?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Heidi</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 1 October, 2016 at 1:46 pm </span></div>
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heard from a doctor recently that hemp only contains cannabidiol and no THC, while the marijuana plant contains both THC and cannabidiol.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 3 October, 2016 at 12:21 pm </span></div>
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Correct. Though there can be strains engineered to be only THC or THC and very low CBD.</div>
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<img alt="Janice" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/989e30692a92c4b547c1440a93f9f5e7?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/989e30692a92c4b547c1440a93f9f5e7?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Janice</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 24 December, 2016 at 12:37 pm </span></div>
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I was taking cbd oil for three days 2.5 and I was sick for three days dizzy and nauseous . So i quit taking it . I have fibromyalgia for 20 years and take no medications. I have low blood pressure and have to eat a lot of salt daily or drink powerade so it will be 110 over 70. If not it’s 85 over 55. If cbd is supposed to lower blood pressure I may never be able to take it. I am taking 0.5 the oil at night . I was dizzy as well all through the night but I cut back on the amount and I am no longer dizzy at night but do not take cbd. What are your thoughts.</div>
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<img alt="Greg" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/989e30692a92c4b547c1440a93f9f5e7?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/989e30692a92c4b547c1440a93f9f5e7?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Greg</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 24 December, 2016 at 12:41 pm </span></div>
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Hi I have high blood pressure and have been taking meds for that once a day. However it can spike up to 158 over 90 if I have too much stress. I am trying the cbd oil . How much do you think I should take and should I take and how often. Do you think thc oil or leaf would work at night better<br /> I am a college instructor. 51 year old male.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 28 December, 2016 at 9:02 pm </span></div>
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You could try black cumin seed oil instead.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 28 December, 2016 at 9:03 pm </span></div>
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There are dosage directions in the post.</div>
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<img alt="James" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/edfb6f4ab0b5d1342f7a3532bf810de0?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/edfb6f4ab0b5d1342f7a3532bf810de0?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">James</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 27 February, 2017 at 1:12 pm </span></div>
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I have been using CBD products from <a href="http://deltacbd.com/" rel="nofollow">http://deltacbd.com</a> and found that they have been very effective in helping with my anxiety. Used to have 10-15 panic attacks per week, however now i am down to maybe 5 per month. They do not have THC in their products which is why i can use them. Still great benefits though!</div>
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<img alt="Jessamyn Campbell" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aaf486dc547f1c081ebae18574c22923?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aaf486dc547f1c081ebae18574c22923?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Jessamyn Campbell</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 13 March, 2017 at 1:34 pm </span></div>
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Thank you Mary Vance for this blog. It has educated me and so many I have referred to it about CBD Oil.</div>
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<img alt="Jessamyn Campbell" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aaf486dc547f1c081ebae18574c22923?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aaf486dc547f1c081ebae18574c22923?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://goldengirl.primemybody.com/" rel="external nofollow">Jessamyn Campbell</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 13 March, 2017 at 1:37 pm </span></div>
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Thank you Mary Vance for this blog. It has educated me and many others whom I have referred about CBD Oil. Thank you for being a part of the health revolution.</div>
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<img alt="robertvadra" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/07c8092e5f43ada522eb11c931d2d8b4?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/07c8092e5f43ada522eb11c931d2d8b4?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.cbdoilempire.com/" rel="external nofollow">robertvadra</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 3 April, 2017 at 2:17 am </span></div>
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Thanks for this amazing blog…it is really informative for us. CBD oil can be used as alternative remedies for reduces anxiety, relieves pains and other life-impairing medical concerns. Keep it up!</div>
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<img alt="High Dose CBD" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfb22ba9c75bdf07ff7cd40605a1a22?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfb22ba9c75bdf07ff7cd40605a1a22?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://highdosecbd.com/" rel="external nofollow">High Dose CBD</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 5 April, 2017 at 3:15 pm </span></div>
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CBD is only one effective cannabinoid and it’s great to hear you are achieving great success using cannabidiol… it looks like all the media attention has really kicked things up for this wonderful healing herb <img alt="🙂" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/11/svg/1f642.svg" /></div>
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<img alt="Linda Nelson" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9caf58e614af774d4a5b3c6fe181ad23?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9caf58e614af774d4a5b3c6fe181ad23?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Linda Nelson</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 23 April, 2017 at 10:17 am </span></div>
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I would like to know what dosage of CBD oil per day for hypertension those of you have started with? I have CBD oil but don’t know the dosage to use. Any references to check would be greatly appreciated.</div>
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<img alt="Mark" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/00b35673c858060c6dab8b8e840c966a?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/00b35673c858060c6dab8b8e840c966a?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Mark</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 25 April, 2017 at 9:25 am </span></div>
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I’ve been using CBD on the quiet for the last week and have to say that so far it’s brilliant. I tend to stress very quickly and get anxious about situations plus I have all sorts of body pains but all that seems to be better so far -hopefully it’s not just a placebo and this is a long term solution. The reason I’m doing it “on the quiet” is because my wife hates cannabis – I used to smoke weed quite a bit and she hated me getting stoned although she admits that I was much more laid back (obviously) even though she didn’t like me being high. She also hates it when I smoke cigarettes (I only do it when I drink) so I have no idea how to broach the subject that I’m vaping CBD as I’m fairly sure she’ll go potty (no pun). Any advice?</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-145494"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-145494"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 April, 2017 at 11:21 am </span></div>
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Hi Mark, thanks for your comment. You might show her this post so she knows CBD has medicinal properties and is not psychotropic (doesn’t get you high). It can be used therapeutically for pain, insomnia, anxiety, cancer, etc and isn’t a party drug. Hope this helps.</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-145499"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-145499"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 April, 2017 at 11:30 am </span></div>
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Hi Linda, unfortunately there isn’t a lot of info on dosing CBD out there. Doses up to 100-150mg have been tolerated, but start out at 15-30mg and move up until you see results.</div>
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<img alt="Dan Eyler" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fb27df0cbed5ba414356edc3487289eb?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fb27df0cbed5ba414356edc3487289eb?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Dan Eyler</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 24 May, 2017 at 8:39 pm </span></div>
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What is the best kind of cbd to take and where do I get it I want to try it for my anxiety</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 May, 2017 at 5:29 pm </span></div>
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There are links in the post.</div>
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<img alt="Tyson Shirey" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/79ed73ae63d9d64ce1d99105f908549c?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/79ed73ae63d9d64ce1d99105f908549c?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Tyson Shirey</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 28 May, 2017 at 10:17 am </span></div>
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I have been taking it for stress, insomnia. My HP axishas been all jacked up after my appendectomy because of all the ingested antibiotics. That really messed up my healthy gut bacteria which caused systemic candida overgrowth and gut dysbiosis. My panic attacks and lack of sleep has been destroying my life for over two years. This CBD oil has drastically helped my inflammation anxiety and insomnia . It has been a blessing! The only thing that I noticed negative is that if you take too much of it it can actually cause dizziness , Anxiety, and feeling of impending doom. Of course I am really sensitive to medication and I took a whole lot the first day. Hope this helps everybody . Start slow and work your way up and the CBD oil does nothing but positive results <img alt="🙂" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/11/svg/1f642.svg" /></div>
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<img alt="highdosecbd.com" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfb22ba9c75bdf07ff7cd40605a1a22?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecfb22ba9c75bdf07ff7cd40605a1a22?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://highdosecbd.com/" rel="external nofollow">highdosecbd.com</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 14 June, 2017 at 5:56 am </span></div>
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Cannabidiol (CBD) came out to the world in a big way after this simple plant chemical stopped an epileptic seizure in its tracks on U.S. national television. In the time since, many enthusiasts have realized that this miracle compound can stop spasms, calm anxiety, and soothe those in chronic pain. It really is nature’s miracle <img alt="🙂" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/11/svg/1f642.svg" /></div>
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<img alt="Bob alverson" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f201b6aface7cf664d52728b5e092101?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f201b6aface7cf664d52728b5e092101?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Bob alverson</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 27 July, 2017 at 12:07 pm </span></div>
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Hi I’ve been taking cod oil for 4 months for back pain I have not felt much difference but my blood pressure has dropped a lot also cut down on my bp meds I am upping my dose to see if that will help with the pain. I am using a brand called etst high grade hemp CBC oil 1000 mg a bottle 1 ounce do you have any opinion of this product thanks</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 31 July, 2017 at 2:00 pm </span></div>
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I haven’t heard of that product, but if it works for you, keep using it. The other option is try a different brand and see if it works better.</div>
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<img alt="JP" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b10d15b0d557b71bd1627c67fc4f53a9?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b10d15b0d557b71bd1627c67fc4f53a9?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">JP</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 31 July, 2017 at 9:28 pm </span></div>
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Hi Mary –<br />
Thanks for the post! As someone with Hashimoto’s and Hypothyroidism, what are your thoughts on CBD oil and fertility/pregnancy?<br />
Thanks,<br />JP</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 31 July, 2017 at 10:11 pm </span></div>
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That’s an interesting question. We don’t really know, because it hasn’t been studied extensively (or much at all). Smoking THC strains can affect male fertility and testosterone in particular. I’ve seen some claims that CBD may enhance fertility, but no data to back it up, so I’m just not sure.</div>
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<img alt="Matt Hartnett" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/12664178a46972c109df577d53e197f1?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/12664178a46972c109df577d53e197f1?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Matt Hartnett</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 5 August, 2017 at 8:13 pm </span></div>
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I want to treat my dog who has cancer with CBD Oil. I am overwhelmed by everything on the internet, can you suggest what to use and where to get it?</div>
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<img alt="pia" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/29f037195bede0cfa027150561f93825?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/29f037195bede0cfa027150561f93825?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">pia</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 21 August, 2017 at 6:57 am </span></div>
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Hello Mary,<br />My mother soffers from maculopathy and I would like to buy a CBD oil for her because I read that could help. But I dont really know where to get a good and trustable one which has a good ammount of cannabinoid.<br />Thanks a lot!</div>
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<img alt="Greg" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2c5d4f9f4e0cd9fdd0d83f30d1e44b8f?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2c5d4f9f4e0cd9fdd0d83f30d1e44b8f?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Greg</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 22 August, 2017 at 10:28 pm </span></div>
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can you get more into Hashimotos and possible curing effects of CBD? Or is there something else that works better??<br />I am interested in both hbp control and Hashimotos. Could you please comment on those for me. I am interested,</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 23 August, 2017 at 11:33 am </span></div>
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I don’t have any information on CBD and autoimmune disease/Hashimoto’s at this time. These posts may help you: <a href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/reversing-autoimmune-disease/" rel="nofollow">https://www.maryvancenc.com/reversing-autoimmune-disease/</a><br /><a href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/hashimotos-causes-treatments/" rel="nofollow">https://www.maryvancenc.com/hashimotos-causes-treatments/</a></div>
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<img alt="Martin Jones" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cd0013a92c29dad439990cc5b382c67a?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cd0013a92c29dad439990cc5b382c67a?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Martin Jones</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 31 August, 2017 at 8:01 am </span></div>
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It’s true that the number of users of CBD is increasing day by day as it’s phenomenal medical benefits. I have personally experienced the effect of CBD. I had chronic pain and I started using CBD Oil. After some a few weeks, the pain had just gone. Now I am very happy that I finally got rid of the chronic pain.</div>
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<img alt="Bonnie" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/021b2bbd754b5a3cb4bd37095555c781?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/021b2bbd754b5a3cb4bd37095555c781?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Bonnie</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 14 September, 2017 at 6:20 pm </span></div>
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Am totally excited about ordering & trying the CBD oil out rather than dealing with ever day opiate use that causes me depression and to not feel well. Great information also. Thank you!</div>
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<img alt="Paul" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a0ea4e066fe42cd7f584203882774529?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a0ea4e066fe42cd7f584203882774529?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Paul</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 22 September, 2017 at 8:35 am </span></div>
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I take CBD in the morning to have relaxed clarity/reduced headaches and in the evening for top notch sleep. I had Lymes disease from 2012-2015 so I am big into supplementation, and BioCBDplus has one of the most noticeable effects of anything I’ve experimented with. – Paul</div>
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<img alt="Jeani" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/42efbe8ff69bb42b181a4adb5282db18?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/42efbe8ff69bb42b181a4adb5282db18?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Jeani</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 29 September, 2017 at 7:06 am </span></div>
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Where can I buy the CBD oil? Do you have an actual link from amazon.com or another quality site because the link in the post is not really helpful.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 29 September, 2017 at 11:11 am </span></div>
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As I mention, it’s best to get CBD from a dispensary. I can’t vouch for quality otherwise, and legality is an issue. I linked to everything I may recommend in the post.</div>
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<img alt="James" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9be0f2dd641a8c2704dc72515a2d43f5?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9be0f2dd641a8c2704dc72515a2d43f5?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">James</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 11 October, 2017 at 11:43 am </span></div>
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I’m doing a paper for college on the beneficial uses of CBD Oil’s and was curious if I can use your image in it. It’s perfect to outline my entire paper. Thank you for this posting! I wish NC would legalize it already!</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-161696"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-161696"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 11 October, 2017 at 12:58 pm </span></div>
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You can as long as you provide photo attribution (e.g. credit the image back to me and ideally link to the article).</div>
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<img alt="Julie" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67bd85c32f6e6173b34c2e8054ecdbd2?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67bd85c32f6e6173b34c2e8054ecdbd2?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/cbd-oil-miracle-cure/" rel="external nofollow">Julie</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 25 October, 2017 at 3:49 pm </span></div>
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Dear Mary,<br />
I am 53 yr old woman. I lost my career and life to Fibromyalgia/CFS. I tried CBD Oil from a dispensary in my town for the very first time. The CBD oil was a 480 mg bottle of CBD only, no THC. I was careful to avoid having a panic attack with the THC. The seller said to take 1 full dropper (48 mg) per dose. I got very dizzy. The bottle says it has “terpenes” in it. I read up on Google and terpenes are like essential oils that give the pot plant aroma. Would those make me dizzy? Or is it the CBD oil? It really helped my pain but I got very dizzy and the dizziness made me nauseous.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 October, 2017 at 11:43 am </span></div>
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Julie, it’s likely you started with much too high of a dose. As I mention, start with 10-15 mg and work up.</div>
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<img alt="Every Day Optimal CBD" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/498f581278d8fb57dcfcfee93b7d925a?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/498f581278d8fb57dcfcfee93b7d925a?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.everydayoptimalcbd.com/" rel="external nofollow">Every Day Optimal CBD</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 29 November, 2017 at 4:55 pm </span></div>
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Hey Mary, <br />
Very informative article. We love how CBD is gaining more and more popularity as people turn away from traditional medicine and look for natural solutions. We would love to offer you a free bottle of one of our products to try. Please get in touch if interested!</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 30 November, 2017 at 6:02 pm </span></div>
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Please get in touch via my contact page if you’d like me to review a product. Thanks!</div>
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<img alt="Cameron Page" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a2263f1eb51ca84b8be8c3981dca0a05?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a2263f1eb51ca84b8be8c3981dca0a05?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Cameron Page</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 1 December, 2017 at 5:30 am </span></div>
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Have you guys ever tried using cannabis for medical purposes? I have been diagnosed with glaucoma for almost a year now and I’ve<br />been searching any alternative medicine that can help me then i came across this article that says marijuana can be used to treat<br />and prevent glaucoma. I’ve been planning to try this kind of strain here in <a href="https://blog.bonzaseeds.com/purple-sour-diesel/" rel="nofollow">https://blog.bonzaseeds.com/purple-sour-diesel/</a> but i have no idea where to start or buy. Can you<br />guys give me any tips or any ideas that can help? Thank you and God bless !!</div>
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<img alt="chris" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eb76d86f7f175595b76ea23ec15f3016?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eb76d86f7f175595b76ea23ec15f3016?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">chris</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 2 December, 2017 at 11:29 am </span></div>
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thanks for spreading awareness on CBD, its very good!<br />
but there seems to be an error in your information, it actually does NOT lower cortisol according to the very study you are citing.<br />
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257923" rel="nofollow">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257923</a><br />
“…decrease [from placebo] in cortisol levels was significantly attenuated[!] after CBD..” – and also the numbers they give show that cbd does not lower cortisol.<br />
i have seen the seemingly wrong information of cbd lowering cortisol many times now but i have yet to see a study which actually shows its power to lower cortisol.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 2 December, 2017 at 4:06 pm </span></div>
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That is not correct. There is plenty of research and quite a few studies showing CBD lowers cortisol (like the one linked in the post). Which makes sense because it has an overall calming effect on the endocrine system.</div>
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<img alt="WOndering" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2f116417d2ea4fc8880d75898d4f206e?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2f116417d2ea4fc8880d75898d4f206e?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">WOndering</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 December, 2017 at 3:27 pm </span></div>
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I am wondering if cannabis oil helps or hurts candida. I have been taking it for about a month and have found some improvement in insomnia and anxiety, but I read somewhere else that it causes candida to spread. I have had a very dry/itchy private parts since I started CBD oil. Any insight would be appreciated</div>
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<img alt="Courtney Morgan" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9d784579b1ee730d598922ef53e66f6e?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9d784579b1ee730d598922ef53e66f6e?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Courtney Morgan</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 18 January, 2018 at 3:55 pm </span></div>
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I’m so appreciative for this type of platform, it gives us all opportunity to openly share our experiences without fear of shame. It is no longer a news that there is permanent cure to schizophrenia. My daughter was diagnosed of schizophrenia 15 years ago, over those time, I spent more time in hospital than out of hospital without much improvement. It was difficult and humbling, but we’re so proud that we’ve done it all to save her, finally she sign herself into using CONSUMMO treatment. She now think more clearly. She has grown as a person in all facets of life. She more compassionate, intelligent, wise, sociable, and actionable! For more detail on Consummo, kindly visit this blog curetoschizophrenia.blogspot.com, And if you have used this medicine, I will advice you create an awareness to help others. Thank you.</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-173005"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-173005"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Ricky Smith" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b03419a3416455cf5e2a4d6a870e85b6?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b03419a3416455cf5e2a4d6a870e85b6?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://medicinalessentials.com/" rel="external nofollow">Ricky Smith</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 24 January, 2018 at 6:01 am </span></div>
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Nice post.Great article.Awesome content.Thanks for sharing this informative blog post.</div>
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<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-177693"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-177693"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Napasechnik" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3ee44965bbc40c59f91254b9ccde6ee0?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3ee44965bbc40c59f91254b9ccde6ee0?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://napasechnik.com/" rel="external nofollow">Napasechnik</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 12 February, 2018 at 8:05 am </span></div>
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Mary, what you favorite cannabis strain?</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-179698"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-179698"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Andrea" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62cf75c2031f7800f113abaa69ba9bdc?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62cf75c2031f7800f113abaa69ba9bdc?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Andrea</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 21 February, 2018 at 10:35 am </span></div>
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Hi Mary,<br />I found your website and just purchased some CBD oil to lower my cortisol. However, I have to agree with Chris that the study you cited actually says it does not have that effect. It says that cortisol is lowered for the placebo group but that when CBD is introduced, that effect is “greatly attenuated” (meaning it does not have that effect). Could you please direct me to another study that shows that it does? Thank you,<br />Andrea</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-179746"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-179746"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 22 February, 2018 at 1:53 pm </span></div>
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Andrea, here is one study: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257923" rel="nofollow">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257923</a><br />Ben Greenfield’s post links to many studies and is quite comprehensive: <a href="https://bengreenfieldfitness.com/article/supplements-articles/how-to-use-cbd-oil/" rel="nofollow">https://bengreenfieldfitness.com/article/supplements-articles/how-to-use-cbd-oil/</a></div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-179941"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-179941"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Caroline Delph" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7c0e7412de21aefa01becc6cecc83fd3?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7c0e7412de21aefa01becc6cecc83fd3?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Caroline Delph</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 28 February, 2018 at 2:35 am </span></div>
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My husband Reuben has been suffering from stomach cancer which was confirmed to be stage 4 and the doctor told me there was little she could do since he was not responding to treatment after many rounds of chemotherapy. We were helpless and in pain. I cannot watch my husband die. I started researching for alternative natural treatment and a friend in America told me about the cannabis oil and how it cured her father in law lung cancer. I was inform to contact Medicinal Marijuana Resources through email <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">info@medicinalmarijuanaresources.com</a> to get the cannabis oil. I obtain the cannabis oil and my husband started using it for treatment as directed. It was easy to dose and it worked effectively. My husband stomach cancer and pain was gone and we were surprised. We went for MRI scan to be sure and it was proven by the doctor that there is no cancer cells and my husband is very healthy and free from cancer. I felt its necessary I let others who are suffering from this acute disease that once you have a cannabis oil it can give a second chance of living.</div>
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<img alt="Caroline Delph" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7c0e7412de21aefa01becc6cecc83fd3?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7c0e7412de21aefa01becc6cecc83fd3?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Caroline Delph</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 1 March, 2018 at 5:42 am </span></div>
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My husband Reuben has been suffering from stomach cancer which was confirmed to be stage 4 and the doctor told me there was little she could do since he was not responding to treatment after many rounds of chemotherapy. We were helpless and in pain. I cannot watch my husband die. I started researching for alternative natural treatment and a friend in America told me about the cannabis oil and how it cured her father in law lung cancer. I was inform to contact Medicinal Marijuana Resources through email <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">info@medicinalmarijuanaresources.com</a> to get the cannabis oil. I obtain the cannabis oil and my husband started using it for treatment as directed. It was easy to dose and it worked effectively. My husband stomach cancer and pain was gone and we were surprised. We went for MRI scan to be sure and it was proven by the doctor that there is no cancer cells and my husband is very healthy and free from cancer. I felt its necessary I let others who are suffering from this acute disease that once you have a cannabis oil it can give a second chance of living.</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-180207"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-180207"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Jose" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7525d59b1064f667a4b7fd2a2152b363?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7525d59b1064f667a4b7fd2a2152b363?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Jose</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 5 March, 2018 at 4:10 pm </span></div>
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Hi, I was wondering if this would be a good replacement for high blood pressure medicine, my bp is in the 130s and I been wanting to stop taking my meds.</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-180215"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-180215"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 5 March, 2018 at 6:10 pm </span></div>
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Jose, You would need to work with your doctor on this. People do find that CBD can help them reduce their BP meds, but you’d need to be monitored by a doctor and work on improving other lifestyle habits: diet, sleep, exercise, stress.</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-180807"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-180807"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Toby" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22658c566c72b85e225d3e7336065f71?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22658c566c72b85e225d3e7336065f71?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Toby</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 13 March, 2018 at 3:17 pm </span></div>
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Is it safe to take CBD oil together with mirtazapine?</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-180816"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-180816"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 13 March, 2018 at 6:28 pm </span></div>
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Toby, you’d need to ask your doctor.</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-181667"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-181667"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Kari" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/34422ab22139efb8ee4451df48d7e5bc?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/34422ab22139efb8ee4451df48d7e5bc?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Kari</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 28 March, 2018 at 1:35 pm </span></div>
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Wondering if its okay to take CBD with bio-identical hormones? My hormone lady is from Idaho so not sure she would know how to work with me on it. Thank you</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-admin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-181668"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-181668"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 28 March, 2018 at 1:38 pm </span></div>
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Kari, typically it is, yes, but I of course can’t comment on whether that would be OK for you specifically without knowing your health history.</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-182024"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-182024"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Pura Vida CBD Oil" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7b80d2e19132d3ffd3ef7fab9821a3dc?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7b80d2e19132d3ffd3ef7fab9821a3dc?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.cbd-oilshop.com/cbd-oil/pura-vida/" rel="external nofollow">Pura Vida CBD Oil</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 6 April, 2018 at 4:46 am </span></div>
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A great article, Mary you covered almost everything in your article that we should know before use CBD Oil.</div>
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<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-182312"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-182312"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Silviana" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/008162a66fa91b69cc3c603a8d35370f?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/008162a66fa91b69cc3c603a8d35370f?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://bellfeed.com/cbd-oil-for-pain-relief/2206" rel="external nofollow">Silviana</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 13 April, 2018 at 12:12 pm </span></div>
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It seems like the CBD oil is really a miracle ingredient. I think it could improve our health in many conditions. Soon, time will tell us…</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-183794"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-183794"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="hazel oliver" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/99026ad959a6bccd81292c03e968d8ec?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/99026ad959a6bccd81292c03e968d8ec?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">hazel oliver</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 17 May, 2018 at 11:21 am </span></div>
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i can not get answers from my doctor to say if cud oil interacts with prescription meds so how can i get an answer????????? can anyone help please.</div>
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<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="li-comment-184110"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-184110"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Hemp Oil Cancer Treatment" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9c084619463f69c07aeb00a704b9aaf?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9c084619463f69c07aeb00a704b9aaf?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.thelaughinggrass.com/hemp-oil-cancer-treatment/" rel="external nofollow">Hemp Oil Cancer Treatment</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 22 May, 2018 at 1:53 am </span></div>
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Thanks for posting this informative and great blog and i really appreciate your work, Finally i have understand something about cbd oil. It helps me to understand the better use of it in real life.<br />Appreciate Your Effort. Great Work Buddy</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="li-comment-185165"><article class="comment-body clearfix" id="comment-185165"><div class="comment_avatar">
<img alt="Clair Hamlett" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/72a37785b1727c31dfebb1b7a5f1e88d?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/72a37785b1727c31dfebb1b7a5f1e88d?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Clair Hamlett</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 9 June, 2018 at 3:58 am </span></div>
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Ive realized that everytime im dry i have a hanquering want to smoke more cigarettes. But when i got weeds for example <a href="https://www.bonzaseeds.com/blog/tangerine-kush/" rel="nofollow">https://www.bonzaseeds.com/blog/tangerine-kush/</a>, its literally the exact opposite effect, basically.<br />Has anyone else had this type of experience? Or even researched this topic? I have heard about people actually quitting by substituting it w/ bud. Interesting to me.<br />I’ve been having trouble myself trying to quit smoking cigars. I tried searching for other alternatives like vaping but after a month i came back to cigarettes. I was so desperate to quit and avoid nicotine but then i came across this article that says marijuana can help you quit smoking cigarettes and turns out, CBD can help after all.CBD can remove positively associated smoking memories from the brain, making it easier for the user to quit altogether. Can someone give me more information or any tips? Thanks</div>
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<img alt="William" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a08dc8f677d2014b8cb4bebdd298813e?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a08dc8f677d2014b8cb4bebdd298813e?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://cbdvapegenius.com/" rel="external nofollow">William</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 11 June, 2018 at 1:59 am </span></div>
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Hi Mary!<br />Thanks for sharing the wonderful article on CBD and its health benefits. I used to be very irritating because of insomnia. One of my friends recommended me about CBD Products. Then I started researching about CBD and came across an article <a href="https://cbdvapegenius.com/blog/what-is-cbd-cbd-in-depth-from-cbd-vape-genius/" rel="nofollow">https://cbdvapegenius.com/blog/what-is-cbd-cbd-in-depth-from-cbd-vape-genius/</a> which helped to understand CBD better and I ordered CBD Gummies. Taking a dose at night helped me to overcome the problem of insomnia. Now I wake up in the morning fresh and energetically. Apart from my story, let me tell you that I love your article and will share it with my friends. Thanks for sharing great information!</div>
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<img alt="Marcus" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/071ed0e4bf7cf79500afb6bb47efc0c7?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/071ed0e4bf7cf79500afb6bb47efc0c7?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://topcbdoilbenefits.com/" rel="external nofollow">Marcus</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 24 June, 2018 at 5:00 pm </span></div>
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Hey Mary,<br />Nice article on CBD. I’ve been personally dealing with chronic back pain for the past 7 years and I ditched my regular meds and started taking CBD Oil when a far relative of mine recommended it to me. Since then I’ve never looked back. CBD has helped me give good relief from pain and helps me sleep better. Above all, it keeps me active in the gym. Just bookmarked your site. Keep rocking this kinda cool information <img alt="🙂" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/11/svg/1f642.svg" /></div>
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<img alt="Bionativa" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d4cff8efad5217116917ec52ded56ef7?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d4cff8efad5217116917ec52ded56ef7?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://bionativa.co.uk/" rel="external nofollow">Bionativa</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 3 July, 2018 at 4:40 am </span></div>
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Very nice information about cbd oils. It is nice to notice cbd is becoming more and more popular these days. However, it is still associated with marijuana and drugs.</div>
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<img alt="Margaux Espinosa" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cc0d52e5c1db18d9e7fde4d4816cba97?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cc0d52e5c1db18d9e7fde4d4816cba97?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Margaux Espinosa</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 18 July, 2018 at 1:49 am </span></div>
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I am one of the people who cured using marijuana. When i was a little bit younger i suffered from asthma am having a hard time to breathe every time i walked from our house to school. I know it sounds weird that i smoke even i have asthma but yes i tried it. At first, my body doesn’t like the taste of marijuana but one of my friends told me if i will continue using this it will help me to breathe properly. But luckily it helps me and yes until now I’m still smoking marijuana. Just check this article to learn more <a href="https://www.greenmed.io/blog/top-4-benefits-of-vaping/" rel="nofollow">https://www.greenmed.io/blog/top-4-benefits-of-vaping/</a></div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 18 July, 2018 at 11:10 am </span></div>
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Margaux, I have concerns about vaping. I’ve researched it and there conflicting info such as “no long term health effects known as a result of vaping” at this time and others saying there are: <a href="https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/concerns-explode-over-new-health-risks-vaping" rel="nofollow">https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/concerns-explode-over-new-health-risks-vaping</a><br />The point it, we don’t know, as vaping hasn’t been around long enough to study longterm effects.<br />Also, I cannot imagine that vaping would in any way improve asthma. You could probably get similar or better benefit from edibles if it’s truly the THC/CBD that’s improving your condition.</div>
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<img alt="Bradley Walker" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/29346b43cd980faa04df08360b2f1e80?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/29346b43cd980faa04df08360b2f1e80?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.senseicbdoil.com/" rel="external nofollow">Bradley Walker</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 17 August, 2018 at 11:18 am </span></div>
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I’m happy to hear that you’ve had great success with CBD – I have been using a lot personally for focussing at work and it’s been working great. Thank you for sharing your story <img alt="🙂" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/11/svg/1f642.svg" /></div>
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<img alt="Teresa Doerty" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0f6b9731b05a69c71b3e54d15ed93fbb?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0f6b9731b05a69c71b3e54d15ed93fbb?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Teresa Doerty</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 30 August, 2018 at 4:27 am </span></div>
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Indeed, marijuana does have its own pros for your brain. Though, it won’t make you a Mega Mind if you smoke it 24/7. But it’ll definitely help you boost your mind in one or another way.<br />Actually, I’ve just read a great article about this topic. There’s a lots interesting facts and points as to “good use of marijuana”. For example, cannabinoids, which is contained in the plant of marijuana, tend to interact with various receptors in the brain and therefore have significant effects caused by the usage of brain boosters.<br />Read it yourself, if you want to learn more about this topic: <a href="https://tonusjournal.com/brain-health/marijuana-nootropics-effective-brain-booster/" rel="nofollow">https://tonusjournal.com/brain-health/marijuana-nootropics-effective-brain-booster/</a></div>
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<img alt="Harvey" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aba4c7240578d4b40ee5ab18c1d6ff3c?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aba4c7240578d4b40ee5ab18c1d6ff3c?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://stonerszone.com/" rel="external nofollow">Harvey</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 24 October, 2018 at 6:04 am </span></div>
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Hi Mary,<br />Superb post. It’s great to see that CBD is emerging and rapidly conquering the market. Also, more and more people are getting to know about it’s benefits. Personally, I’m dealing with back pain problem and CBD has been helping me for the last 2 years. Helps me by keeping active and supporting my back all day long. Anyways, keep sharing this kinda stuff <img alt="🙂" class="emoji" draggable="false" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/11/svg/1f642.svg" /></div>
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<img alt="Gina Howard" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4096ee2eef500351cdd6c5c4179d58b?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4096ee2eef500351cdd6c5c4179d58b?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://allabouthemp.co.uk/" rel="external nofollow">Gina Howard</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 25 October, 2018 at 3:16 am </span></div>
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Thank you for the brief introduction to the CBD il and how to use it. I have started using it and didn’t have any idea about the dosage. But after reading this I’m clear about it. Indeed it is very effective and helps in insomnia, pan and much more. Thanks for dragging the attention on the CBD and Hemp Oil. I have read another article on it which also good. Here it is, <a href="http://allabouthemp.co.uk/5-amazing-benefits-of-using-cbd-oil/" rel="nofollow">http://allabouthemp.co.uk/5-amazing-benefits-of-using-cbd-oil/</a></div>
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<img alt="Rick" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e79f8acbc355e5817415c8e067ca52c?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e79f8acbc355e5817415c8e067ca52c?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Rick</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 25 October, 2018 at 9:19 am </span></div>
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Hi Mary, my 90 year old Mom has severe lower back pain which goes down her leg and is using Tylenol and Tramodol (which has side effects) and would like to know which CBD oil would be best to try.</div>
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<img alt="Mary Vance, NC" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97234a528317dfa77b2ba3c5b501c9fd?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn"><a class="url" href="https://www.maryvancenc.com/" rel="external nofollow">Mary Vance, NC</a></span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 October, 2018 at 1:23 pm </span></div>
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Hi Rick, I link to the brand I like in the post. Truly the best CBD, in my opinion, is only available via dispensary. That sounds like sciatic nerve pain possibly. (there are stretches that help, but not sure how mobile she is)</div>
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<img alt="Rick" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e79f8acbc355e5817415c8e067ca52c?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e79f8acbc355e5817415c8e067ca52c?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Rick</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 October, 2018 at 7:57 pm </span></div>
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Thanks Mary but I do not see your link.</div>
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<img alt="Nichole Williams" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e54add75f288a49a9e26674f7bff68bf?s=80&d=mm&r=g" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e54add75f288a49a9e26674f7bff68bf?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" width="80" /> </div>
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<span class="fn">Nichole Williams</span> <span class="comment_date"> on 26 November, 2018 at 8:31 pm </span></div>
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My mom died because of a brain tumor. At first, she is experiencing severe headache from time to time. We went to a doctor to ask whats happening to her but they said its only a migraine, so he gave a medicine to cure the pain. She was bedridden at that time. 1 month later when were busy on something i heard my mom shout because of her head and that point we ran to the nearest hospital but sadly her journey is over. Yes, she died when that thing happens to her. We don’t know if who’s fault is that because the doctor in that hospital told us she has a brain tumor and all this time we only know that its a simple migraine. It’s been 11 years now but i still remember what happened to her. I am experiencing migraine now and i am afraid maybe one of these days it can happen to me also. But i read this article <a href="https://www.greenmed.io/blog/top-4-benefits-of-vaping/" rel="nofollow">https://www.greenmed.io/blog/top-4-benefits-of-vaping/</a> that maybe marijuana can cure a migraine, i don’t know if this thing works so i want an opinion here. If somebody uses it already? Can you help me with th<br />is<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></div>
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-51479681007500555942019-01-04T05:02:00.000-08:002019-01-04T05:02:30.430-08:00MAKE UP YOUR OWN MINDS<div class="author_info">
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-02-04T23:57:30+00:00">04 February 2016 - 11:57 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000--><span style="font-size: 24px;">Cancer IS Systemic Candida and Cannabis Oil Destroys It</span><br />
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By Adrion T. Kelley<br />
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My mother, for all intents and purposes, is relatively square. She listens to Rush Limbaugh every morning while working around the house and likes to relax in the evening to a good old-fashioned black and white movie. Needless to say she has never been much of a partier, let alone a drinker or a smoker. However my mother for many years has been a supporter of cannabis being used to help ease the pain and suffering of people diagnosed with cancer. Recently my mother herself was diagnosed with cancer. Along with the diagnosis came an uncomfortable feeling of uncertainty and helplessness that was amplified by the harsh reality of financial burden and medical ambiguity. Through it all my mother and I not only have gained a heightened awareness of the medical communities lack of understanding in regards to cancer itself, but also we have gained the knowledge of a truly effective cure.<br />
Even in a time when medical marijuana is accepted, there is still a misconception about its medical use. Many doctors will admit that some of the compounds found in cannabis are effective in treating the side effects of chemotherapy, but the current medical establishment objects to cannabis and its chemical compounds being used for anything else. This is the same medical establishment who has spent numerous years and countless billions developing a cancer treatment plan that even doctors won’t expose themselves to. Scientists from the McGill Cancer Center asked 79 doctors, all experts on lung cancer, if they themselves were diagnosed with cancer would they consider using chemotherapy. Of the 79 doctors 58 said they would not expose themselves to chemotherapy due to “the ineffectiveness and the elevated level of toxicity of chemotherapy” (Day). So would using cannabis to treat cancer be more effective and less toxic than chemotherapy?<br />
Before exploring the medical benefits associated with cannabis as an alternative cancer therapy, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of what exactly cancer is. According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer is divided into several categories: carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma and central nervous system cancers. In spite of the different names and locations of these cancers in the body, they all share a common process (National Cancer Institute par. 1). Cancer cells start off as normal cells in the body, but somewhere in the cells life cycle of growth and death something happens to these cells that prevents them from dying. Rather than completing the normal cell life cycle, they instead keep growing in a specific location of the body until a cancerous lesion or tumor is created. If small groups of cancer cells break away from the main group of cancer cells they will find a way into the blood stream where they travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow in a new location. So what causes these normal cells to mutate and form cancer cells?<br />
A recent study from the Department of Immunology in Mexico stated, “There is increasing evidence of a close link between inflammation and cancer, and at the core of inflammation there are both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger (or damage)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)” (Department of Immunology par.1). DAMPs and PAMPs are sensors located within the body’s immune cells that gather and process information when the cells come in contact with pathogens (germs). When the PAMPs and DAMPs identify the molecular pattern of a pathogen, a command is given from the PAMPs and DAMPs to the rest of the cell to devour the pathogen (R&D Systems pg. 1). So if cancer cells are just immune cells responding to a pathogen, then what pathogen are the immune cells responding to? This leads to an even better question, “Is there a wide spread pathogen whose infection has a high probability of creating cancer?”<br />
According to report published by the American Society of Microbiology “Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen” (Noble and Johnson par. 1). Also the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that “Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among U.S. hospital patients” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention par. 1). As to its probability of causing cancer the Department of Biology at Youngstown State University in Ohio found that “inoculation of C. albicans produces numerous tumor-like lesions and abscesses on the major organs of experimental laboratory rats” (Department of Biology par. 1) However it is unethical for a doctor or a scientist to purposefully inject a human subject with Candida albicans, so the likelihood of such important data being collected is impossible. Fortunately there was study done by the Institute of Clinical Medicine in Aarhus, Denmark showing that out of 21,247 patients with Candida albicans 100% of them were diagnosed with some form of cancer within 10 years of contracting Candida albicans (Department of Clinical Epidemiology par. 2). These facts point to Candida albicans as being one cause of cancer, but there are numerous other chemicals and pathogens that are said to be carcinogenic. What is the probability of Candida albicans being the sole cause of cancer? To explore this theory it is imperative to know how the fungus interacts with the human body.<br />
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<a class="bbc_url" href="http://cannabisdigest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Candida_albicans_2.jpg" rel="nofollow external" title="External link"><img alt="Candida_albicans_2_thumb.jpg" class="bbc_img" height="352" src="http://cannabisdigest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Candida_albicans_2_thumb.jpg" title="Candida_albicans_2" width="560" /></a><br />
<em>(Candida albicans)</em><br />
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According to a report by the American Society for Microbiology “All humans are colonized with Candida species, mostly Candida albicans” (Achkar and Fries par. 1). For the most part Candida albicans lies dormant within the human body, however when certain levels of PH in the stomach or blood stream are reached Candida albicans begins to accelerate its growth. The normal PH levels of the human stomach are 1.5-3.5 PH (very acidic) and normal blood stream PH is about 7.4 PH (alkaline). The Tohoku Pharmaceutical University in Sendai, Japan found that the optimal level for Candida albicans growth was between 4-7 PH (Department of Microbiology par. 1). Coincidentally Dr. A.K. Brewer discovered that by temporarily raising the blood PH of 30 human cancer patients with alkaline (base) elements to a level of 8 PH, he was successfully able to completely eliminate the cancer in all 30 patients, some patients tumors were eliminated within 12-36 hours (Brewer par. 1).<br />
Candida albicans is not only a fungus but it is also considered yeast. According to S. Baron, editor of Medical Microbiology “Small molecules (e.g., simple sugars and amino acids) accumulate in a watery film surrounding the hyphae or yeast and simply diffuse through the cell wall” (Baron par. 1). Glucose (sugar) is the main source of food for all cells in the human body, but it is also the main source of food for Candida albicans. By stealing the glucose from the cells of the body the yeast begins to multiply faster, quickly eating away the tissue of vital organs. Like brewers yeast, Candida albicans converts sugar into alcohol, however this alcohol is not ethanol (vodka), but acetaldehyde (the chemical that causes hangovers) (Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Unit par. 4). Coincidentally, scientists at Keele University in Trent, U.K. made “the discovery that acetaldehyde is released by the lung cancer cell” (Center for Science and Technology in Medicine par. 1). Due to the acidity of acetaldehyde the average PH level in the blood stream drops creating an optimal PH range for Candida albicans to spread through out the body. This theory of cancer being the result of fungus seems like a fairly logical conclusion, but do any reputable medical institutes dedicated to the advancement of cancer research share this same conclusion?<br />
In May of 2013 the U.S. National Cancer Institute tested an antifungal medicine named “Compound 3c” and found that the medicine “showed high activity against HOP-92 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer)” (Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group par 1). Apparently these results were so promising that a few months later in October of 2013 scientists form Gaziosmanpaşa University in Tokat, Turkey carried out similar experiments with similar results when testing their antifungal compound on cancer cells. In light of these positive findings, scientists from the Faculty of Marine Sciences in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia began testing an antifungal compound derived from the plant Saraca indica on cancer cells and published their findings in November of 2013. Shortly after that, a group of scientists from the University of Calabria in Rende, Italy extracted antifungal chemicals from Citrus seeds with the intent of using this extraction to treat cancer. Which brings us to the most talked about, most tested, most studied, most published plant derived antifungal and anticancer compounds in modern history, cannabinoids.<br />
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<a class="bbc_url" href="http://cannabisdigest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/241346d1270425399-mmj-chart-ailments-medmj_helps1.png" rel="nofollow external" title="External link"><img alt="241346d1270425399-mmj-chart-ailments-med" class="bbc_img" height="458" src="http://cannabisdigest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/241346d1270425399-mmj-chart-ailments-medmj_helps1_thumb.png" title="241346d1270425399-mmj-chart-ailments-medmj_helps1" width="630" /></a><br />
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According to the National Cancer Institute “Chemical components of Cannabis, called cannabinoids, activate specific receptors found throughout the body to produce pharmacologic effects, particularly in the central nervous system and the immune system” (National Institutes of Health par. 1) There are literally hundreds of reports regarding the anti-tumor properties of cannabinoids published by the National Institutes of Health. One of these reports reveals how scientists had analyzed “the pathways triggered by cannabinoids to induce apoptosis” (Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience par. 1) in cancerous tumors. Apoptosis is a condition were the body literally commands a certain group of cells to die, in this case cannabinoids trigger a mechanism in the human body that sends this command specifically to cancer cells. More fascinating still is the discovery made by scientists from Periyar University in Salem, India regarding the highly effective anti-fungal properties of cannabinoids when applied to samples of cultured Candida albicans.<br />
Currently the cannabis plant, DEA number 7360, is considered a schedule I drug according to the U.S. Department of Justice. This means that there is absolutely no medical value associated with cannabis. However in 2001 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services filed a U.S. patent on cannabinoids sighting that “cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and HIV dementia” (United States par. 1) This is an obvious contradiction in U.S. drug policy.<br />
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<a class="bbc_url" href="http://cannabisdigest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/corrie-thumb.jpg" rel="nofollow external" title="External link"><img alt="corrie-thumb-300x225.jpg" class="bbc_img" height="225" src="http://cannabisdigest.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/corrie-thumb-300x225.jpg" width="300" /></a><br />
<em>(Corrie Yelland, Cancer survivor and medical cannabis advocate)</em><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Through the trials and tribulations of cancer, my mother and I have gained these key points of knowledge: </strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>1. Cancer and tumors are not a disease, they are the bodies immune response to a foreign pathogen. </strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>2. Candida albicans is the pathogen that triggers the body’s immune system to produce what doctors habitually misdiagnosed as “cancer”. </strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>3. The cannabis plant contains chemical compounds called cannabinoids that have been proven to be a safe, low cost and effective treatment against life threatening Candida albicans infections. </strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Doctors, pharmaceutical companies, law enforcement officers and politicians all tremble with fear as they begin to realize that the angry mothers of America unite with this new found awareness regarding “cancer”. These angry mothers will impose a social, economical and spiritual retribution in the names of all friends, cousins, sisters, daughters, granddaughters, aunts, mothers and grandmothers who fell victim to the carefully crafted illusion of “cancer”. This retribution, the likes of which no fascist has ever seen, will be wrathfully administered the moment these angry moms realize that more women have died from a lie than a disease.</strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">regards,</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">Adrion T. Kelley</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></span><br />
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References<br />
Achkar and Fries, “Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23.2 (2010). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863365/" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC2863365/</a><br />
Baron, S. “Basic Biology of Fungi.” Medical Microbiology (1996). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21413296" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/21413296</a><br />
Brewer, A.K.. “The high pH therapy for cancer tests on mice and humans.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 21 (1984). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6522424" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm..../pubmed/6522424</a><br />
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Measuring the Incidence of Candida Bloodstream Infections and Tracking Antifungal Drug Resistance.” Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.cdc.gov/hai/eip/candida.html" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.cdc.gov/h...ip/candida.html</a><br />
Center for Science and Technology in Medicine. “Quantification of acetaldehyde released by lung cancer cells in vitro using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry: RCM 17.8 (2003) National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672140" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/12672140</a><br />
Day, Philip. Cancer: Why we’re still dying to know the truth. Credence Publications, 2000. Print.<br />
Department of Biology, “Chemical and physiological effects of Candida albicans toxin on tissues.” Cytobios 94 (1994). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8020249" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm..../pubmed/8020249</a><br />
Department of Epidemiology, “Candida infection and cancer risk: a Danish nationwide cohort study.” European Journal of Internal Medicine 24.5 (2013). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23522963" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/23522963</a><br />
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience. “Cannabinoid-associated cell death mechanisms in tumor models (review).” International Journal of Oncology 41.2 (2012). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614735" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/22614735</a><br />Department of Immunology. “The interplay between pathogen-associated and danger-associated molecular patterns: an inflammatory code in cancer?” Immunology and Cell Biology 91 (2013). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24100386" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/24100386</a><br />
Department of Microbiology. “Mechanism of Candida albicans transformation in response to changes of pH.” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29.5 (2006). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651720" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/16651720</a><br />
Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group. “Synthesis, antifungal and antitumor activity of novel (Z)-5-hetarylmethylidene-1,3-thiazol-4-ones and (z)-5-ethylidene-1,3-thiazol-4-ones.” Molecules 18.5 (2013) National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23669632" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/23669632</a><br />
National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute. NCI, 2013. Web.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.cancer.go.../what-is-cancer</a><br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.cancer.go...thprofessional/</a><br />
Noble and Johnson. “Strains and Strategies for Large-Scale Gene Deletion Studies of the Diploid Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans.” American Society for Microbiology (2004). American Society for Microbiology. Web. Mon. 1. Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://ec.asm.org/content/4/2/298.abstract" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://ec.asm.org/co.../2/298.abstract</a><br />
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Unit. “Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by Candida albicans from patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders.” Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 42.3 (2012). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. Mon. Nov. 1 2013. <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909057" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/22909057</a><br />
R&D Systems. “Pattern Recognition Receptors.” R&D Systems. R&D Systems, Inc., 2013. Web. Mon. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.rndsystems.com/Resources/Images/26231.pdf" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.rndsystem...mages/26231.pdf</a><br />
United States. Dept. of Commerce. Patent and Trademark Office. “United States Patent Hampson, et al.” United States Patent and Trademark Office. Dept. of Commerce, Oct. 2003. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6,630,507.PN.&OS=PN/6,630,507&RS=PN/6,630,507" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://patft.uspto.g...RS=PN/6,630,507</a></div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000--><strong><span style="font-size: 36px;">Simple fungus infection can cause cancer</span></strong><br />
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The numbers related to those who are diagnosed with cancer and who die from it are sickening, to the point that cancer is on the doorstep of knocking out heart disease as the number one killer in the United States. It is estimated approximately that 1 in 3 people will be diagnosed with some type of cancer, and recent data shows that cancer claims at least 576,691 people per year, or nearly 23% of ALL deaths.<br /><br />There are very few common threads among experts on what causes cancer, aside from obvious lifestyle choices like smoking and alcohol. However, to think cancer is largely caused by one thing is a bit too simplistic...or is it? Turns out, it may not be that complicated.<br /><br />
A simple fungal infection can cause cancer<br />
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According to The Home Medical Encyclopedia, in 1963 about 50% of all Americans suffered from an "unrecognized" systemic fungal infection. These infections can be brought on by many different factors that alter the optimal state of our intestinal ecology, most notably antibiotics, birth control pills, excessive processed sugar and grain consumption, heavy metal contamination, xenoestrogens, alcohol, smoking, and chronic stress. These factors, in combination with diets severely deficient in active enzymes and probiotics, have paved the way for the most prevalent fungal infection to take over, Candida albicans.<br /><br />But how does a fungal problem like Candida lead to an eventual cancer diagnosis?<br /><br />According to Dr. Robert Young:<br /><br />"Bacteria, yeast/fungi, and mold are not the cause of a cancerous condition but are the result and the evidence of cells and tissues biologically transforming from a healthy state into an unhealthy state." Dr. Young astutely observed that, "over-acidification of the body leads to the development of chronic yeast and fungal infections and ultimately a cancerous condition of the cells and tissues."<br /><br />Further backing this theory is the understanding that yeasts like Candida are anaerobes - which means they generate their energy in the absence of oxygen. Once in the blood stream, they can colonize in certain areas of the body and dramatically reduce oxygen levels. This results in local cells switching their energy system from oxygen based to one that doesn't use oxygen. This is the system used by cance cells, which do not use oxygen to generate their energy. Otto Warburg won a Nobel Prize in 1931 for informing the world of this property of cancer cells and that oxygen was their enemy!<br /><br />It has also been shown that beneficial bacteria in your intestine are known to direct up to 85 per cent of your immune response, to release anti-cancer vitamins (like biotin, B-12, folic acid, and vitamin K) from your foods and even to produce a compound (sodium butyrate), which causes cancer cells to self-destruct. Beneficial bacteria don't work well if the acidity of the gut increases, and they will be severely impaired in their anti-cancer function if you have a systemic Candida infection.<br /><br />The Mayo clinic has also confirmed that cancer is a fungus, can be caused by a fungus, or is accompanied by late stage fungal infections. Johns Hopkins found that the drug itraconazole, commonly used to treat toenail fungus, can also block angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels commonly seen in cancers which allow metastases (spreading of cancer throughout the body) to occur.<br /><br />Knowing these truths, is it any surprise that cancer is so rampant? How many people do you know that have:<br />
<ul>
<li>Taken antibiotics (or any other prescription medication)</li>
<li>Used birth control pills</li>
<li>Eaten non-organic foods, high in sugars, grains (especially gluten) and starches (like potatoes)</li>
<li>Have metal dental fillings and have been vaccinated (exposed to mercury)</li>
<li>Consumed foods and beverages out of plastic containers</li>
<li>Drank beer, wine, or hard alcohol regularly</li>
<li>Consumed caffeine on a daily basis</li>
<li>Smoked cigarettes</li>
<li>Live with chronic underlying stress</li>
</ul>
Any ONE of these things can facilitate Candida overgrowth, and in many cases people are dealing with at least 2 or 3 of these from their history. It's important to note that a systemic Candida infection is not a quick fix, so recent changes in your lifestyle are not likely to have completely reversed the problem. It can take years of a lifestyle change that completely avoids the factors listed above (and more) and a diet rich in enzyme and probiotic rich foods to completely eliminate Candida.<br /><br />If you want to avoid the runaway train that is cancer, there is not doubt that you need to at least avoid a Candida overgrowth.<br /><br />
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New Biologically Active Compounds From Cannabis<br />
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<span>By <span> Yun Xie</span></span></div>
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<span><span rel="lightbox"><img alt="cannabinoid.jpg" class="bbc_img" height="140" src="http://cannabisculture.com/files/images/cannabinoid.jpg" title="" width="250" /></span></span><br />
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Humans have been using cannabis for thousands of years for medical treatments, spiritual purposes, textile manufacturing, and other reasons. In recent history, chemists have isolated many cannabinoids, the metabolites in cannabis sativa, and have described some of their biological activities. For example, some cannabinoids have potent effects on multidrug resistant bacteria and others are effective against pain. The structures of known cannabinoids also inspire chemists to create synthetic chemicals to mimic certain aspects of their function, like pain reduction, while providing a powerful medical effect and avoiding negative side effects.<br />
Although a lot of work that has been done on cannabis, scientists have not identified every cannabinoid, so many research groups are continuing to identify and categorize the chemicals in cannabis. Samir Ross from the University of Mississippi led one such group in the discovery of nine new cannabinoids, and they published the structures and biological activities of these chemicals in an advanced article in the <em>Journal of Natural Products</em>.<br />
The researchers grew plants from high-potency Mexican C. sativa seeds and harvested the whole buds of mature female plants. They performed chemical extraction and purification procedures on the plant material to isolate the nine cannabinoids. They then determined the molecular structures of these new chemicals using a variety of techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR, UV, and HRESIMS (high resolution electron spray ionization mass spectra).<br />
After figuring out the chemical structures, it was crucial to know how useful these molecules might be in terms of medicinal properties. The first good news was that none of the cannabinoids were toxic to cells extracted from African green monkey kidneys, which meant that they have potential as drugs. Upon closer inspection, several of the compounds had respectable biological activities, as well.<br />
Compound 5 had potent antileishmanial activity, which makes it a possible candidate against leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease that is spread by the bite of the sandfly. Compound 8 was effective at killing Staphylococcus aureus, a frequent cause of staph infections, and <strong>compound 7 had good activity against Candida albicans, a highly pathogenic fungus that causes cancer and a huge list of other diseases.</strong><br />
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The other cannabinoids weren’t as biologically active, but they all had some drug potential. For insistence, compounds 2 and 6 were mildly affective against MRSA, and compound 1 had some antimalarial activity.<br />
The identification of these biologically relevant cannabinoids will give natural product chemists new ideas for future drugs. Even the less active ones can turn out to be useful, as chemists can make modifications of the structures that are more potent.<br />
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-02-05T20:25:01+00:00">05 February 2016 - 08:25 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000--> <strong>Foods To Avoid – Candida Diet Food List</strong><br />
The food items listed below are the most common food avoidances for the general Candida Diet.<br />
<ol>
<li>Sweeteners – in all forms (white and brown sugar, honey, maple syrup, barley malt, stevia, dextrose, sucrose, fructose, corn syrup, rice syrup Sweet ‘n’ Low, etc.)</li>
<li>Fruit (due to high natural sugar content) – includes whole and dried fruit, fruit juices and concentrates.</li>
<li>Yeast – in any form.</li>
<li>Vinegar and Vinegar Products (mayonnaise, mustard, salsa, dressings, etc.).</li>
<li>All Dairy – including milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, powdered milk, milk solids, milk protein, butter, lactic acid, lactose, casein, etc. (Eggs are not dairy).</li>
<li>Alcohol – in any form (including extracts and wine).</li>
<li>Fermented Products – such as miso, soy sauce, tempeh, sauerkraut and pickles.</li>
<li>Breads, crackers, tortillas, pastries</li>
<li>Hydrogenated or Partially Hydrogenated Oils – including margarine and shortening.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<strong>Foods To Eat – Candida Diet Food List</strong><br />
There is a great variety of healthy, yeast free foods that do meet the Candida Diet criteria and these are listed below:<br />
<ol>
<li>*Vegetables – especially dark green leafy ones.</li>
<li>Hormone Free Meat (whenever possible).</li>
<li>Seeds and Nuts – including nut butters like sun butter or almond butter. (Excludes peanuts and pistachios).</li>
<li>*Whole Grains – like brown rice, barley, millet, and buckwheat.</li>
<li>Eggs.</li>
<li>Herbs – garlic (acts as an anti-fungal agent), basil, thyme, oregano, parsley, etc.</li>
<li>Olive Oil (Light olive oil is recommended because it is better for use at high cooking temperatures).</li>
<li>Almond Milk – unsweetened.</li>
<li>Mushrooms (many mushrooms are candida fighters)</li>
</ol>
<br />
* Starchy vegetables such as potatoes, corn, beans, etc. should be used in moderation (3-4 times per week) as part of a balanced diet. These items contain many essential vitamins and nutrients that the body needs and should not be excluded completely unless there is a particular sensitivity or if the Candida infection is particularly severe.<br />
* Grains including wheat will need to be avoided if you have a gluten sensitivity.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 24px;">Other natural ways to keep Candida Albicans in check:</span><br />
<br />
<div>
<strong>#1: Garlic</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Garlic is one food that has powerful anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties and some scientific studies have found it to be at least as effective as the popular anti-fungal drug, Nystatin, in destroying candida albicans.<br />
One important difference between taking drugs such as antibiotics and anti-fungals, and taking garlic, is that bacteria and fungi are not likely to develop a resistance to garlic. This is because garlic contains many different substances with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, including allicin, alliin, alliinase and S-allylcysteine.<br />
<br />
To get the most of garlic's ability to destroy bacteria and fungi like the candida yeast, it is best to take garlic raw.<br />
But raw garlic is extremely pungent. So you might want to chop it up finely and eat with your food, or swallow it with water.<br />
Some Chinese restaurants serve chopped raw garlic to be mixed with soy sauce as a dipping sauce. A Chinese noodle dish called <em>lor mee</em> – a traditional food of the Fujian, Pu Tien, Hing Hwa and other dialect groups – is also typically served with a dollop of minced, raw garlic.<br />
Another way to eat raw garlic is to eat them pickled. Just soak peeled garlic cloves in a good, natural soy sauce such as organic quality shoyu or tamari. Leave them soaked for a few weeks to a few months, they won't spoil. While pickles are generally discouraged in an anti-candida diet, good quality pickles made with soy sauce are okay.<br />
Altrnatively, garlic oil capsules or kyolic (pickled garlic) capsules might also be helpful.</div>
<div>
<br />
<strong>#2: Oregano oil</strong><br />
The oil of <em>Oregano Vulgare, </em>a species of the oregano herb that is commonly used in Italian and Greek cooking, is also known to have powerful anti-fungal properties.<br />
Interestingly, Oregano is used in the Philippines primarily as a herbal medicine – for various common illnesses like coughs and the flu – rather than a herb for cooking.<br />
Oregano oil is normally sold as a pure oil. It is very potent. So all you need is a few drops mixed into a glass of water. Taking too much of oregano oil might cause irritation to the mucous membranes.<br />
<div>
<br /><div style="text-align: right;">
<br />
</div>
<strong>#3: Super green foods</strong> Green algae such as chlorella and spirulina – sometimes called 'Super Green foods' – are very rich in nutrition and have strong detoxification capabilities. And detoxifying the colon is an important step in the fight against candida infection because the candida yeast thrives in a toxic environment.<br />
These green foods also have a very strong alkalinizing effect on the body, which is also crucial because candida albicans thrive in an acidic environment.<br />
Vegetables as well as foods rich in minerals – like seaweeds and salt pickled foods – all have strong alkalinizing effects. Of these, chlorella and spirulina are among the most alkalinizing. Be careful, though, to buy only the best quality green algae, as some tend to be moldy.<br />
<br />
<div>
<strong>#4: Edible clay</strong><br />
The idea of eating ash or clay might seem strange to many people, but this has actually been a traditional practice of many primitive societies.<br />
Dr Weston Price, who studied the diets and health of many primitive societies during the early 20th century, found that many primitive people would eat food that has been dipped in water dissolved with clay – in order to prevent upset stomachs from food poisoning.<br />
Two types of clay are today commonly sold for consumption as health supplements – bentonite and montmorillonite. These have been variously called "living clay", "healing clay" or just "edible clay".<br />
Clay is highly absorptive. It readily absorbs toxins, heavy metals, bacteria, virus and fungi. But because clay itself is not absorbed by the body, whatever it absorbs is passed out in the stools.<br />
<br />
<strong>#5: Psyllium husk</strong><br />
<div>
<div>
<div>
Similar in effect to clay is psyllium husk, which was discussed briefly in the article about <strong>caprylic acid as one of the natural cures for candida</strong>.<br />
<div>
Psyllium is a seed grown commercially in India, where it is also called isabgol. The husk is very high in fibre and widely used as a bulk forming laxative. When psyllium absorbs water, it expands greatly and forms a gel. People who take psyllium often report passing out very large, well-formed stools.<br />
Psyllium or isabgol is thus very effective as a colon cleanser. And cleaning the colon is one of the most effective ways to fight candida infection. Like clay, psyllium husk or isabgol absorbs toxins, bacteria, fungi and other harmful substances – and passes them out through the stools.<br />
</div>
</div>
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</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<strong>#6: Colloidal Silver and Ionic Silver</strong></div>
</div>
</div>
Colloidal silver is silver particles suspended (not dissolved) in water. Before the development of antibiotic drugs, colloidal silver was widely used to treat infections, as colloidal silver is said to be effective against up to 650 types of bacteria and other harmful micro-organisms – including candida albicans.<br />
Silver is said to work by denaturing the enzyme involved with supplying oxygen to these micro-organisms. And colloidal silver is gaining popularity as an alternative to antibiotics, partly because many organisms are nowadays resistant to even powerful antibiotics, whereas there is little chance of them developing resistance to silver.<br />
Silver is used in Indian cuisine, where various candies and sweets are often coated with a thin layer of silver foil. So eating - or drinking - silver is again not as strange as it might seem to some people. Ionic silver generators are easy to make using pure silver coins or silver wire, a 6V DC transformer, mason jar, pure water and air bubbler<br />
<br />
There are, of course, many other natural cures for candida, as mentioned before, no single cure will work for all people all the time. But if you adopt a multi-pronged approached, changing your diet as well as taking a few of the many natural cures for candida, you have good chances of fighting candida infection successfully.</div>
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-05-01T23:32:34+00:00">01 May 2016 - 11:32 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000-->Identifying Possible Candida Symptoms for Men & Women<br />
<br />
The term “Candida” is often associated with vaginal yeast infections (also called vaginal Thrush) complete with vaginal itching, odor and sometimes discharge. But Candida overgrowth is common to all bodies, male or female, young and old, and causes many other symptoms, too.<br />
We all have a balance of yeast in our bodies. That’s a good thing. It’s when our yeast overgrows in the gut and overwhelms our beneficial bacteria that it becomes Candida – and a real problem.<br />
<br />
Identifying Possible Candida Symptoms<br />
<br />
Do you see yourself here?<br />
<ul>
<li>Fatigue</li>
<li>Brain “fog” -hard to focus or think straight.</li>
<li>Oral Thrush (a white film on tongue or in the mouth)</li>
<li>Bad breath, foul taste in mouth</li>
<li>Abdominal pain</li>
<li>Bloating and indigestion</li>
<li>Increasing allergies to foods (gluten or celiac problems can be a direct result of Candida overgrowth)</li>
<li>Constant craving for something sweet!</li>
<li>Joint pain with arthritis-like symptoms</li>
<li>Chronic sinus drainage -which antibiotics don’t help!</li>
<li>Weight gain (or loss) and the inability to change it.</li>
<li>Fungus on the toe-nails</li>
<li>Itching, red eyes</li>
<li>Ear drainage</li>
<li>Candida Skin rashes on the body (eczema, atopic dermatitis)</li>
<li>Candida Rash around the groin or in the folds of skin</li>
<li>Anal, penile or vaginal itching</li>
<li>Hair loss</li>
<li>Vision problems</li>
<li>Depression</li>
</ul>
<br />
A Candida yeast infection can be caused by a weakened immune system from prolonged illness or high stress.<br />
Sexual Transmission from someone with a yeast infection if your body is weakened and “ripe” to catch it.<br />
<br />
Antibiotics that kill the beneficial bacteria in the gut. (This beneficial bacteria is what keeps the natural yeast in our bodies from growing wild!)<br />
<br />
Lifestyle: lots of sugars and carbs.<br />
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-05-02T00:10:23+00:00">02 May 2016 - 12:10 AM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000-->Candida Fungal Infections Are Linked To Cancer<br />
<br />
A vast amount of people suffer from a Candida fungal infection.<br />
<br />
But the problem is that the symptoms are so wide-ranging that most people aren’t even aware that they have it.<br />
Unknowingly, you could be carrying around this silent invader, which could be causing many of the health issues you might be experiencing.<br />
And while finding out that you have a candida fungal infection may not sound like a big deal, it’s not a diagnosis that you should take lightly.<br />
In fact, studies have link this seemingly innocent health issue to many serious health issues, including cancer.<br />
Candida fungal infections are much more than what many consider as a yeast infection, commonly regarded as a “woman’s issue”.<br />
So much so that doctors are starting to call this a “Silent Epidemic.”<br />
Now, I know what you are thinking…<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #535a5a;">“What are the symptoms of a Candida infection?”.</span><br />
Candida fungal infection actually causes so many symptoms, it will make your head spin!<br />
One thing that really surprises people about Candida is how many lives it affects (even without the cancer link).<br />
It does this by robbing us of our energy and joy of life.<br />
In fact, many aches and pains you regularly suffer from are caused by Candida, and will disappear when you cleanse yourself of this invasive fungus.<br />
My own personal estimation is that at least 78% of the population suffers from a Candida fungus infection.<br />
I have met many folks over the years who have overcome debilitating depression and fatigue by cleansing themselves of the Candida that had grown out of control inside of them.<br />
The sad things is that you may be one of so many people affected by this, and don’t even know it.<br />
The first step is to be able to recognize the symptoms of a Systemic Candida Fungal infection.<br />
I know when you read the following you may be skeptical and say ‘oh, but these symptoms can be caused by many different things’.<br />
And yes, you would be right.<br />
A quick search on medical website or wiki for will show <em>over 100 different symptoms</em> that can be expressed in someone with candida.<br />
They will not have all the symptoms, as the symptoms change dramatically depending on where the fungal colony has settled in the body.<br />
For example, expression of depression and psychological symptoms are generally related to the fungus being located in the brain.<br />
The initial stages of a Candida infection will very often involve the gut, mouth and urinary tract.<br />
Most common symptoms that indicate a Candida infection are:<br />
<ul>
<li>Thrush</li>
<li>Sore throat</li>
<li>Bloating</li>
<li>Gas</li>
<li>Constipation</li>
<li>Diarrhea</li>
<li>Earache</li>
</ul>
Another common symptom reported by many sufferers is discoloration of the skin and uneven skin tone.<br />
However, once the infection has reached the bloodstream, it can travel all around the body to other vital systems.<br />
These include the brain, the reproductive system, the nervous system, and more.<br />
As the infection becomes more widespread the symptoms become more varied and include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Sugar and alcohol cravings, as well as cravings for carbohydrate rich foods (such as bread, pasta, rice, etc.)</li>
<li>Migraines</li>
<li>Anxiety</li>
<li>Depression</li>
<li>Fatigue</li>
<li>Vaginitis</li>
<li>Foggy thinking</li>
<li>Itching</li>
<li>Acne</li>
<li>Hyperactivity</li>
<li>Sinus inflammation</li>
<li>Irritability</li>
<li>Dizziness</li>
<li>Low sex drive</li>
<li>Earache</li>
<li>Skin infections (such as athlete’s foot)</li>
<li>Chronic pain</li>
<li>Muscle weakness</li>
</ul>
The medical profession is now much more aware of the problems Candida causes.<br />
Doctors will urge you to take action quickly if you have a Candida infection to prevent serious complications, because it has the potential to harm the delicate systems of your body and create long-term damage.<br />
So now you know exactly what is as stake if Candida is allowed to run free in your body like a bull in a china shop.<br />
Thankfully, the solution is simple.... pure decarboxylated marijuana oil also known as RSO (Rick Simpson Oil)<br />
<br />
But the key is to avoid delay, as some of the damage caused by Candida can become permanent.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
PLEASE, watch the Run from the Cure documentary today! <a class="bbc_url" href="http://forum.flyingskunkranch.com/index.php?/topic/108-run-from-the-cure-documentary-rick-simpson-marijuana-oil/" title="">http://forum.flyings...-marijuana-oil/</a><br />
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-05-12T16:23:57+00:00">12 May 2016 - 04:23 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000--><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Can Candida Cause Cancer?</span><br />
<strong>By Chris Woollams</strong><br />
Most people simply would not think that one of the first steps in a cancer prevention programme might be to cut out excess yeasts or candida infections. Certainly few oncology doctors would tell a newly diagnosed cancer patient to go on an anti-yeast, anti-candida diet. Moreover, they will probably give you antibiotics, steroids and other drugs that will only make your yeast infections worse!<br />
However, there is a growing body of evidence that yeast infections, and particularly candida, are involved in a number of cancers. They are definitely an acknowledged problem in certain cancer treatments, for example in Multiple Myeloma and Leukaemia, a by-product of the heavy drug routine and the lack of a strong immune system.<br />
But could yeasts and candida actually lie behind many cancers, far more than Doctors would expect? Could they even be the cause of a cancer? Or a factor that could drive the disease as it progresses?<br />
Try this for size: <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> Cancer patients undergoing radio or chemotherapy did not finally succumb to the cancer itself, but to an infestation of </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">candida albicans</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">. </span>That was taken from Contemporary Oncology Magazine 1993 in the USA.<br />
This is one article about the possibility that common yeasts, which can show as symptoms like thrush, cystitis, yellow toe nails and/or bloating after meals, can develop in the body to become serious <span style="font-style: italic;">candida albicans</span> infections. These thrive in a low oxygen environment (as do cancers) and produce toxic by-products that can both feed and stimulate cancers. The article, about the work of Gerald Green, will even give you a simple anti-candida diet. (Readers might also look at a further<br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Candida, yeast infection and cancer</span><br />
I have a wonderful job. I meet so many interesting people, so many experts all on the same mission - helping people beat cancer. One minute its Charlotte Gerson, then Dr Contreras. I may get a complex soon though; none of Britains top orthodox doctors ever seem to ring me up to tell me of their latest work, which is very sad because <strong>icon</strong> now goes out to over 450,000 readers every issue in over 500 hospitals, oncology units,complementary centres and health centres in UK libraries.<br />
<div>
<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="quote_open.gif" class="bbc_img" height="25" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/quote_open.gif" width="32" /></span>It is estimated that 70 per cent of the British population <br /> have a yeast infection<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="quote_close.gif" class="bbc_img" height="25" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/quote_close.gif" width="32" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="Gerald%20photo.JPG" class="bbc_img" height="165" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/MYPICS/Gerald%20photo.JPG" width="147" /></span><br />
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One gentleman, with whom I have been corresponding, is Gerald Green, a medical herbalist and immunologist in Bexhill, Sussex. His grandfather (Professor Fritz Hber 1868-1934) won a Nobel Prize and was one of Germanys finest scientists. Energy and investigative endurance clearly run in the family. Gerald has devoted a large part of his life to studying candida.<br />
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It is estimated that 70 per cent of the British population have a yeast infection. The primary cause of this is our love of antibiotics. Swollen glands? Take antibiotics. Tonsillitis? Take antibiotics. Are you allergic to antibiotics? If the answer is no, thats fine. Antibiotics have no side effects. Who says?<br />
So would you be surprised if I told you that The Journal of the American Medical Association (Feb 18th 2004; 291; 827-35) has reported a study on 10,000 women in which women who took over 500 days of antibiotics in a 17 year period (dubbed 25 plus doses) had twice the risk of breast cancer as those that took none at all. Even women taking just ONE DOSE had a statistical risk increase to 1.5 times. This followed worrysome findings in Finland in 2000.<br />
Friendly Bacteria<br />
Apart from a minor problem that they may well be toxic to brain cells (Drs Goldman & Klatz - US), antibiotics kill many strains of bacteria in the body, including the ones you need; the friendly ones in the gut.<br />
Friendly bacteria? Youve probably heard of acidophilus, or bifidobacteria? Your gut actually contains about 800 different strains, 400 of which have been identified. Roughly 12 come up time and time again in research and, for example, <br />
1 They are known drivers of 85 per cent of your immune system - they act by stimulating it to produce antibodies<br />
2 They help you cut up your foods and release important (and anti-cancer) vitamins like biotin, folic acid, B-12 and vitamin K.<br />
3 They help you eliminate carcinogenic hormones and chemicals like oestrogen, nitrosamines, cadmium and mercury<br />
4 They even produce an anti-cancer chemical from your foods<br />
5 Their favourite foods are whole foods and whole grains - and candida albicans and microbes<br />
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<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="quote_open.gif" class="bbc_img" height="25" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/quote_open.gif" width="32" /></span>Antibiotics kill most of the bacteria in the body,<br /> including the ones you need<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="quote_close.gif" class="bbc_img" height="25" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/quote_close.gif" width="32" /></span></div>
At night they can digest roughly 2.2 kilograms of yeasts and microbes for you. They are your first line of defence.<br />
They have inhabited our bodies for thousands of years. They help us, and in return we give them a nice cosy place to live.<br />
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Except we dont anymore. We have broken our lifetime deal with them. We no longer feed them their favourite fibre-full, whole foods. And we eat too much salt, drink alcohol and chlorinated water that changes our stomachs acidity and harms them and reduces their action. Worse we eat food with antibiotics in it and take drugs, both of which can kill them.<br />
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We live our lives with acid bodies caused by poor diet and stress, and this will stop them working to their full efficiency. These friendly bacteria thrive in alkaline bodies.<br />
And to make matters worse we feed their enemies - yeasts and candida love sugar and dairy!<br />
Stress and poor diet can eliminate most in just a few days, so you are wise anyway to take a daily multi-strain probiotic.<br />
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Diet<br />
It is easy to see how yeasts have taken a hold in the Western world. The US and UK diets are simply weak in the foods that keep yeasts under control. My Thai wife used to live in a country with a trillion such microbes lounging on every street corner, but in a Thai diet rich in coconut (caprylic acid), garlic, chillies and bee propolis, foods are natural controllers of yeasts. Once we ate raw honey, but now our diets merely help to propagate them. High sugar drinks, snacks, fast food, alcohol, refined wheat, indeed any high glycaemic food, feed the yeasts. And we live in high glycaemic land in the West.<br />
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Yeasts Are Parasites<br />
<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="parasite.jpg" class="bbc_img" height="132" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/MYPICS/parasite.jpg" width="170" /></span><br />
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Over the last 80 years several people have had theories about parasites and their cause of cancer. By and large they have been ridiculed. But why? Dr Hulda Clarke wrote a book The cure for all cancers in which she stated her belief that all cancers had parasites at their root cause. And that the growth of modern chemicals in our blood streams meant these parasites could avoid the need for a second host. Another who had a parasite theory was Dr Royal Rife back in the 1930s. He identified 40 or so viruses or factors at the heart of different cancer cells and even used some to infect healthy cells. Both these Doctors developed frequency devises to kill these infections and leave the surrounding body cells intact. This is not madness as some would have it; the Russians are perfecting exactly the same sort of zappers.<br />
In the 1970s several research centres looked for viruses as the cause of cancer but their equipment and technology was too limited. But now there is greatly renewed interest. A bacterium, <span style="font-style: italic;">Helicobacter pylori</span>, has been found to cause stomach ulcers and since 2001 it has been seen as the cause of stomach cancers. Humanpapilloma virus (HPV) is known to cause cervical cancer. And in June 2006 Cancer Watch at long last researchers have found what we have been saying for years - infections of microbes in the intestines cause colon cancer. (They deplete folate and B-12 levels, cause inflammation etc etc). But viruses, microbes and bacteria are simply parasites by another name, and even Cancer Research UK now believes that 15 per cent of all cancers may have infection as a cause. I think - as a general debilitating and contributory factor - this is way too low, but its good to see it on the radar screens.<br />
Of course, if viruses were at the root of cancers there would be a real need to develop lots and lots of vaccines for us all to take - but that is another story.<br />
So why ignore yeasts?? Maybe because antibiotics are the big blame factor that no one dare own up to??<br />
Yeasts Cause Other Illnesses<br />
Diabetes is a well studied disease. Arthritis is probably less clear. But recently research in the USA showed that taking cinnamon could - in some people - significantly reduce the symptoms of both diseases. Why? Well one theory - although not proposed by the researchers in either case, is that yeast infections eventually move across the gut lining and into the blood system. Every cell has large numbers of receptor sites on the cell wall which it needs to function properly. In non-diabetics, insulin alights on some receptors, for example, to take glucose out of the blood and into the cells.<br />
But what if the receptors are blocked with yeasts? In the past 5 years two Nobel prizes were won by people showing how these receptor sites could become blocked and thus cells could not communicate very well. One reason for this blocking was that carbohydrate could make them sticky and what stuck to them? Yeasts.<br />
Now, theres many a nutritionist that knows what these scientists dont know. Namely that cinnamon will help kill yeasts in the blood stream. So now you can see why some people may well benefit. The receptor sites for insulin become unblocked. And although taking cinnamon is officially credited with glucose control in the blood stream, you can see that the research results that cinnamon benefited 25 per cent of diabetics may have had nothing to do with sugar directly, but by unblocking receptor sites the insulin could suddenly work again and thus, indirectly, blood sugar was lowered.<br />
(You may also want to know that the Nobel Prize winners suggested that polysaccharides and glycoproteins could also help clean up cell membranes. Think medicinal mushrooms, aloe vera, brown rice, apples, onions, garlic - but this can be found elsewhere on the site)<br />
A Cause of Cancer?<br />
I like Gerald Green. Of course, Im biased. I always like people who share my views We seem to have two views in common.<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Candida is a part of the cause of most, if not all cancers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Doctors rarely, if ever, stop to think about candida, or parasite infection. And as a result their medicines only treat part of the cancer equation. In other walks of life it would be called: "Neglect". There, Ive said it.</strong></li>
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I recently went to a cancer clinic in the USA, and to the Dove Clinic in the UK. At both I talked to the nurses.<br />
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<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="quote_open.gif" class="bbc_img" height="25" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/quote_open.gif" width="32" /></span>Every Cancer patient they see, man or woman, has bad candida<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="quote_close.gif" class="bbc_img" height="25" src="http://www.canceractive.com/images/quote_close.gif" width="32" /></span></div>
They were unanimous. <strong>Every cancer patient they see, man or woman, has bad candida.</strong> Whether it is breast cancer or prostate cancer. (It is most definitely true for my daughter with her brain tumour too).<br />
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The problem is that these yeasts get everywhere. Whilst they might start off in your gut, they soon pass into the blood stream and then, like Alien, they are loose in the mother ship. And they make an alcohol as a by-product of their very existence, and this alcohol feeds cancer cells. Moreover Yeasts are anaerobes - they dont use oxygen to metabolise and survive. If they move round your body and colonise an area of your breast or prostate they set up anaerobic conditions. And cancer thrives in situations where oxygen levels are lowered.<br />
Cancer Treatments Make Matters Worse!<br />
To repeat: "cancer treatments make matters worse!" Steroids and chemotherapy, for example, both heighten the effect of the yeasts, worsening the cancer cell feeding. Its like throwing babies to the sharks.<br />
But dont take my word for it, as I started the article above, try this comment from the prestigious US magazine Contemporary Oncology as long ago as April 1993: Cancer patients undergoing radio or chemotherapy did not finally succumb to the cancer itself, but to an infestation of <em>candida albicans</em>.<br />
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Take Action<br />
So back to the expert Mr Green. (And he is an expert. I have seen the letters he receives from hospitals and microbiology units saying he knows more than they do). He believes even terminal cancer patients can be saved if the root cause is candida.<br />
He believes sufferers must immediately<br />
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<strong>ELIMINATE THE FOLLOWING FROM THEIR DIET:</strong><br />
<strong>All cows milk products:</strong><br />cheese, yoghurt, whey. And all cows milk derivatives which are everywhere in processed food.<br />
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<strong>Yeast products:</strong><br />alcohol, bread, Marmite, Oxo, Bovril, vinegars, processed and smoked fish and meats.<br />
<strong>All sugar products:</strong><br />honey, fructose, lactose, glucose, dextrose and sweeteners like Nutrisweet and Canderel.<br />
<strong>Nearly all fruit:</strong><br />overripe fruits are full of sugar and yeasts. Plus vegetables like courgettes, pumpkin, squash, marrow.<br />
<strong>High sugar root vegetables:</strong><br />carrots, parsnips, sweet potatoes, beetroots, (maximum 1 potato per day).<br />
Personally, I would add all high glycaemic foods to this list, e.g. refined wheat, rice, pasta, fizzy soft drinks, fruit juices and squash, biscuits, pastries, pies and corn. Gerald mentions most of these too in his diet and he suggests you avoid all pulses, processed meats, high salt foods and hydrogenated vegetable oils too.<br />
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Below you will find his list of <strong>Good Food Choices.</strong><br />
His sweetener of choice is Stevia, a herb 100 times sweeter than sugar but a natural anti-fungal agent.<br />
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He recommends <span style="font-weight: bold;">astragalus</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">echinacea</span> pIus 1 gm vitamin C daily to boost the immune system. (Gerald does a lot of work with cancer patients, MS, Crohns and Lupus sufferers too).<br />
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Good Food Choices<br />
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<strong>EAT PLENTY OF THE FOLLOWING FOODS:</strong><br />
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Alfalfa sprouts<br />Bean sprouts<br />Bell peppers (sweet peppers)<br />Bok choy<br />Broccoli<br />Brussel sprouts<br />Cabbage<br />Cauliflower<br />Celery<br />Cucumber<br />Endive<br />Fennel<br />Garlic<br />Green beans<br />Hot chilli peppers<br />Kale<br />Lettuce<br />Onions<br />Parsley<br />Radishes<br />Spring onions<br />Spinach<br />Swiss chard<br />Turnips<br />Yellow beans<br />
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<strong>FATS (in moderation):</strong><br />
Granose sunflower margarine<br />Tomor kosher margarine (both these margarines should be available at your local health food shop)<br />Avocado oil<br />Fish oil<br />Flaxseed oil<br />Grapeseed oil<br />Hemp oil<br />Mayonnaise<br />Monounsaturated fats<br />Olive oil<br />Primrose oil<br />
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<strong>FLUIDS</strong><br />Try to drink eight glasses of water each day.<br />
Herbal teas are acceptable<br />
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<strong>PROTEINS</strong><br />Free range eggs<br />Fresh fish and seafood<br />Pork, lamb, veal<br />Poultry: chicken, turkey (particularly skinless white meat)<br />Game<br />Tofu<br />Quorn<br />5oy milk/cheeses (in moderation)<br />Rice milk<br />Sheeps milk/cheeses (dilute sheeps milk 50/50 with water and it will taste the same as cows milk)<br />Goats milk/cheeses<br />
Culinary herbs and spices<br />
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Personally, I would add that garlic, caprylic acid, oregano and Pau DArco are all excellent yeast raiders and can be found in proprietary High Street brands from stores like Holland and Barratt.<br />
However, the natural compound <span style="font-style: italic;">par excellence</span> that helped me personally when all the experts in Harley Street had failed was <span style="font-weight: bold;">Neways Parafree</span>, a purge that contains all natural ingredients and the things parasites hate.<br />
Gerald Greens favourite natural destroyer is <span style="font-weight: bold;">Wormwood</span>, and again I agree and add it to my Parafree course. Wormwood is a natural herb and is now fast replacing poorer performing anti-Malarial Drugs in the world. It is very effiecient.<br />
Finally I believe people should not confine themselves to just one strain of probiotic - there are several available that offer 6 or 7 strains. (<span style="font-weight: bold;">Neways Advanced Probiotic </span>is my favourite).<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chlorella</span> is a supplement that seems to enhance the action of probiotics and the natural flora in the gut. And I believe fish oils can help too<br />
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How Cannabis Oil Works to Kill Cancer Cells</div>
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<span><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.cureyourowncancer.org/uploads/1/1/6/9/11695594/7014509_orig.jpg?181" rel="nofollow external" title="External link"><img alt="7014509.jpg?181" class="bbc_img" src="http://www.cureyourowncancer.org/uploads/1/1/6/9/11695594/7014509.jpg?181" /></a></span><br />
<span><span style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center;">Bio-chemist Dennis Hill</span></span><br />
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By: Dennis Hill<br /><br />First let’s look at what keeps cancer cells alive, then we will come back and examine how the cannabinoids CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) unravels cancer’s aliveness.<br /><br />In every cell there is a family of interconvertible sphingolipids that specifically manage the life and death of that cell. This profile of factors is called the “Sphingolipid Rheostat.” If endogenous ceramide(a signaling metabolite of sphingosine-1-phosphate) is high, then cell death (apoptosis) is imminent. If ceramide is low, the cell is strong in its vitality.<br /><br />Very simply, when THC connects to the CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptor site on the cancer cell, it causes an increase in ceramide synthesis which drives cell death. A normal healthy cell does not produce ceramide in the presence of THC, thus is not affected by the cannabinoid.<br /><br />The cancer cell dies, not because of cytotoxic chemicals, but because of a tiny little shift in the mitochondria. Within most cells there is a cell nucleus, numerous mitochondria (hundreds to thousands), and various other organelles in the cytoplasm. The purpose of the mitochondria is to produce energy (ATP) for cell use. As ceramide starts to accumulate, turning up the Sphingolipid Rheostat, it increases the mitochondrial membrane pore permeability to cytochrome c, a critical protein in energy synthesis. Cytochrome c is pushed out of the mitochondria, killing the source of energy for the cell. </div>
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Ceramide also causes genotoxic stress in the cancer cell nucleus generating a protein called p53, whose job it is to disrupt calcium metabolism in the mitochondria. If this weren’t enough, ceramide disrupts the cellular lysosome, the cell’s digestive system that provides nutrients for all cell functions. Ceramide, and other sphingolipids, actively inhibit pro-survival pathways in the cell leaving no possibility at all of cancer cell survival.<br /><br />The key to this process is the accumulation of ceramide in the system. This means taking therapeutic amounts of CBD and THC, steadily, over a period of time, keeping metabolic pressure on this cancer cell death pathway.<br /><br />How did this pathway come to be? Why is it that the body can take a simple plant enzyme and use it for profound healing in many different physiological systems? This endocannabinoid system exists in all animal life, just waiting for its matched exocannabinoid activator. This is interesting. Our own endocannabinoid system covers all cells and nerves; it is the messenger of information flowing between our immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). It is responsible for neuroprotection, and micro-manages the immune system. This is the primary control system that maintains homeostasis; our well being.<br /><br />Just out of curiosity, how does the work get done at the cellular level, and where does the body make the endocannabinoids? Here we see that endocannabinoids have their origin in nerve cells right at the synapse. When the body is compromised through illness or injury it calls insistently to the endocannabinoid system and directs the immune system to bring healing. If these homeostatic systems are weakened, it should be no surprise that exocannabinoids are therapeutic. It helps the body in the most natural way possible.</div>
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<br />To see how this works we visualize the cannabinoid as a three dimensional molecule, where one part of the molecule is configured to fit the nerve or immune cell receptor site just like a key in a lock. There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptor sites, CB1 (CNS) and CB2 (immune). In general CB1 activates the CNS messaging system, and CB2 activates the immune system, but it’s much more complex than this. Both THC and anandamide activate both receptor sites. Other cannabinoids activate one or the other receptor sites. Among the strains of Cannabis, C. sativa tends toward the CB1 receptor, and C. indica tends toward CB2. So sativa is more neuroactive, and indica is more immunoactive. Another factor here is that sativa is dominated by THC cannabinoids, and indica is predominately CBD (cannabidiol).<br /><br />It is known that THC and CBD are biomimetic to anandamide, that is, the body can use both interchangeably. Thus, when stress, injury, or illness demand more from endogenous anandamide than can be produced by the body, its mimetic exocannabinoids are activated. If the stress is transitory, then the treatment can be transitory. If the demand is sustained, such as in cancer, then treatment needs to provide sustained pressure of the modulating agent on the homeostatic systems.<br /><br />Typically CBD gravitates to the densely packed CB2 receptors in the spleen, home to the body’s immune system. From there, immune cells seek out and destroy cancer cells. Interestingly, it has been shown that THC and CBD cannabinoids have the ability to kill cancer cells directly without going through immune intermediaries. THC and CBD hijack the lipoxygenase pathway to directly inhibit tumor growth. As a side note, it has been discovered that CBD inhibits anandamide reuptake. Here we see that cannabidiol helps the body preserve its own natural endocannabinoid by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down anandamide.<br /><br />This brief survey touches lightly on a few essential concepts. Mostly I would like to leave you with an appreciation that nature has designed the perfect medicine that fits exactly with our own immune system of receptors and signaling metabolites to provide rapid and complete immune response for systemic integrity and metabolic homeostasis. <br /> </div>
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<strong><span></span>Bibliography</strong><br /><strong>1.</strong> <a class="bbc_url" href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/65/5/1635.abstract" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://cancerres.aac...5/1635.abstract</a><br />Sami Sarfaraz, Farrukh Afaq, Vaqar M. Adhami, and Hasan Mukhtar + Author Affiliations. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin<br /><br /><strong>2. </strong> <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....ov/sites/pubmed</a><br />J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Mar;184(1-2):127-35. Epub 2006 Dec 28.<br />Immune control by endocannabinoids - new mechanisms of neuroprotection? <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ullrich%20O%22%5BAuthor%5D" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Ullrich O</a>,<a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Merker%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Merker K</a>, <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Timm%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Timm J</a>, <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tauber%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Tauber S</a>. Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="">oliver.ullrich@medizine.uni-magdeburg.de</a><br /><br /><strong>3</strong>. <a class="bbc_url" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://en.wikipedia....nabinoid_system</a><br />Endocannabinoid synthesis & release.<br /><br /><strong>4</strong>. <a class="bbc_url" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoids" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://en.wikipedia....ki/Cannabinoids</a><br />Cannabinoid receptor type 1.<br /><br /><strong>5.</strong> <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121381780/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www3.intersci...ETRY=1&SRETRY=0</a><br />Journal of Neurochemistry, Volume 104 Issue 4, Pages 1091 - 1100 Published Online: 18 Aug 2008<br /><br /><strong>6. </strong> <a class="bbc_url" href="http://leavesofgrass.info/info/Non-Psychoactive-Cannabinoids.pdf" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://leavesofgrass...annabinoids.pdf</a><br />Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.<br />Angelo A. Izzo, Francesca Borrelli, Raffaele Capasso, Vincenzo Di Marzo, and Raphael Mechoulam. Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy<br /><br /><strong>7.</strong> <a class="bbc_url" href="http://sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/59872/title/Not_just_a_high" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://sciencenews.o...Not_just_a_high</a><br />Scientists test medicinal marijuana against MS, inflammation and cancer<br />By Nathan Seppa June 19th, 2010; Vol.177 #13 (p. 16)<br /><br /><strong>8</strong>. <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1766198/" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC1766198/</a><br />NIH Public Access:<br />A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death<br />Tarek A. Taha, Thomas D. Mullen, and Lina M. Obeid<br />Division of General Internal Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina 29401; and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425<br />Corresponding author: Lina M. Obeid, M.D., Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St., P.O.Box 250779, Charleston, South Carolina 29425. E-mail: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="">obeidl@musc.edu</a><br /><br /><strong>9.</strong> Yap WN, Chang PN, Han HY, et al. (December 2008).<br /><a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2600692" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">"Gamma-tocotrienol suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion through multiple-signalling pathways"</a>. British Journal of Cancer 99 (11): 1832–41.<a class="bbc_url" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">doi</a>:<a class="bbc_url" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6604763" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">10.1038/sj.bjc.6604763</a>. <a class="bbc_url" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">PMID</a> <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002171" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">19002171</a>.<br />10.Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2008 Feb;32(2):475-80.<br />Sartippour MR, Seeram NP, Rao JY, Moro A, Harris DM, Henning SM, Firouzi A, Rettig MB,Aronson WJ, Pantuck AJ, Heber D.<br />Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1742, USA.<br /><br /><span></span></div>
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-05-15T21:34:07+00:00">15 May 2016 - 09:34 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000--> Is It Possible to Get Candida in the Chest and Lungs? <div>
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One of the questions i was asked recently was can candida get in the lungs and cause problems like pneumonia or chest pains. This is serious when this happens, however the answer is yes. It is hard to get diagnosed on this though and usually the only way it will show up is with a chest cat scan. A basic x ray will usually show nothing.<br />
So, if you have candida and if you get chest pains etc, then i recommend insisting the doctor do a complete check with a cat scan. In fact insist even if the doctor wants to argue, remember you are paying them and too many times doctors ignore candida when instead they should be focusing on it more.<br />
<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="chest-lungs.jpg" class="bbc_img" height="356" src="http://www.mycandidacleanse.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/chest-lungs.jpg" title="" width="401" /></span><br />
What happens when Candida gets into the chest is usually Asthma type symptoms all the way to pneumonia. I have had Pneumonia once and i can tell you it was definitely linked to candida, in fact i got it after taking Diflucan the first time. That is why taking drugs should only ever be seen as a last resort. They can actually make your Candida much much worse. Why? Because candida is a very strong organism and it can adapt to many conditions in the human body.<br />
So once you have been fully checked and the doctor has confirmed you have chest problems due to a yeast infection, then now is decision time. Most likely the doctor will prescribe antibiotics that can do 1 of 2 things, make the situation worse or if they work do wonders within days. If you hear the doctor say they are not working this only confirms it as a more serious candida infection than was thought.<br />
What you need to so is firstly listen to your doctor but ask all questions? Remember to ask about any types of antibiotics and if they may effect this type of infection. You want any clue so you can recover as quickly as possible. Then after those queries are answered you then have to change your diet to our strict recommended diet.<br />
This means eliminating nearly all carbs and focusing more on proteins such as meat and eggs and of course lots of fresh vegetables. Not only that you will need to include a strong pro-biotic such as <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.mycandidacleanse.com/threelac/" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Threelac</a> which will reduce this infection in the bowels. You see, by eliminating in the bowels it will help the body fight other areas better. Another product i would recommend adding as well is a good enzyme such as <a class="bbc_url" href="http://www.mycandidacleanse.com/pure-essence-candex/" rel="nofollow external" title="External link">Candex</a>. This is a enzyme specifically targeted to help digest carb based products. Carbs being what Candida feeds on.<br />
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<em><strong>Hint</strong> – If you were a smoker before this happened, then now is the time to quit.. These types of infections are generally the warning signs of much much worse.</em></blockquote>
Vitamin C should be added as well( large doses ), use it often, it will help boost the immune system and lung strength, followed by regular amounts of fresh garlic and ginger. Both of which are strong natural antibiotics which kill the fungus.<span rel="lightbox"><img alt="garlic-cloves.jpg" class="bbc_img" height="187" src="http://www.mycandidacleanse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/garlic-cloves.jpg" width="300" /></span><br />
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After you do the changes keep regularly visiting your doctor to see if signs of improvement are happening. This is important because you may feel like it is still the same, but your body could be on the verge of improvement. Any news of improvement will help your mental state as well.<br />
Lastly, if it does turn out to be Pneumonia one trick i learned that helped me improve was to for every now and then to take a good deep breath. I would then hold even if hard for up to 30 seconds. What this does is strengthen the weakened lungs and helps them get back to where they are supposed to be.</div>
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-05-21T02:18:19+00:00">21 May 2016 - 02:18 AM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:48 +0000--><br />Candida and Alcohol Abuse<br /><br />by Admin - Cynthia Perkins on June 5, 2010<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Cynthia, I have had the following over the past 6 months – white hairy tongue, skin rashes, and a constant irritation of the penis with little red dots. I’ve been to Derm, Ear nose Throat, Urologist, and General Practice Doctors and prescribed all sorts of things. My question, can these all be related to alcohol abuse and Candida infection. Right now the pain I am experiencing is intense and I can’t seem to get to the bottom of it with doctors? I’m scared that it might be something going on that they can’t figure out. ~Mike.<br /><br />Hi Mike,<br /><br />Absolutely. The symptoms you are experiencing can most definitely be related to alcohol abuse and Candida. It’s always important to rule out other more serious conditions, but you’ve already done that, so you have that covered. The white hairy tongue, rashes and genital inflammation are distinguishing symptoms of Candida yeast.<br /><br />Candida and alcohol abuse, alcoholism or addiction in general, often occur together. Drinking alcohol creates and perpetuates an overgrowth of yeast, and Candida perpetuates alcohol abuse and addiction.<br /><br />People with an alcohol problem almost always have an overgrowth of Candida yeast. It is sometimes one of the primary issues that leads to alcohol abuse or addiction to alcohol, and yet on the other hand, drinking alcohol often leads to the development of Candida overgrowth.<br /><br />On one hand, the person with Candida has so many symptoms that make them miserable, like depression, anxiety, irritability, etc.,that they seek relief in alcohol, and yet Candida itself often results in cravings for alcohol.<br /><br />Alcohol is a sugar. It is the most refined sugar you can consume. It doesn’t have to be digested, it is absorbed directly through the gastrointestinal wall. Sugar is Candida’s favorite food source – it is what makes it proliferate. When someone drinks alcohol on a regular basis, it encourages Candida overgrowth.<br /><br />Candida yeast ferments sugar to generate energy in order to survive. This fermenting process creates a variety of toxins in the body — alcohol is one of the primary. Candida can release so much alcohol in the body that the person can feel and appear drunk, even when they haven’t ingested any alcohol.<br /><br />Both of these issues often result in cravings for alcohol.<br /><br />Additionally, Candida disrupts crucial neurotransmitters in the brain, like dopamine and serotonin, that are at the root of alcohol addiction and can create or perpetuate the cycle of addiction. To overcome alcohol abuse, or addiction to alcohol, Candida overgrowth must be addressed; and to overcome Candida one must give up alcohol.<br /><br />I have an entire chapter on the Candida and alcohol connection in my book – Get Sober Stay Sober: The Truth About Alcoholism. I encourage you to check it out to learn more. Additionally, you can find everything you need to know about Candida in my other book, Candida Secrets, it also contains a chapter about alcohol.<br /><br />I am a recovered alcoholic with 22 years of uninterrupted and craving-free sobriety, and addressing Candida was a crucial step in the process of overcoming cravings and sustaining sobriety.<br /><br />If you’re seeing a traditional doctor, no, they are not likely to provide you with a correct diagnosis, as they are not educated about Candida. A doctor of alternative medicine, functional medicine or environmental medicine with expertise in Candida will be required. However, even they may not be aware of how it relates to alcohol abuse or alcoholism.<br /><br />All the best,<br />Cynthia </div>
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-07-12T22:56:16+00:00">12 July 2016 - 10:56 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:49 +0000--> <span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Is a parasite causing your cancer?</span><br /><br />Say the word <span style="color: #cc3399; font-weight: bold;">´parasite´</span><span style="color: #cc3399;"> </span>to most people and they think of 6 foot long tape worms. But parasites come in many forms and can be microscopic.<br /><br />In fact, expert cancer bodies acknowledge that 15-20 per cent of cancers are caused and driven by parasites including <span style="color: #cc3399; font-weight: bold;">viruses</span><span style="color: #cc3399;"> </span>(for example, some liver cancers), or <span style="color: #cc3399; font-weight: bold;">bacteria</span><span style="color: #cc3399;"> </span>(for example <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Helicobacter pylori </span>and stomach cancer). We feel that the figure may be much, much higher.<br /><br />When Pau d´Arco and Wormwood were first used with cancer patients, their success caused people to think of these two herbs as cancer cell killers. While it has now been shown that they do have some anti-cancer effects, their primary ability is in their anti-bacterial and anti-viral strengths, and particularly in their anti-fungal abilities too.<br /><br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Candida albicans is cancer</span><br /><br />The most common ´parasite´ in the Western World is <span style="color: #cc3399; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Candida albicans</span>, a common fungus. 70 - 80 per cent of people have excesses of it. Yellow toe nails, flatulence after meals, thrush, cystitis - these are all signs of <span style="font-style: italic;">candida</span> excess.<br /><br />The major reason is that we allow our intestinal flora to become imbalanced. We kill off the helpful bacteria - the ones we have lived in harmony with for thousands of years - with antibiotics, chlorinated water, drugs, salt, alcohol etc. And we don´t feed them their favourite foods - whole grains, vegetables, fruits, fibre.<br /><br />But, at night while you sleep, your good bacteria would consume vast quantities of microbes, fungus and yeasts that you consumed with your food during the day; so ´cleaning´ your system for you.<br /><br />If you cannot deal with your excesses of the fungus <span style="font-style: italic;">candida albicans</span>, they can produce toxins which pervade the blood system. People may feel like they have a hangover when they ate or drank something ´yeasty´. Worse they can punch holes in the gut wall with their roots (think IBS) and even enter the blood stream from the gut. Research then shows they can sit on and block cell receptor sites normally reserved for important hormones. This blocking effect is known to occur in some cases of type 2 Diabetes. In 25 per cent of cases cinnamon relieved the symptoms of the disease - but then, cinnamon kills candida in the blood system.<br /><br />Interestingly, there is research showing that women who take 25 doses of antibiotics in their lifetime have twice the breast cancer risk.<br /><br /><span style="color: #cc3399; font-weight: bold;">Yeasts and fungal infections like candida are anaerobic</span> - they do not use oxygen to generate their energy. An acid body is a pleasant home for candida, a poorly nourished one too, as is one with a low immune response. Once in the blood system, candida can colonise areas of the body. The sheer presence of thousands of yeast cells reduces oxygen levels in those areas. But your body cells are clever. If they cannot take in enough oxygen, they can generate energy without it. Just as a cancer cell does!<br /><br />Worse, some cancer treatments can severely increase levels of candida in the body. In cases of leukaemia, the treatment itself, because of its severity, can produce fatal excesses.<br /><br />In 1993 a top US medical magazine wrote that <span style="font-weight: bold;">´People on chemotherapy finally succumbed, not to their cancer, but due to an excess of <span style="font-style: italic;">Candida albicans</span></span>. <br />
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-07-13T02:24:40+00:00">13 July 2016 - 02:24 AM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:49 +0000-->Interestingly enough, the best medicinal plant for killing pathogens, even in the brain... Cannabis... has been made illegal seemingly on purpose, all in the name of profit, with not a second thought given to all the needless pain, suffering and deaths, very sad.<br />
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Similarly, there is a history off chronic misdiagnoses behind Candida albicans which is one of the root causes of "cancer" and various other diseases that are simply just newly-named symptoms of a systemic, pathogenic fungal infection.... aka cancer.<br />
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Mushrooms against Candida<br />
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<strong>Probably the most persistent myth about Candida is that eating mushrooms is a big no-no.</strong><br />
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Before debunking this story, we want to remind the reader that Candida infection is neither an <em>“allergy to yeasts”</em> nor neccessarily a <em>“condition from within, due to lifestyle”</em>. Candida albicans is a potentially very hostile microorganism and you can get it after a course of antibiotics or due to a lapse in your immune system. Candida is <em>not</em> some imaginary problem – and it is a <em>serious</em> problem.<br />
As with all complex medical issues, there are a lot of misunderstandings about this infectious disease. No wonder – MD’s avoid the topic entirely! On the web, people usually limit their advice to natural symptom relievers and supporting diet. Not even “common knowledge” is always reliable, however. When searching for “candida and mushrooms”, we find claims such as:<br />
<br />
<em>“Eating ordinary mushrooms is not a good idea if you have Candida because you’re feeding it its own kind.”</em><br />
and:<br />
<em>“Eating blue cheeses is also not a good idea if you have Candida. These fungi are introduced into the cheese and, though they are tasty, are harmful to your health if you have a fungal problem.”</em><br />
Some myths may have a kernel of truth, but this one certainly has not. On the contrary, mushrooms are an excellent part of the diet for those with Candida – including patients with IBS. Mushrooms can be useful in the fight against Candida albicans!<br />
Scientific research shows that:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>not a single edible mushroom will make Candida worse,</strong></li>
<li><strong>mushrooms are excellent food for those with Candida infection,</strong></li>
<li><strong><strong>some mushrooms found in the forest or at the greengrocers’ are Candida-killers,</strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>ordinary Portobello champignons help the immune system fight Candida albicans.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Magic Mushrooms such as Psilocybe Cubensis seem to have good action fighting against Candida </strong></li>
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2016-08-03T21:42:54+00:00">03 August 2016 - 09:42 PM</abbr> </div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 24pt;">CANDIDA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">and the </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;">ANTIBIOTIC SYNDROME</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">By Walter Last</span></b></div>
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Lack<b> </b>of energy and digestive disturbances, arthritic joint pains, skin disease, menstrual problems, emotional instability and depression. All symptoms of what I call the <b><i>'antibiotic syndrome'</i></b> which have greatly increased in frequency in recent years.</div>
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On further examination, more symptoms may be discovered. Most of the gastro-intestinal tract is tender when pressed, especially the small intestine, liver and gall bladder. There may even have been a gall bladder operation that failed to improve the condition, sometimes even worsening the symptoms.</div>
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There could be a history of thrush or oral, anal or vaginal itching. When these are present the diagnosis of Candida is obvious but it may also be present in the absence of these manifestations and that can be somewhat confusing. The yeast or fungus <b><i>Candida albicans</i></b><i>, </i>of course, thrives during antibiotic treatment. I regard it as reckless negligence to prescribe antibiotics without simultaneous fungicides and replacement therapy with lactobacilli afterwards. I believe that this practice has greatly added to our vast pool of a chronically sick population.</div>
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However, the 'antibiotic syndrome' is not just due to Candida. I regard it more generally as a 'dysbiosis' where the wrong kind of microbes inhabit the intestinal tract, not just Candida and other fungi, but many types of pathogenic bacteria including coli<i> </i>bacteria which are normal in the colon but become disease-forming when they ascend into the small intestine.</div>
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If the problem has existed for years, there is usually a lack of gastric acid which then allows the stomach to be colonised by microbes, causing inflammation with pain and later, ulcers. The toxins released by the microbial overpopulation cause in addition chronic inflammation of the liver, gall bladder, pancreas and intestines. I regard it as rather likely that a chronic inflammation of the pancreas is a major contributing factor in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes.</div>
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<b>Bacterial Attack</b></div>
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Specific types of pathogenic bacteria appear to cause or contribute to specific autoimmune diseases. One variety of coli bacteria, for instance, produces a molecule that is very similar to insulin. When the immune system becomes activated against this molecule it may then also attack related features at the beta cells of the pancreas</div>
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Another type of bacteria, <span><i>Yersinia</i></span><i> <span>enterocolitica</span>, </i>induces an immune response that attacks the thyroid gland and leads to Grave's disease with a serious overproduction of thyroid hormones.</div>
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Ulcerative colitis is linked to overgrowth with pathogenic microbes, the same as <span>Crohn's</span> disease, osteoporosis and <span>ankylosing</span> <span>spondylitis</span>. In <span>ankylosing</span> <span>spondylitis</span> the vertebra of the spine fuse together causing stiffness and pain. Other joints may in time become affected.</div>
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<span><i>Klebsiella</i></span><i>, </i>another type of pathogenic bacteria, produces a molecule that is similar to a tissue type found in people with this disease. When <span><i>Klebsiella</i></span><i> </i>numbers in the gut decrease, related antibodies in the blood decrease and the condition improves.</div>
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Rheumatoid arthritis is linked to other bacteria, called <i>Proteus. Proteus </i>is also a common cause of urinary tract infections. Women suffer urinary tract infections as well as rheumatoid arthritis twice as often as men, while men usually have higher levels of <span><i>Klebsiella</i></span><i> </i>and three times more <span>ankylosing</span> <span>spondylitis</span> than women.</div>
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In addition microbial overgrowth dam ages the intestinal wall so that only partly digested food particles can pass into the bloodstream, causing allergies. In this way all autoimmune diseases can be linked to food allergies.</div>
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While rheumatoid arthritis is a frequent feature of the antibiotic syndrome, and I regard it as relatively easy to cure, not many sufferers of this disease seem to be interested in this natural approach. The other day a young man with severe rheumatoid arthritis knocked at my door to collect money for a medically sponsored walkathon. When I told him that I do not give money for drug treatment as it can be overcome with natural therapies, he shouted: 'You are mad!' and left visibly upset.</div>
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Other autoimmune diseases that have so far been linked to dysbiosis are psoriasis, lupus <span>erythematosus</span> and pancreatitis. When remedies are given that bind bacterial <span>endotoxins</span>, these conditions usually improve. A further consequence of dysbiosis is susceptibility to food poisoning as with <i>salmonella </i>bacteria, while a healthy intestinal flora prevents these from multiplying and causing trouble.</div>
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<i>Staphylococcus <span>aureus</span> </i>or golden staph cause serious infections in hospital patients. It has been found that not only golden staph but also other infections are greatly <span>potentized</span> when they occur with a Candida overgrowth. As Candida overgrowth is a natural outcome of the standard hospital treatment, it is easy to see why golden staph is so deadly in hospitals.</div>
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A similar picture emerges with AIDS. People do not die from the AIDS virus but from Candida-<span>potentized</span> bacterial infections. I also see the antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in babies and infants as the main cause of their frequent infections, glue ear and greatly contributing to cot death.</div>
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While it used to be uncommon for children to have more than one or two infections a year, now more than six is the norm.</div>
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In the 1940's Candida was found in only three per cent of autopsies, now the figure is nearer thirty per cent. There are, of course, other factors that can cause dysbiosis - the contraceptive pill, steroids and other drugs, radiation treatment and chemotherapy - but the main culprits are, without doubt, antibiotics.</div>
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Closely related to Candida are the <span>mycoplasms</span> or <span>pleomorphic</span> organisms. These have been shown to be a main factor in the causation of cancer. Therefore, antifungal therapy has also major benefits in cancer treatment.</div>
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<b>Dr <span>Orian</span> Truss</b></div>
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In 1953 Dr <span>Orian</span> Truss discovered the devastating effects of antibiotics in an Alabama (USA) hospital. During a hospital round Truss was intrigued by a gaunt, apparently elderly man who was obviously dying. However, he was only in his forties and in hospital for four months. No specialist had been able to make a diagnosis. Out of curiosity Truss asked the patient when be was last completely well.</div>
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The man answered that he was well until six months before when he had cut his finger He had received antibiotics for this. Shortly afterwards he developed diarrhoea and his health deteriorated. Truss had seen before how antibiotics cause diarrhoea. It was known that Candida was opportunistic and thrived in debilitated patients, but now Truss wondered if it might not be the other way round, that Candida actually caused the debilitated condition.</div>
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He had read that potassium iodide solution could be used to treat Candida infestation of the blood. So he put the patient on six to eight drops of Lugol's solution four times a day and soon the patient was again completely well.</div>
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Soon afterwards he had a female patient with a stuffy nose, a throbbing headache, <span>vaginitis</span> and severe depression. To his amazement all her problems immediately cleared with Candida treatment. Some time later he saw a female patient who had been schizophrenic for six years with hundreds of electroshock treatments and massive drug dosages. He started treating the woman for sinus allergies with a Candida vaccine. Soon she had recovered mentally and physically, and remained well.</div>
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From then on he treated his patients against Candida at the slightest indication of its presence. Many of his patients made remarkable recoveries from most unusual conditions including menstrual problems, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, autism, multiple sclerosis and auto-immune diseases such as <span>Crohn's</span> disease and lupus <span>erythematosus</span>.</div>
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Every experienced naturopath can relate similar success stories. Ironically, antibiotics are usually not necessary in the first place. In a few per cent of the cases in which they are necessary their serious after effects could easily be avoided using fungicides and lactobacilli.</div>
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Many people doubt the effectiveness of natural therapies against apparently serious infections, but my experience leads me to believe that frequently natural therapies are more effective, without causing the repeated and chronic infections seen after antibiotics. I have seen patients who have been unsuccessful on long-term antibiotic treatment recover within days or weeks with natural therapies.</div>
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<b><span>The Spit Test</span></b></div>
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<span>A simple Saliva Test for Candida is as follows:</span></div>
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<span>Immediately after rising before you eat or drink anything fill a clear glass with water at room temperature. Spit some saliva into the glass of water. Then check from time to time for up to an hour to see what happens. If Candida is present, you will see one of three things, or a combination of these. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
{C}<span><span>1.<span> </span></span></span>{C}<span>There may be strings like legs extending down into the water from the saliva floating on top</span></div>
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{C}<span><span>2.<span> </span></span></span>{C}<span>Cloudy saliva will accumulate at the bottom of the glass</span></div>
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{C}<span><span>3.<span> </span></span></span>{C}<span>Cloudy bits will remain suspended in the water.</span></div>
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<span>The quicker and stronger the strings grow and the sooner the saliva sinks, the more Candida is in the sample. If there are no strings and the saliva is still floating after one hour, you probably do not have systemic Candida but may still have a localized problem in the intestines, the skin or the vagina, and you may still have dysbiosis and infestations of other pathogenic microbes.</span></div>
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<span>Even after systemic Candidiasis has been eliminated the spit test may still remain positive because of fungi living within the mucous membranes of the mouth which may then regrow in the night. This may be eliminated by repeatedly swishing MMS for several minutes in the mouth before swallowing it. Alternatively you may try swishing Lugol's before swallowing, or diluted hydrogen peroxide or diluted sodium bicarbonate, the last two best before going to bed. </span></div>
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<b>Curing the 'Antibiotic Syndrome'</b></div>
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The main treatment for the 'antibiotic syndrome' is sanitation of the gastro-intestinal tract combined with a low-allergy diet. In this way most acute problems can be overcome within weeks while degenerated joints or organs can start a slower road to recovery.</div>
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One unpleasant side-effect of most methods used to reduce the pathogenic microbial overgrowth of the intestines is the <span>Herxheimer</span> reaction - a sudden worsening of symptoms due to toxins released by the dead or dying microbes. This is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool, especially for Candida.</div>
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I recommend flushes combined with anti-microbial remedies to avoid or minimise unpleasant side effects. An Epsom salt or magnesium chloride flush may contain one tablespoon of magnesium salt, more or less according to need, in a large glass of water and is useful in cases of constipation and with raised blood pressure. Refrigerate the water to make it taste less bitter.</div>
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Add a crushed clove of garlic to the flush to reduce the microbial overgrowth. If garlic cannot be used then several drops of Lugol’s solution or a teaspoon of bicarbonate, or up to two teaspoons of three per cent hydrogen peroxide may be added instead. You can take another glass of water after the magnesium salt to wash down the bitter aftertaste.</div>
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The flush will carry most of the dead microbes and their toxins out of the body and minimise any unpleasant reactions. However, if the flush should not be sufficient to produce a strong bowel movement within two to three hours and you start feeling unwell, then another spoonful of magnesium salt may be taken. If overweight and with constipation you may take already 2 tablespoons to start with.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
<span>Other laxatives that may be used for a flush are <span>Glauber</span> <span>Salz</span> or sodium <span>sulphate</span> (sulfate), castor oil or <span>senna</span>. You may need to experiment with your chosen laxative to find the right amount to take with the garlic so that it is effective within a few hours. </span></div>
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<b><i><span>Psyllium is excellent</span></i></b><span> and most recommend for long-term use. If you are not overweight or constipated you may start cleansing this way instead of using magnesium salt. Psyllium is especially effective for removing <span>endotoxins</span> from the intestines and reducing allergic and autoimmune reactions. </span></div>
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<span>In a large glass of water add a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate and a heaped teaspoon of psyllium hulls, stir and drink immediately followed by another glass of water. Until you start with the systemic antimicrobial therapy add chopped garlic or another antimicrobial to the psyllium drink but continue adding a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate as long as there are signs of pain, inflammation, Candida or <span>overacidity</span>. If you suspect intestinal parasites also add MMS or Lugol’s solution or wormwood or essential oils to the psyllium.</span></div>
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With Candida overgrowth any sexual partner should also use antimicrobial therapy. Most effective for vaginal thrush is inserting a capsule filled with borax at bedtime for up to two weeks. Some individuals are highly sensitive and with multiple allergies. In this case it may be necessary to proceed very slowly, remain on a stable low-allergy diet, use anti-inflammatory measures, such as slippery elm powder before meals and ginger with meals, and introduce probiotics, lactic acid fermented food and anti-microbials only very gradually.</div>
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<span>For sensitive individuals it is most helpful to alkalize the body. Sodium bicarbonate is a strong fungicide and potassium bicarbonate is even stronger. Half to one teaspoon of bicarbonate in a glass of water taken on an empty stomach or 2-3 hours after meals can be used several times daily to sanitize the intestinal tract and alkalize the lymphatic system.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, 'sans-serif';">Acidophilus & <span>Bifido</span></span></strong></div>
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This leads us to the next step: replacing the decimated pathogenic microbes with desirable lactobacilli. This must be done in a massive dose 30-60 minutes after each flush; otherwise the unwanted microbes may grow back to full strength after the next meal. Acidophilus culture is used to repopulate the freed-up spaces at the walls of the small intestines, while <span>bifido</span> bacteria are the protective inhabitants of the colon or large intestines.</div>
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There are several possibilities. These bacterial cultures are available from health food shops as powders in brown glass bottles that should be refrigerated before and after sale. You may buy a mixed culture and take two teaspoons in water or vegetable juice or one teaspoon each of the separate cultures. If you suspect cows' milk allergy, which is rather frequent in this condition, then use milk-free cultures. Alternatively, you may take several high-potency capsules. High-potency cultures should contain 10 Billion (or more) live bacteria per gram or per capsule.</div>
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<b>Coconut Oil </b></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
The medium-chain saturated fatty acids in coconut oil are potent antimicrobial agents, effective against fungi, viruses and many bacteria. The most effective fatty acids are caprylic acid (with 8 carbon atoms), <span>capric</span> acid (10 carbon atoms) and <span>lauric</span> acid (12 carbon). They appear to work by causing microbial cell walls to disintegrate.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
Coconut oil appears to be effective within days. With Candida take initially 4 tablespoons of coconut oil spread out during the day, and after improvement you may reduce this to 2 tablespoons for several more weeks. This seems to be effective against systemic as well as localised infestations, including those of the genitals. However, it is advisable to apply coconut oil topically as well.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
The best commercial product is cold-pressed or virgin coconut oil. However, this has been heat-stabilised to destroy lipase. Therefore, my preference is self-made raw coconut cream or milk: press coconut pieces through a low-speed juicer, or alternatively blend with water, strain and refrigerate.<span> </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
For topical applications and for those with fat malabsorption the lipase-rich coconut milk can be expected to be much more effective than heated coconut oil with only a very low concentration of free fatty acids. Alternatively, you may use lipase supplements with coconut oil.</div>
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<b>Lugol's Solution</b></div>
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Iodine is one of the best remedy to eliminate systemic yeast infections. It is commonly used as Lugol's solution with 10% of potassium iodide and 5% iodine, which is the same as 10 grams of potassium iodide and 5 grams of elemental iodine per 100 ml. Each drop contains about 6.5 mg of iodine/iodide. While it contains 10% of total iodine as elemental iodine and iodide, commonly it is called a 5% iodine solution. Other names for Lugol’s solution are <span>Aqueous Iodine Oral Solution BP or Strong Iodine Solution USP (both of which contain 130 mg iodine /iodide per ml). Iodine Topical Solution (USP) contains 2% iodine and 2.4% potassium iodide. </span></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
Presently 5% Lugol's solution, and all iodine solutions containing more than 2.2% elemental iodine are no longer available in the US as they may be used in the illicit production of methamphetamine. However, up to one fluid ounce (30 ml) of Lugol's solution is exempt from this regulation. Standard Lugol's solution is still available in Canada and Mexico, it is very difficult to obtain in the EU, and under strong attack in Australia.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 4cm;">
If you buy 2% iodine solution take 2.5 times more than the amount recommended for the standard 5% Lugol’s solution. In the US you may also buy Iodoral tablets, each standard tablet with the equivalent of 2 drops of 5% Lugo’s solution. I do not recommend pharmaceutical types of iodine dissolved in alcohol or other solvents as they often cause side-effects. Always read the label and compare the iodine content with the iodine in regular Lugol’s solution.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 4cm; text-align: justify;">
To test for a reaction in case of an overactive thyroid or use of stimulant drugs take a drop of iodine in liquid other than just water. If there is no reaction, gradually increase to taking 10 drops 3 times daily in liquid or mixed with food. Do not take the iodine directly with antioxidants but it is fine to have antioxidants five or more minutes later during a meal. You may use more or less iodine according to body weight. I believe that a 3-week course adjusted for body weight is generally safe for children. However, it may not be suitable if the thyroid is overactive or with goitre; with these conditions the amount of iodine may need to be increased very slowly.</div>
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Posted <abbr class="published" itemprop="commentTime" title="2017-08-10T22:52:42+00:00">10 August 2017 - 10:52 PM</abbr> </div>
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<!--cached-Sun, 30 Dec 2018 18:59:49 +0000-->Well, I had a horrible two months of herxing with unbelievable muscle pain and tremors/twitching, but now I am feeling better than I have in around a decade. I recommend cannabis oil for candida 100% but I know it is hard for people to come by or produce, so I did this candida kill-off using just regular DECARBOXYLIZED cannabis bud flowers, several ounces worth. By the way, decarboxylization of cannabis flowers is easily done at home... just roll the cannabis flower buds inside of a foil tube, fold over the ends and bake in the oven at 220 degrees for 40 minutes. Remove the foil packet and allow it to cool, your cannabis flowers are now activated to work internally with your bodys natural endocannabinoid system to identify and attack pathogens throughout your whole body, including your brain as the actives in cannabis do pass safely thru the blood/brain barrier. It is best to eat the decarboxylated cannabis flowers with some sort of fat or oil. Get a grinder and use this medicinal cannabis as a spice with every meal. Beware, decarboxylated cannabis is very potent yet one of the safest medicinal substances known, just start very slowly and build up your dose as you are able as quickly as possible. One gram of Rick Simpson Oil (RSO) is approximately equal to 7 grams of regular decarboxylated cannabis flowers... folks with stage IV cancer are encouraged by Rick Simpson to build up to taking 1 gram of RSO (7 grams of flower) per day and taking a full 60 grams over several weeks time. For people that are sick, it is not practical to eat 7 grams of cannabis flowers per day so that is why the oil is used, it can be put into gelatin capsules and easily swallowed, usually with some added sunflower lecithin for help with absorption... otherwise RSO and decarboxylated cannabis buds are the same medicine except for the extra plant matter involved. Be sure to use tested medical grade cannabis, I used a skunk variety called UK Cheese crossed with White Widow, but any quality medical grade cannabis will work amazingly well.<br /><br />Cannabis is great to start your battle against candida because it has so many modes of action in the body, the two main ones being cannabis is one of the best anti-inflammatory medicines on the planet and it is also an amazing nerve sheath protector.... both of which the US Federal Government has patents on, all while claiming cannabis has no medical value, but that's a topic for another time.<br /><br />Cannabis is one of the least invasive and harsh ways to start as it helps with the pain and mental states associated with heavy herxing. For a whole month I ate cannabis every day and evening. I experienced severe muscle weakness and was semi-bedridden for a couple weeks as my liver removed the toxin overload. I worked my way up to eating between 3 to 5 grams of cannabis per day. It made me sleepy the first week and as Rick says, do not deny yourself sleep, as it is imperative in the healing process. After a week or so my tolerance built up and eating cannabis no longer made me sleepy, so I steadily increased the dosage. After a month, I already felt better just from being able to sleep for a solid 8 hours each night which was impossible to get more than 5 hours previously. I was noticing my gums had turned a healthy pink color, my white tongue was gone and my teeth felt so clean, just like I'd had a dentist cleaning, my skin also began to glow, as seen sometimes with pregnant women. These are just a few of the GREAT side-effects from ingesting the cannabis. Our bodies were designed with an endocannabinoid system to regulate our health and no plant on Earth has more cannabinoids than cannabis... the same greedy-reason it has been illegal for decades. It is a natural wonder cure, trust me.<br /><br />Back to my candida fight, after a month of using only cannabis and drinking Reverse Osmosis (RO) water, I was feeling really good... sleeping well, skin glowing and eyes bright. I decided to add two more things to my fight against this terrible cancerous fungus, all while continuing to consume cannabis flowers daily, though I backed off to about two grams per day to conserve my supply it a bit. <br /><br />The first thing I added was Borax, yes the laundry cleaning aid known as 12 Mule Team in the USA. I know people will think I am crazy, but you'd be wrong, borax is completely safe if taken correctly and it is a very important mineral to health that nearly all of us are seriously lacking. The borax works better than a regular Boron supplement because the Borax laundry aid is ionic when mixed with pure distilled or RO water. You mix a teaspoon of borax into a 12 oz glass of water, mix well.. warm water helps. Then for the next few days add a teaspoon of this "stock solution" to full glasses of water and drink this throughout the day. We are aiming at getting more boron into our system and once you do, you will notice your joints loosen and ache less and the whites of your eyes become very bright also the color of my eyes intensified.... I had horrible floaters previously and my eyes didn't look the healthiest, it is a very encouraging sign showing you are healing. I attribute some of the rapid improvement in my vision and eye health to borax/ionic boron supplementation.<br /><br />Secondly, I did another old remedy that many will think is insane, yet is perfectly safe.... I purchased 4 oz. of PURE GUM SPIRIT of Turpentine. It must be PURE GUM SPIRIT turpentine, not the petroleum based turpentine sold at some hardware stores. PURE GUM SPIRIT of Turpentine is basically just the essential oil of the pine tree (a tree know for its antiseptic effects) in an alcohol carrier. The brand of turpentine I purchased is meant for use as a remedy and is produced by a company in Texarkana called HUMCO. To ingest the turpentine you simply take a tablespoon of white sugar and add a teaspoon of turpentine to the sugar and allow it to full soak in. The sugar helps to lure the fungus to the turpentine, but also makes the turpentine taste more like pine candy than medicine. You then just eat the Turpentine-soaked sugar.... only do this once per day, I prefer the morning and drink plenty of water afterward. The turpentine does an amazing job at killing off candida overgrowth in the gut and intestines and breaking up candida's protective mucus biofilm.<br /><br />This remedy may sound crazy, but all 3 items I list are completely natural and most importantly after two months of herxing, IT WORKED. I don't even look like the same person I was just 2 months ago. I continue to take the cannabis and borax daily and I take the Turpentine once per day for 5 days, then off for two for as long as needed. <br /><br />Do not forget the first month of healing was using CANNABIS ONLY. The cannabis is key, it relieves the pain of herxing while expelling all of the inflammation. Only when you are feeling good with cannabis should you add the other two items, otherwise I fear the herxing will be too severe for most. Drink plenty of water through the whole process, stick to the best candida diet you can and if you are anything like me, you finally begin to feel normal again.<br /><br />A tiny bit of background on me... I grew up on a Midwest farm, been a woodsman my whole life and have been bitten by ticks hundreds of times. Highly suspect I've had Lyme disease for over 30 years, and with Lyme comes a severe Candida infection... the life-threatening combo has destroyed a majority of the past 20 years of my life. I've tried nearly every natural remedy known to cure myself... from eating the green hulls off of walnuts as an anti-parasitic to drinking peroxide, ionic silver, MSM, MMS, DMSO and numerous others...<br />
It was the combo of these three (decarbed cannabis flowers, borax, Pure Gum Spirits Turpentine) that did the trick to reverse at least a couple decades of Candida overgrowth for me. It is very empowering to heal yourself and to help others. I hope you will not judge me or my sanity and will simply take me at my country-boy word, I am not recommending anyone try this ever, but it has helped me tremendously.<br />
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They say it takes a month to heal for every year you were sick, so be patient. Going thru two months of herxheimers was completely worth it for me and I still have much more healing to do. Be sure to drink plenty of pure water and even use charcoal or carbon pills and/or edible Bentonite clays to help remove the toxins from your body much faster.<br />
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<span>Expect to lose some water weight (inflammation/bloating) after killing off the majority of your Candida overgrowth, this is normal. Expect to expel lots of mucus from the intestines too, this film is where candida lives beating your body to digested nutrients. I also woke up with lots of eye crust the first two or three weeks as my eyes became bright, vision cleared with "floaters" greatly reduced. Sinus issues I've had for years cleared up completely and chunks of candida-induced ear wax buildup dried and fell out of my ears, improving my hearing and reducing tinnitus. There are many other wonderful "side effects" of ingesting cannabis I am forgetting to mention such as toenail fungus disappears, callouses disappear, skin tags disappear fast with cannabis oil topically.... the list goes on and on. Cannabis oil will fix things you didn't even know was wrong. If everyone knew the real truth about cannabis oil, it would be legal in a second, in every home and given to children as a disease preventative.</span><br />
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<span> Expect the Herxheimer reactions to be a rough process, I went faster than I should have and probably put added stress on my liver by not detoxing slower, but I'd do it again without question. Just take it slower if your herxing becomes too harsh, but do not give up.</span><br />
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<span>Cannabis can completely cure candida overgrowth alone, however</span> many people do not have access to a full pound of medical grade cannabis, so using borax and turpentine was a cheaper route requiring only 1/4 to 1/3 of a pound of cannabis. Please vote for full cannabis legalization in your state WITH the right for individual home growing because legalization without individual home-growing is not legalization. It is time the "people's medicine" be returned back to the people, 80 years of lies and lives destroyed is ridiculous and must end now.<br />
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<span>Thanks for your interest in the truth about the cancerous scourge known as Candida albicans and the life saving remedy, decarboxylated cannabis flowers and/or decarboxylated cannabis oil. Please spread the word</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></div>
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-53664239145197218892019-01-04T00:37:00.001-08:002019-01-04T00:37:07.509-08:00FIELD CONTROL THERAPY<div align="center" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span class="style66" style="font-family: Georgia,&quot; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700;">Explaining Field Control Therapy®</span><br style="color: black;" />
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Clover Kreger, written Oct 2005</div>
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<em style="color: black;">This full article can alternatively be downloaded for reading and printing <a href="http://www.therootcauseofillness.com/Explaining%20Field%20Control%20Therapy%20(Clover%20Kreger,%20oct05).doc" style="color: #993300;">here</a>. </em></div>
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To begin with, imagine a deep festering wound inhabited by a large and filthy splinter of wood. Unaware of the wound’s causative agent, the physician subjects the patient to courses of antibiotics, superficial cleansing agents, pain killers. . . the naturopath gives nutritional supplements, and herbs, puts the patient on a healthy diet, gives perhaps acupuncture or healing therapy. . . and the wound still adamantly festers on. In the case of CFS patients as well as that of most sufferers of degenerative disorders, toxins are the proverbial thorn, throwing the body’s metabolic processes out of whack, and preventing homeostasis and healing. Although, of course, it’s really more a matter of innumerable splinters.</div>
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Unfortunately, removing these toxic agents is a great deal more complicated than extricating a thorn. The toxins are often scattered throughout the body, targeting genetically weak or recently or habitually stressed organs and they easily invade cells, including the DNA itself. Fatty organs (including the brain) show a particular propensity for accruing toxins, and, with regard to the brain, this organ is especially difficult to access. The studies which supposedly proved that DMSA can cross the blood-brain barrier were done on rats, not humans. The accuracy of heavy metal chelation tests depends on how well the patient’s organs of detoxification are functioning, how much toxicity is locked inside the brain, whether instructions concerning the test were followed precisely, and no doubt other factors. The only really accurate heavy metal tests, according to world-class toxicologists, are those done on cadavers – the very people irredeemably beyond help!</div>
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However, given that heavy metal test results indicate a definitive problem in that area, or that one is convinced that pernicious agents are at the root of these disease processes, there is still a major obstacle to chelation: redistribution of heavy metals. “Orthodox” chelation – i.e. DMSA (Kelmer), DMPS, EDTA or various other chelation agents – does not address this spanner in the works; that is to say, it does not protect vulnerable organs. Not only does it not protect these weak areas of the body, but chelation doctors are surprisingly ignorant of electromagnetic fields’ ability to cause heavy metals to “stick” in the body. As Field Control Therapy (FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong>) appears to be the only chelation modality to address these salient issues, Simon and I have made the decision to continue to resort to FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> as a personal chelation agent as well as promulgating its use in Ireland and Britain. As we have read extensively on the subject of chelation and received many letters from distraught patients whose efforts at improving their health have proved inadequate or inefficacious and who have even, in some cases, experienced a worsening of their symptoms, and as some of them have already done a considerable number of DMSA, EDTA or lipoic acid treatments, we sincerely feel that FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> is the best option.</div>
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And what is Field Control Therapy<strong style="color: black;">®</strong>? It is a type of detoxification therapy and the brainchild of Dr Yurkovsky; a synthesis of various savants’ theories and therapies as well as a unique invention in its own right based on causative homeopathy.</div>
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“Causative” homeopathy addresses the roots of illness – the causative agents: toxins, pathogens, scar tissue, and other pernicious factors. In the past, Dr Yurkovsky would prescribe a series of homeopathic dilutions of toxins and homeopathic organ support based on which organs were most severely affected. His latest innovation is to use organ sarcodes (homeopathic remedies made from bodily tissues) that have RNA and DNA “scraping” incorporated into the formula (an extraordinary development which enables us to detoxify organs quite literally down to the deepest cellular levels – including in the DNA and RNA. Some toxins, such as mercury, are mutagenic, i.e. they penetrate into the DNA and therefore become the primary cause of, among other things, birth defects). These new types of homeopathic sarcodes access deeper levels of toxicity, and are more effective, thus one requires less protocols to achieve the same level of improvement. The gaps between these remedies are much longer (2-24 hours vs. 1-2 hours for the former type) and nosodes of separate factors (homeopathic remedies made from toxic agents) are generally used on separate days.</div>
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Above and beyond the basic detoxification protocols of organ and tissue sarcodes, which essentially instruct those organs to release a portion of their toxic load and to guard themselves from the toxins now loose in the bloodstream and lymph, FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> also addresses pathogens, vaccine residues, antibiotic residues, radiation, nutritional deficiencies, candida, and electromagnetic field (EMF) and toxin avoidance. Nutritional supplements, herbs and probiotics are prescribed sparingly, which limits the possibility of developing allergic reactions and the complications which ensue from excessive candida die-off or mutation.</div>
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But the make-up of the treatment protocols is only half of FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> – the other part is the testing modality. This is based on Applied Kinesiology – or muscle response tests. The patient is exposed to vials containing homeopathic potencies made from organs, toxins, etc., and the practitioner measures their muscle response in order to work out the order in which these sarcodes must be used and their precise potencies. This makes FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> testing somewhat time-consuming compared to many therapies, but largely circumvents the necessity for any laboratory analysis or delay – since test results are immediate and obtained in a completely non-invasive manner. The sarcode protocol is worked up in order of priority according to the severity of the organs’ toxic states. The whole body is systematically screened for which specific organs or areas are the most stressed and in need of help.</div>
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The patient is asked to fill in a case history form on the first visit and during subsequent visits current symptoms are discussed. Student practitioners study symptoms in terms of their connection to specific organs and can soon spot certain organs’ connection to “disease states”, although the concept of specific disease states is not the basis of this modality. For those who are interested, the term “Chronic Fatigue Syndrome”, for example, incorporates a plethora of afflicted organs, but I would expect to find involvement of the adrenals, hypothalamus and lymphatic system – judging from our current small study of CFS patients now using FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong>. The kidneys, so vital in the removal of toxins from the body, are virtually always included on protocols and the lymphatic system is very frequently addressed. Beyond the main protocol of organ sarcodes, we also test for antibiotic residues (a major and very common issue), parasites, candida, nutritional deficiencies, and for pathogenic and other “rogue” factors.</div>
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There are several “rubs” which can block improvement and which the potential patient must consider. An anti-candida diet is stressed and is particularly vital for patients with certain severe conditions. The washout effects of any chelation therapy can be unpleasant (this varies tremendously from patient to patient – ranging from feeling nothing at all to having an exhausting and emotional few days, though when this occurs it is only in passing and does not last). EMF avoidance is crucial during the protocol (generally 2-6 days at a time, with several weeks between protocols, depending on the patient’s condition). This means (during the 2-6 days) no: computers, phones, TVs, motors and fluorescent lights nearer than approximately 16 feet – minimal use of speakerphones is allowed if absolutely necessary. Normal electric light bulbs are innocuous enough but EMFs in the bedroom should be limited at all times and all bedroom electric apparatus should be unplugged at night. I feel this is a small price to pay for a return to health. Unfortunately, one’s living companions must also co-operate, which can be difficult. Nonetheless, given that EMFs are toxic agents in their own right, these “holidays” from EMFs are beneficial in themselves. Note, also, that EMF avoidance is not recommended only for those following FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> protocols, since for the same reasons this should be done also in any other form of treatment or healing if genuine long-term improvements are desired. For those who find time weighing heavily on their hands, and for whom reading is not a normal activity, we are composing a book-list of well-written and reasonably uplifting volumes available on request.</div>
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Needless to say, one protocol never does it. Some patients require just a few protocols, but normally one can expect a long process with a gradual amelioration of symptoms in the case of those suffering from chronic and severe illnesses: the size of the climb depends on the severity and history of the condition, but the direction is upward regardless.</div>
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In the event that this leaves you still rather at sea as to what FCT<strong style="color: black;">®</strong> really is, please ponder the following two consecutive regimes and their connection to symptoms and <strong style="color: black;">think of yourself as a leaking boat which needs extensive repair work to be able to safely navigate the high seas of normal living once again</strong>.</div>
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<strong style="color: black;"><u style="color: black;">Example protocol</u></strong>: (with some explanatory notes)<strong style="color: black;"><u style="color: black;"> </u></strong></div>
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<u style="color: black;">Patient Symptoms:</u></div>
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<em style="color: black;">Generalised aches and pains</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Visual disturbances</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Moody, grumpy, no libido, excessive hunger</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Sore jaw</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Peripheral neuropathy (tingling sensations, hands going numb, </em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">difficulty manipulating small objects, etc.)</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Chemical sensitivities</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Dry skin</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Loose stools, food allergies</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Irregular menses, water retention</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Frequent urination</em><br style="color: black;" />
<em style="color: black;">Early wake-ups</em></div>
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<u style="color: black;">Protocol of regime relating to above symptoms:</u></div>
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Starting with “First Stressed Organ” (Dr Yurkovsky’s system rates organs in terms of organ state. There are five “Degenerative Organ” states and ten “Stressed Organ” states. Obviously, the Degenerative Organ states are more severe. . . ) Note: R = RNA; D = DNA.</div>
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<u style="color: black;">Day 1</u>:</div>
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Take: <em style="color: black;">1st Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Kidney</strong> 5M + R5M + D900M <br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the frequent urination]</div>
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8 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">2nd Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Spleen</strong> 1M + R1M + D900M</div>
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6 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">3rd Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Hypothalamus</strong> 5M + D900M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here. Hypothalamus relates to temperature control, libido, energy/endocrine function, anger, thirst and hunger]</div>
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8 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">4th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Supportive Apparatus</strong> 5M + D900M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the aches and pains. ‘Supportive Apparatus’ refers to the bones, joints, muscles, etc.]</div>
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6 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">5th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Eye</strong> 10M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the visual disturbances]</div>
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8 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">6th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Small</strong> <strong style="color: black;">Intestinal Mucosa</strong> 5M + R5M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the loose stools and food allergies]</div>
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8 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">7th Stressed Organ</em>: <strong style="color: black;">Ovary</strong> 5M + R1M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the irregular menses, water retention]</div>
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4 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">8th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Pituitary</strong> 5M</div>
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6 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">9th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Peripheral Nerves</strong> 10M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the neuropathy]</div>
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8 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">10th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Brain</strong> 5M + R5M</div>
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</span><br />
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6 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">11th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Lymph</strong> 5M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the chemical sensitivities and allergies]</div>
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</span><br />
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6 hours later take: <em style="color: black;">12th Stressed Organ:</em> <strong style="color: black;">Skin</strong> 10M<br style="color: black;" />
[Toxins here = cause of the dry skin]</div>
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<u style="color: black;">Day 6</u>: <strong style="color: black;">Herpes</strong> <strong style="color: black;">Zoster </strong>90x</div>
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<u style="color: black;">Day 11</u>: <strong style="color: black;">Tetracycline Residues</strong> 120x</div>
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This was one of my regimes. Unlike most patients my improvements are slow, probably in part because of exposure to herbicide which I’ve become sensitive to, plus various other factors. A large proportion of my difficulties may be from the fact that my liver and kidneys do not function well owing to a bout of hepatitis and kidney infections, and because I was given extensive antibiotics, including a year and a half of daily tetracycline for acne. For a long period of time, we kept finding all sorts of strange rogue elements – everything from quinine to vaccination residues to radioactive toxins to ergot. The latest thing I treated was with homeopathic <em style="color: black;">Hepatitis A</em> in response to liver pain that didn’t respond well to normal sarcode treatment. This may relate to the hepatitis I had 35 years ago although I can’t be sure. In any case, my liver is much better already. For a minority of patients who respond slowly there are always some blocks and one has to track them down. An interesting intellectual exercise.</div>
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The vast majority of FCT<strong style="color: black;">® </strong>patients respond extremely well, and those who don’t are nearly always not following their dietary and EMF-related instructions! Once this has been corrected, only a small minority of patients remain that are responding slowly, and these are usually those with particularly weak constitutions combined with particularly chronic ailments: but improve they do, albeit at a slower rate than most.</div>
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</span><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-51865699288059884472018-12-17T02:58:00.002-08:002018-12-18T02:11:26.244-08:00AUSTRALIA//Neighbours - here is your answer re Huntington's diseaseHuntington's disease<br />
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgrey; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Huntington's disease (HD)</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg" title="Several neurons colored yellow and having a large central core with up to two dozen tendrils branching out of them, the core of the neuron in the foreground contains an orange blob about a quarter of its diameter"><img alt="Several neurons colored yellow and having a large central core with up to two dozen tendrils branching out of them, the core of the neuron in the foreground contains an orange blob about a quarter of its diameter" data-file-height="470" data-file-width="362" height="299" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg/230px-Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg/345px-Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg 2x" width="230" /></a> <br />
<div>
A microscope image of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">medium spiny neurons</a> (yellow) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_bodies" title="Inclusion bodies">nuclear inclusions</a> (orange), which occur as part of the disease process, image width 360 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">µm</a></div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Classification and external resources</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/G10" rel="nofollow">G10</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/F02.2" rel="nofollow">F02.2</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=333.4" rel="nofollow">333.4</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=294.1" rel="nofollow">294.1</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMIM" title="OMIM">OMIM</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://omim.org/entry/143100" rel="nofollow">143100</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6060.htm" rel="nofollow">6060</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000770.htm" rel="nofollow">000770</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150165-overview" rel="nofollow">article/1150165</a> <a class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/792600-overview" rel="nofollow">article/792600</a> <a class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289706-overview" rel="nofollow">article/289706</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://patient.info/doctor/huntingtons-disease" rel="nofollow">Huntington's disease</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D006816" rel="nofollow">D006816</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Huntington's disease</b> (<b>HD</b>) is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorder</a> that affects muscle coordination and leads to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive" title="Cognitive">mental</a> decline and behavioral symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KHammond01_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-KHammond01-1">[1]</a></sup> Symptoms of the disease can vary between individuals and affected members of the same family, but usually progress predictably. The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or cognition. A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follows. As the disease advances, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent, along with a decline in mental abilities and behavioral symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KHammond01_1-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-KHammond01-1">[1]</a></sup> Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult. Mental abilities generally decline into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>. Complications such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy to around twenty years from the point at which symptoms begin. Physical symptoms can begin at any age from infancy to old age, but usually begin between 35 and 44 years of age. The disease may develop earlier in life in each successive generation. About 6% of cases start before the age of 21 years with an akinetic-rigid syndrome; they progress faster and vary slightly. The variant is classified as <b>juvenile</b>, <b>akinetic-rigid</b>, or <b>Westphal variant HD</b>.<br />
HD is the most common genetic cause of abnormal involuntary writhing movements called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">chorea</a>, which is why the disease used to be called <b>Huntington's chorea</b>. The disease is caused by an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">dominant</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in either of an individual's two copies of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin" title="Huntingtin">Huntingtin</a>. This means a child of an affected person typically has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. The <i>Huntingtin</i> gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called "huntingtin". Expansion of a CAG (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>) triplet repeat stretch within the <i>Huntingtin</i> gene results in a different form of the protein, which gradually damages cells in the brain, through mechanisms that are not fully understood. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> can be performed at any stage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" title="Human development (biology)">development</a>, even before the onset of symptoms. This fact raises several ethical debates: the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing; whether parents have the right to have their children tested; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a> has developed to inform and aid individuals considering genetic testing and has become a model for other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">genetically dominant</a> diseases.<br />
There is no cure for HD, and full-time care is required in the later stages of the disease. Existing pharmaceutical and non-drug treatments can relieve many of its symptoms. It is much more common in people of Western European descent than in those of Asian or African ancestry. The disease can affect both men and women.<br />
The genetic basis of HD was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort spearheaded by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_Disease_Foundation" title="Hereditary Disease Foundation">Hereditary Disease Foundation</a>. Research and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">support</a> organizations, first founded in the 1960s and increasing in number, work to increase public awareness, to provide support for individuals and their families, and to promote and facilitate research. Current research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease, improving <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_models" title="Animal models">animal models</a> to expedite research, clinical trials of pharmaceuticals to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease, and studying procedures such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_treatments" title="Stem cell treatments">stem cell therapy</a> with the goal of repairing damage caused by the disease.<br />
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<div class="toc" id="toc">
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<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Signs_and_symptoms"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Signs and symptoms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Genetics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Genetics</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Genetic_mutation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Genetic mutation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Inheritance"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Inheritance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Mechanism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanism</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Htt_function"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Htt function</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Cellular_changes_due_to_mHtt"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cellular changes due to mHtt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Macroscopic_changes_due_to_mHtt"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Macroscopic changes due to mHtt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Transcriptional_dysregulation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Transcriptional dysregulation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Diagnosis</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Clinical"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Clinical</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Predictive_genetic_testing"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Predictive genetic testing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Preimplantation genetic diagnosis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Prenatal_testing"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Prenatal testing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Differential_diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Differential diagnosis</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Management"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Management</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Physical_therapy"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Physical therapy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Medications"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Education"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Prognosis"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Prognosis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Epidemiology"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Epidemiology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#History"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Society_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Society and culture</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Ethics"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Support_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Support organizations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Research_directions"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Research directions</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Reducing_huntingtin_production"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reducing huntingtin production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Improving_cell_survival"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Improving cell survival</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Neuronal_replacement"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Neuronal replacement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#Clinical_trials"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Clinical trials</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 15px; text-align: center;"><caption>Reported rates of behavioral symptoms in Huntington's disease<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18070848-2">[2]</a></sup></caption><tbody>
<tr><td>Irritability</td><td>38–73%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Apathy</td><td>34–76%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Anxiety</td><td>34–61%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Depressed mood</td><td>33–69%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Obsessive and compulsive</td><td>10–52%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Psychotic</td><td>3–11%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Symptoms of Huntington's disease commonly become noticeable between the ages of 35 and 44 years, but they can begin at any age from infancy to old age.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-genereviews_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-genereviews-4">[4]</a></sup> In the early stages, there are subtle changes in personality, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, and physical skills.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> The physical symptoms are usually the first to be noticed, as cognitive and behavioral symptoms<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KHammond01_1-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-KHammond01-1">[1]</a></sup> are generally not severe enough to be recognized on their own at the earlier stages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> Almost everyone with Huntington's disease eventually exhibits similar physical symptoms, but the onset, progression and extent of cognitive and behavioral symptoms vary significantly between individuals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographclinical_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographclinical-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
The most characteristic initial physical symptoms are jerky, random, and uncontrollable movements called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreia_(disease)" title="Choreia (disease)">chorea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> Chorea may be initially exhibited as general restlessness, small unintentionally initiated or uncompleted motions, lack of coordination, or slowed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade" title="Saccade">saccadic eye movements</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> These minor motor abnormalities usually precede more obvious signs of motor dysfunction by at least three years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographclinical_5-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographclinical-5">[5]</a></sup> The clear appearance of symptoms such as rigidity, writhing motions or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">abnormal posturing</a> appear as the disorder progresses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup> These are signs that the system in the brain that is responsible for movement has been affected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation" title="Psychomotor retardation">Psychomotor</a> functions become increasingly impaired, such that any action that requires muscle control is affected. Common consequences are physical instability, abnormal facial expression, and difficulties chewing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">swallowing</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">speaking</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup> Eating difficulties commonly cause weight loss and may lead to malnutrition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19165531_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid19165531-9">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disturbances</a> are also associated symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19075719_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid19075719-11">[11]</a></sup> Juvenile HD differs from these symptoms in that it generally progresses faster and chorea is exhibited briefly, if at all, with rigidity being the dominant symptom. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">Seizures</a> are also a common symptom of this form of HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
Cognitive abilities are progressively impaired.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> Especially affected are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a> which include planning, cognitive flexibility, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_thinking" title="Abstract thinking">abstract thinking</a>, rule acquisition, initiation of appropriate actions, and inhibition of inappropriate actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> As the disease progresses, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> deficits tend to appear. Reported impairments range from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a> deficits to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">long-term memory</a> difficulties, including deficits in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic</a> (memory of one's life), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">procedural</a> (memory of the body of how to perform an activity) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> Cognitive problems tend to worsen over time, ultimately leading to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> This pattern of deficits has been called a subcortical dementia syndrome to distinguish it from the typical effects of cortical dementias e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup><br />
Reported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">neuropsychiatric</a> manifestations are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, a reduced display of emotions (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted_affect" title="Blunted affect">blunted affect</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism">egocentrism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">compulsive behavior</a>, the latter of which can cause or worsen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">addictions</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18070848-2">[2]</a></sup> Difficulties in recognizing other people's negative expressions have also been observed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of these symptoms is highly variable between studies, with estimated rates for lifetime prevalence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness" title="Mental illness">psychiatric disorders</a> between 33% and 76%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18070848-2">[2]</a></sup> For many sufferers and their families, these symptoms are among the most distressing aspects of the disease, often affecting daily functioning and constituting reason for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalization</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18070848-2">[2]</a></sup> Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts are more common than in the general population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> Often individuals have reduced awareness of chorea, cognitive and emotional impairments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
Mutant Huntingtin is expressed throughout the body and associated with abnormalities in peripheral tissues that are directly caused by such expression outside the brain. These abnormalities include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_failure" title="Cardiac failure">cardiac failure</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerance" title="Impaired glucose tolerance">impaired glucose tolerance</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_atrophy" title="Testicular atrophy">testicular atrophy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
All humans have two copies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin" title="Huntingtin">Huntingtin</a> gene (<i>HTT</i>), which codes for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin#Protein" title="Huntingtin">Huntingtin</a> (Htt). The gene is also called <i>HD</i> and <i>IT15</i>, which stands for 'interesting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcript</a> 15'. Part of this gene is a repeated section called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder" title="Trinucleotide repeat disorder">trinucleotide repeat</a>, which varies in length between individuals and may change length between generations. If the repeat is present in a healthy gene, a dynamic mutation may increase the repeat count and result in a defective gene. When the length of this repeated section reaches a certain threshold, it produces an altered form of the protein, called mutant Huntingtin protein (mHtt). The differing functions of these proteins are the cause of pathological changes which in turn cause the disease symptoms. The Huntington's disease mutation is genetically dominant and almost fully <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrance" title="Penetrance">penetrant</a>: mutation of either of a person's <i>HTT</i> alleles causes the disease. It is not inherited according to sex, but the length of the repeated section of the gene and hence its severity can be influenced by the sex of the affected parent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Genetic_mutation">Genetic mutation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetic mutation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
HD is one of several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder" title="Trinucleotide repeat disorder">trinucleotide repeat disorders</a> which are caused by the length of a repeated section of a gene exceeding a normal range.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> The <i>HTT</i> gene is located on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">short arm</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4_(human)" title="Chromosome 4 (human)">chromosome 4</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> at 4p16.3. <i>HTT</i> contains a sequence of three <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_base" title="DNA base">DNA bases</a>—cytosine-adenine-guanine (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon">CAG</a>)—repeated multiple times (i.e. ... CAGCAGCAG ...), known as a trinucleotide repeat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> CAG is the 3-letter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon">codon</a>) for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>, so a series of them results in the production of a chain of glutamine known as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglutamine_tract" title="Polyglutamine tract">polyglutamine tract</a> (or polyQ tract), and the repeated part of the gene, the <i>PolyQ region</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<table class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; text-align: center;"><caption>Classification of the trinucleotide repeat, and resulting disease status, depends on the number of CAG repeats<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup></caption><tbody>
<tr><th>Repeat count</th><th>Classification</th><th>Disease status</th><th>Risk to offspring</th></tr>
<tr><td><26</td><td>Normal</td><td>Will not be affected</td><td>None</td></tr>
<tr><td>27–35</td><td>Intermediate</td><td>Will not be affected</td><td>Elevated but <<50%</td></tr>
<tr><td>36–39</td><td>Reduced Penetrance</td><td>May or may not be affected</td><td>50%</td></tr>
<tr><td>40+</td><td>Full Penetrance</td><td>Will be affected</td><td>50%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Generally, people have fewer than 36 repeated glutamines in the polyQ region which results in production of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic" title="Cytoplasmic">cytoplasmic</a> protein Huntingtin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> However, a sequence of 36 or more glutamines results in the production of a protein which has different characteristics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> This altered form, called mHtt (mutant Htt), increases the decay rate of certain types of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_spiny_neurons" title="Medium spiny neurons">neurons</a>. Regions of the brain have differing amounts and reliance on these type of neurons, and are affected accordingly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup> Generally, the number of CAG repeats is related to how much this process is affected, and accounts for about 60% of the variation of the age of the onset of symptoms. The remaining variation is attributed to environment and other genes that modify the mechanism of HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> 36–39 repeats result in a reduced-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrance" title="Penetrance">penetrance</a> form of the disease, with a much later onset and slower progression of symptoms. In some cases the onset may be so late that symptoms are never noticed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet222_17-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet222-17">[17]</a></sup> With very large repeat counts, HD has full penetrance and can occur under the age of 20, when it is then referred to as juvenile HD, akinetic-rigid, or Westphal variant HD. This accounts for about 7% of HD carriers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-juvenilehd_18-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-juvenilehd-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Inheritance">Inheritance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inheritance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg"><img alt="Diagram showing a father carrying the gene and an unaffected mother leading to some of their offspring being affected; those affected are also shown with some affected offspring; those unaffected have no affected offspring" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="443" data-file-width="513" height="233" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg/270px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg/405px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg/540px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg.png 2x" width="270" /></a> <br />
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Huntington's disease is inherited in an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> fashion. The probability of each offspring inheriting an affected gene is 50%. Inheritance is independent of gender, and the phenotype does not skip generations.</div>
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Huntington's disease has <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> inheritance, meaning that an affected individual typically inherits one copy of the gene with an expanded trinucleotide repeat (the mutant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>) from an affected parent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> Since penetrance of the mutation is very high, those who have a mutated copy of the gene will have the disease. In this type of inheritance pattern, each offspring of an affected individual has a 50% risk of inheriting the mutant allele and therefore being affected with the disorder (see figure). This probability is sex-independent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-basicgenetics_19-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-basicgenetics-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
Trinucleotide CAG repeats over 28 are unstable during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replication</a> and this instability increases with the number of repeats present.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet222_17-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet222-17">[17]</a></sup> This usually leads to new expansions as generations pass (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_mutation" title="Dynamic mutation">dynamic mutations</a>) instead of reproducing an exact copy of the trinucleotide repeat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> This causes the number of repeats to change in successive generations, such that an unaffected parent with an "intermediate" number of repeats (28–35), or "reduced penetrance" (36–40), may pass on a copy of the gene with an increase in the number of repeats that produces fully penetrant HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> Such increases in the number of repeats (and hence earlier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_onset" title="Age of onset">age of onset</a> and severity of disease) in successive generations is known as genetic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation_(genetics)" title="Anticipation (genetics)">anticipation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> Instability is greater in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">oogenesis</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> maternally inherited alleles are usually of a similar repeat length, whereas paternally inherited ones have a higher chance of increasing in length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> It is rare for Huntington's disease to be caused by a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_mutation" title="De novo mutation">new mutation</a>, where neither parent has over 36 CAG repeats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16965319_21-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16965319-21">[21]</a></sup><br />
In the rare situations where both parents have an expanded HD gene, the risk increases to 75%, and when either parent has two expanded copies, the risk is 100% (all children will be affected). Individuals with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygous" title="Homozygous">both genes affected</a> are rare. For some time HD was thought to be the only disease for which possession of a second mutated gene did not affect symptoms and progression,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid2881213_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid2881213-22">[22]</a></sup> but it has since been found that it can affect the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> and the rate of progression.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12615650_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid12615650-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanism">Mechanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The Htt protein interacts with over 100 other proteins, and appears to have multiple biological functions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15383276_24-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15383276-24">[24]</a></sup> The behavior of this mutated protein is not completely understood, but it is toxic to certain cell types, particularly in the brain. Early damage is most evident in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>, but as the disease progresses, other areas of the brain are also more conspicuously affected. Early symptoms are attributable to functions of the striatum and its cortical connections—namely control over movement, mood and higher cognitive function.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Htt_function">Htt function</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Htt function">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin" title="Huntingtin">Huntingtin</a></div>
Htt is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_expression" title="Protein expression">expressed</a> in all mammalian cells. The highest concentrations are found in the brain and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testes" title="Testes">testes</a>, with moderate amounts in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> The function of Htt in humans is unclear. It interacts with proteins which are involved in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> and intracellular <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)#Transport_vesicles" title="Vesicle (biology)">transporting</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12932731_25-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid12932731-25">[25]</a></sup> In animals <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified</a> to exhibit HD, several functions of Htt have been found.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Httfunction_26-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Httfunction-26">[26]</a></sup> In these animals, Htt is important for embryonic development, as its absence is related to embryonic death. Caspase, an enzyme which plays a role in catalyzing apoptosis, is thought to be activated by the mutated gene through damaging the ubiquitin-protease system. It also acts as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">anti-apoptotic</a> agent preventing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">programmed cell death</a> and controls the production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a>, a protein which protects neurons and regulates their creation during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>. Htt also facilitates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">vesicular</a> transport and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsis" title="Synapsis">synaptic transmission</a> and controls neuronal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)">gene transcription</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Httfunction_26-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Httfunction-26">[26]</a></sup> If the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of Htt is increased and more Htt produced, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cell" title="Brain cell">brain cell</a> survival is improved and the effects of mHtt are reduced, whereas when the expression of Htt is reduced, the resulting characteristics are more typical of the presence of mHtt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Httfunction_26-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Httfunction-26">[26]</a></sup> In humans the disruption of the normal gene does not cause the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> It is thought that the disease is not caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency" title="Haploinsufficiency">inadequate production</a> of Htt, but by a gain of toxic function of mHtt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Cellular_changes_due_to_mHtt">Cellular changes due to mHtt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cellular changes due to mHtt">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_with_mHTT_inclusion_zoomed.jpg"><img alt="Closer view of neuron having a large central core with several tendrils branching out some of which branche again, the core of the contains an orange blob about a quarter of its diameter" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="205" data-file-width="250" height="180" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Neuron_with_mHTT_inclusion_zoomed.jpg/220px-Neuron_with_mHTT_inclusion_zoomed.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Neuron_with_mHTT_inclusion_zoomed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Neuron_with_mHTT_inclusion_zoomed.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a> <br />
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A microscope image of a neuron with inclusion (stained orange) caused by HD, image width 250 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">µm</a></div>
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There are multiple cellular changes through which the toxic function of mHtt may manifest and produce the HD pathology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid14585171-27">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid2136787_28-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid2136787-28">[28]</a></sup> During the biological process of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttranslational_modification" title="Posttranslational modification">posttranslational modification</a> of mHtt, cleavage of the protein can leave behind shorter fragments constituted of parts of the polyglutamine expansion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid14585171-27">[27]</a></sup> The polar nature of glutamine causes interactions with other proteins when it is overabundant in unmodified Htt proteins or the Htt fragments created from Htt cleavage. Thus, the mHtt molecule strands will form hydrogen bonds with one another, forming a protein aggregate rather than folding into functional proteins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_29-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease-29">[29]</a></sup> Over time, the aggregates accumulate, ultimately interfering with neuron function because these fragments can then <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfold" title="Misfold">misfold</a> and coalesce, in a process called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_aggregation" title="Protein aggregation">protein aggregation</a>, to form <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_bodies" title="Inclusion bodies">inclusion bodies</a> within cells.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid14585171-27">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_29-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease-29">[29]</a></sup> Neuronal inclusions run indirect interference. The excess protein aggregates clump together at axons and dendrites in neurons which mechanically stops the transmission of neurotransmitters because vesicles (filled with neurotransmitters) can no longer move through the cytoskeleton. Ultimately, over time, fewer and fewer neurotransmitters are available for release in signaling other neurons as the neuronal inclusions grow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_29-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease-29">[29]</a></sup> Inclusion bodies have been found in both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid14585171-27">[27]</a></sup> Inclusion bodies in cells of the brain are one of the earliest pathological changes, and some experiments have found that they can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">toxic</a> for the cell, but other experiments have shown that they may form as part of the body's defense mechanism and help protect cells.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid14585171-27">[27]</a></sup><br />
Several pathways by which mHtt may cause cell death have been identified. These include: effects on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(protein)" title="Chaperone (protein)">chaperone proteins</a>, which help fold proteins and remove misfolded ones; interactions with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase" title="Caspase">caspases</a>, which play a role in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">process of removing cells</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">toxic effects of glutamine on nerve cells</a>; impairment of energy production within cells; and effects on the expression of genes. The cytotoxic effects of mHtt are strongly enhanced by interactions with a protein called <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhes" title="Rhes">Rhes</a></i>, which is expressed mainly in the striatum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19498170_30-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid19498170-30">[30]</a></sup> Rhes was found to induce <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumoylation" title="Sumoylation">sumoylation</a> of mHtt, which causes the protein clumps to disaggregate—studies in cell culture showed that the clumps were much less toxic than the disaggregated form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19498170_30-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid19498170-30">[30]</a></sup><br />
An additional theory that explains another way cell function may be disrupted by HD proposes that damage to mitochondria in striatal cells (numerous accounts of mitochondrial metabolism deficiency have been found) and the interactions of the altered huntingtin protein with numerous proteins in neurons leads to an increased vulnerability of glutamine, which, in large amounts, has been found to be an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxin" title="Excitotoxin">excitotoxin</a>. Excitotoxins may cause damage to numerous cellular structures. Although glutamine is not found in excessively high amounts, it has been postulated that because of the increased vulnerability, even normal amounts glutamine can cause excitotoxins to be expressed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlThe_Basic_Neurobiology_of_Huntingtons_Disease_.28Text_and_Audio.29_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlThe_Basic_Neurobiology_of_Huntingtons_Disease_.28Text_and_Audio.29_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article_32-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article-32">[32]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Macroscopic_changes_due_to_mHtt">Macroscopic changes due to mHtt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Macroscopic changes due to mHtt">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrainCaudatePutamen.svg"><img alt="Diagram of a sideview of the brain and part of spinal cord, the front of the brain is to the left, in the centre are orange and purple masses about a quarter of the size of the whole brain, the purple mass largely overlaps the orange and has an arm that starts at its leftmost region and forms a spiral a little way out tapering off and ending in a nodule directly below the main mass" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="126" data-file-width="172" height="161" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/220px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/330px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/440px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png 2x" width="220" /></a> <br />
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Area of the brain most damaged in early Huntington's disease—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a> (shown in purple)</div>
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HD affects the whole brain, but certain areas are more vulnerable than others. The most prominent early effects are in a part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostriatum" title="Neostriatum">neostriatum</a>, which is composed of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate nucleus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen" title="Putamen">putamen</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> Other areas affected include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a>, layers 3, 5 and 6 of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">purkinje cells</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lateral_tuberal_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lateral tuberal nuclei (page does not exist)">lateral tuberal nuclei</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> and parts of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> These areas are affected according to their structure and the types of neurons they contain, reducing in size as they lose cells.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> Striatal spiny neurons are the most vulnerable, particularly ones with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">projections</a> towards the external <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">globus pallidus</a>, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a> and spiny cells projecting to the internal pallidum being less affected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> HD also causes an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrogliosis" title="Astrogliosis">abnormal increase</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> and activation of the brain's immune cells, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17965655_34-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid17965655-34">[34]</a></sup><br />
The basal ganglia—the part of the brain most prominently affected in early HD—play a key role in movement and behavior control. Their functions are not fully understood, but current theories propose that they are part of the cognitive <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_function" title="Executive function">executive system</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid16496032-8">[8]</a></sup> and the motor circuit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid10923984_35-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid10923984-35">[35]</a></sup> The basal ganglia ordinarily inhibit a large number of circuits that generate specific movements. To initiate a particular movement, the cerebral cortex sends a signal to the basal ganglia that causes the inhibition to be released. Damage to the basal ganglia can cause the release or reinstatement of the inhibitions to be erratic and uncontrolled, which results in an awkward start to motion or motions to be unintentionally initiated, or a motion to be halted before, or beyond, its intended completion. The accumulating damage to this area causes the characteristic erratic movements associated with HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid10923984_35-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid10923984-35">[35]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Transcriptional_dysregulation">Transcriptional dysregulation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transcriptional dysregulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB-binding_protein" title="CREB-binding protein">CREB-binding protein</a> (CBP), a transcriptional coregulator, is essential for cell function because as a coactivator at a significant number of promoters, it activates the transcription of genes for survival pathways.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article_32-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article-32">[32]</a></sup> Furthermore, the amino acids that form CBP include a strip of 18 glutamines. Thus, the glutamines on CBP interact directly with the increased numbers of glutamine on the Htt chain and CBP gets pulled away from its typical location next to the nucleus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC_36-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC-36">[36]</a></sup> Specifically, CBP contains an acetyltransferase domain to which Htt binds through its polyglutamine-containing domain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Autopsied brains of those who had Huntington's disease also have been found to have incredibly reduced amounts of CBP.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC_36-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC-36">[36]</a></sup> In addition, when CBP is overexpressed, polyglutamine-induced death is diminished, further demonstrating that CBP plays an important role in Huntington's disease and neurons in general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article_32-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article-32">[32]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Medical diagnosis</a> of the onset of HD can be made following the appearance of physical symptoms specific to the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> Genetic testing can be used to confirm a physical diagnosis if there is no family history of HD. Even before the onset of symptoms, genetic testing can confirm if an individual or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> carries an expanded copy of the trinucleotide repeat in the <i>HTT</i> gene that causes the disease. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a> is available to provide advice and guidance throughout the testing procedure, and on the implications of a confirmed diagnosis. These implications include the impact on an individual's psychology, career, family planning decisions, relatives and relationships. Despite the availability of pre-symptomatic testing, only 5% of those at risk of inheriting HD choose to do so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical">Clinical</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntington.jpg"><img alt="Cross section of a brain showing undulating tissues with gaps between them, there are two large gaps evenly spaced about the centre" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="902" data-file-width="722" height="275" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Huntington.jpg/220px-Huntington.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Huntington.jpg/330px-Huntington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Huntington.jpg/440px-Huntington.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a> <br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_plane" title="Coronal plane">Coronal</a> section from an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI" title="MRI">MR</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_scan" title="Brain scan">brain scan</a> of a patient with HD, showing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> of the heads of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate nuclei</a>, enlargement of the frontal horns of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricles" title="Lateral ventricles">lateral ventricles</a> (hydrocephalus <i>ex vacuo</i>), and generalized cortical atrophy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></div>
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a>, sometimes combined with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_examination" title="Psychological examination">psychological examination</a>, can determine whether the onset of the disease has begun.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> Excessive unintentional movements of any part of the body are often the reason for seeking medical consultation. If these are abrupt and have random timing and distribution, they suggest a diagnosis of HD. Cognitive or behavioral symptoms are rarely the first symptoms diagnosed; they are usually only recognized in hindsight or when they develop further. How far the disease has progressed can be measured using the <i>unified Huntington's disease rating scale</i>, which provides an overall rating system based on motor, behavioral, cognitive, and functional assessments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19111470_39-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid19111470-39">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_tomography" title="Computerized tomography">computerized tomography</a> (CT) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI), can show atrophy of the caudate nuclei early in the disease, as seen in the illustration to the right, but these changes are not, by themselves, diagnostic of HD. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_atrophy" title="Cerebral atrophy">Cerebral atrophy</a> can be seen in the advanced stages of the disease. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging" title="Functional neuroimaging">Functional neuroimaging</a> techniques, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET), can show changes in brain activity before the onset of physical symptoms, but they are experimental tools, and are not used clinically.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Predictive_genetic_testing">Predictive genetic testing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Predictive genetic testing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Because HD follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, there is a strong motivation for individuals who are at risk of inheriting it to seek a diagnosis. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_test" title="Genetic test">genetic test</a> for HD consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">blood test</a> which counts the numbers of CAG repeats in each of the <i>HTT</i> alleles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15717026_41-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15717026-41">[41]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_(reference_value)" title="Cutoff (reference value)">Cutoffs</a> are given as follows:<br />
<ul>
<li>40 or more CAG repeats: <i>full <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrance" title="Penetrance">penetrance</a> allele</i> (FPA).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup> A "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_test" title="Positive test">positive test</a>" or "positive result" generally refers to this case. A positive result is not considered a diagnosis, since it may be obtained decades before the symptoms begin. However, a negative test means that the individual does not carry the expanded copy of the gene and will not develop HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> The test will tell a person who originally had a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disease if their risk goes up to 100 percent or is eliminated. A person who tests positive for the disease will develop HD sometime within their lifetime, provided he or she lives long enough for the disease to appear.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li>36 to 39 repeats: <i>incomplete</i> or <i>reduced penetrance allele</i> (RPA). It may cause symptoms, usually later in the adult life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup> There is a maximum risk of 60% that a person with an RPA will be symptomatic at the age of 65 years, and a 70% risk of being symptomatic at the age of 75 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
<li>27 to 35 repeats: <i>intermediate allele</i> (IA), or <i>large normal allele</i>. It is not associated with symptomatic disease in the tested individual, but may expand upon further inheritance to give symptoms in offspring.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
<li>26 or fewer repeats: Not associated with HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
A <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pre-symptomatic" title="wiktionary:pre-symptomatic">pre-symptomatic</a> test is a life-changing event and a very personal decision.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> The main reason given for choosing testing for HD is to aid in career and family decisions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> Before 1993 there was not an available test for individuals to learn if they carried the Huntington's gene. At that time surveys indicated that 50–70% of at-risk individuals would have been interested in receiving testing, but since predictive testing has been offered far fewer choose to be tested.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid23297124_43-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid23297124-43">[43]</a></sup> Over 95% of individuals at risk of inheriting HD do not proceed with testing, mostly because there is no treatment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup> A key issue is the anxiety an individual experiences about not knowing whether they will eventually develop HD, compared to the impact of a positive result.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> Irrespective of the result, stress levels have been found to be lower two years after being tested, but the risk of suicide is increased after a positive test result.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> Individuals found to have not inherited the disorder may experience <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_guilt" title="Survivor guilt">survivor guilt</a> with regard to family members who are affected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> Other factors taken into account when considering testing include the possibility of discrimination and the implications of a positive result, which usually means a parent has an affected gene and that the individual's siblings will be at risk of inheriting it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> In one study genetic discrimination was found in 46% of individuals at risk for Huntington's disease. It occurred at higher rates within personal relationships than health insurance or employment relations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid20468061_44-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid20468061-44">[44]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a> in HD can provide information, advice and support for initial decision-making, and then, if chosen, throughout all stages of the testing process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-geneticcounselling_45-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-geneticcounselling-45">[45]</a></sup> Because of the implications of this test, patients who wish to undergo testing must complete three counseling sessions which provide information about Huntington's.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid22114233_46-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid22114233-46">[46]</a></sup><br />
Counseling and guidelines on the use of genetic testing for HD have become models for other genetic disorders, such as autosomal dominant cerebellar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxias</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12849232_47-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid12849232-47">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_testing" title="Predictive testing">Presymptomatic testing</a> for HD has also influenced testing for other illnesses with genetic variants such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney" title="Polycystic kidney">polycystic kidney</a> disease, familial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12849232_47-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid12849232-47">[47]</a></sup> The European Molecular Genetics Quality Network have published yearly external quality assessment scheme for molecular genetic testing for this disease and have developed best practice guidelines for genetic testing for HD to assist in testing and reporting of results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Losekoot2012_49-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Losekoot2012-49">[49]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis">Preimplantation genetic diagnosis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryos</a> produced using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilization</a> may be genetically tested for HD using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a> (PGD). This technique, where one or two cells are extracted from a typically 4 to 8 cell embryo and then tested for the genetic abnormality, can then be used to ensure embryos affected with HD genes are not implanted, and therefore any offspring will not inherit the disease. Some forms of preimplantation genetic diagnosis—non-disclosure or exclusion testing—allow at-risk people to have HD-free offspring <i>without</i> revealing their own parental genotype, giving no information about whether they themselves are destined to develop HD. In exclusion testing, the embryos' DNA is compared with that of the parents and grandparents to avoid inheritance of the chromosomal region containing the HD gene from the affected grandparent. In non-disclosure testing, only disease-free embryos are replaced in the uterus while the parental genotype and hence parental risk for HD are never disclosed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Prenatal_testing">Prenatal testing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prenatal testing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
It is also possible to obtain a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis" title="Prenatal diagnosis">prenatal diagnosis</a> for an embryo or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> in the womb, using fetal genetic material acquired through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">chorionic villus sampling</a>. An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">amniocentesis</a> can be performed if the pregnancy is further along, within 14–18 weeks. This procedure looks at the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby for indicators of the HD mutation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> This, too, can be paired with exclusion testing to avoid disclosure of parental genotype. Prenatal testing can be done when a parent has been diagnosed with HD, when they have had genetic testing showing the expansion of the HTT gene, or when they have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. The parents can be counseled on their options, which include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_pregnancy" title="Termination of pregnancy">termination of pregnancy</a>, and on the difficulties of a child with the identified gene.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15758612_53-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15758612-53">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><br />
In addition, in at-risk pregnancies due to an affected male partner, non-invasive prenatal diagnosis can be performed by analyzing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_fetal_DNA" title="Cell-free fetal DNA">cell-free fetal DNA</a> taken by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">venipuncture</a> on the mother between 6 and 12 weeks of pregnancy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup> It has no procedure-related risk of miscarriage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42">[42]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
About 99% of HD diagnoses based on the typical symptoms and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">family history</a> of the disease are confirmed by genetic testing to have the expanded trinucleotide repeat that causes HD. Most of the remaining are called HD-like disorders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HD-LIKE-55">[55]</a></sup> Most of these other disorders are collectively labelled HD-like (HDL).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HD-LIKE-55">[55]</a></sup> The cause of most HDL diseases is unknown, but those with known causes are due to mutations in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP" title="PRNP">prion protein gene</a> (HDL1), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPH3" title="JPH3">junctophilin 3 gene</a> (HDL2), a recessively inherited <i>HTT</i> gene (HDL3—only found in one family and poorly understood), and the gene encoding the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_binding_protein" title="TATA binding protein">TATA box-binding protein</a> (HDL4/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SCA17</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HD-LIKE-55">[55]</a></sup> Other autosomal dominant diseases that can be misdiagnosed as HD are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian_atrophy" title="Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy">dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult-onset_basal_ganglia_disease" title="Adult-onset basal ganglia disease">neuroferritinopathy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HD-LIKE-55">[55]</a></sup> There are also <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a> disorders that resemble sporadic cases of HD. Main examples are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea_acanthocytosis" title="Chorea acanthocytosis">chorea acanthocytosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">X-linked</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_syndrome" title="McLeod syndrome">McLeod syndrome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HD-LIKE-55">[55]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Management">Management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrabenazine_structure.svg"><img alt="diagram showing 19 carbon, 27 hydrogen, 3 oxygen and 1 nitrogen atom bonded together" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="397" data-file-width="672" height="130" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tetrabenazine_structure.svg/220px-Tetrabenazine_structure.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tetrabenazine_structure.svg/330px-Tetrabenazine_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tetrabenazine_structure.svg/440px-Tetrabenazine_structure.svg.png 2x" width="220" /></a> <br />
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Chemical structure of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">tetrabenazine</a>, an approved compound for the management of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">chorea</a> in HD</div>
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There is no cure for HD, but there are treatments available to reduce the severity of some of its symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HDDRUGS_56-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HDDRUGS-56">[56]</a></sup> For many of these treatments, evidence to confirm their effectiveness in treating symptoms of HD specifically are incomplete.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet224_57-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet224-57">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15076012_58-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15076012-58">[58]</a></sup> As the disease progresses the ability to care for oneself declines and carefully managed <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidisciplinary" title="Multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiving" title="Caregiving">caregiving</a> becomes increasingly necessary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet224_57-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet224-57">[57]</a></sup> Although there have been relatively few studies of exercises and therapies that help <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(neuropsychology)" title="Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)">rehabilitate</a> cognitive symptoms of HD, there is some evidence for the usefulness of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_therapy" title="Speech therapy">speech therapy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup> An association between caffeine intake and earlier age of onset in Huntington's disease has been found<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> but, since this finding was based on retrospective questionnaire data rather than a blinded, randomized trial or case-control study, this work is a poor basis for guiding lifestyle decisions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_therapy">Physical therapy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Physical therapy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Weight loss and eating difficulties due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a> and other muscle discoordination are common, making nutrition management increasingly important as the disease advances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet224_57-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet224-57">[57]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">Thickening agents</a> can be added to liquids as thicker fluids are easier and safer to swallow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet224_57-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet224-57">[57]</a></sup> Reminding the people to eat slowly and to take smaller pieces of food into the mouth may also be of use to prevent choking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet224_57-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet224-57">[57]</a></sup> If eating becomes too hazardous or uncomfortable, the option of using a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a> is available. This is a feeding tube, permanently attached through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> into the stomach, which reduces the risk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">aspirating</a> food and provides better nutritional management.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18390785_62-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18390785-62">[62]</a></sup> Assessment and management by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_and_language_therapist" title="Speech and language therapist">speech and language therapists</a> with experience in Huntington's disease is recommended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup><br />
People with Huntington's disease may see a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapist" title="Physical therapist">physical therapist</a> for non-invasive and non-medication-based ways of managing the physical symptoms. Physical therapists may implement fall risk assessment and prevention, as well as strengthening, stretching, and cardiovascular exercises. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_aids" title="Walking aids">Walking aids</a> may be prescribed as appropriate. Physical therapists also prescribe breathing exercises and airway clearance techniques with the development of respiratory problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ehdnphysio_63-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-ehdnphysio-63">[63]</a></sup> Consensus guidelines on physiotherapy in Huntington's disease have been produced by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Huntington%27s_Disease_Network" title="European Huntington's Disease Network">European HD Network</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ehdnphysio_63-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-ehdnphysio-63">[63]</a></sup> Goals of early <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_medicine" title="Rehabilitation medicine">rehabilitation</a> interventions are prevention of loss of function. Participation in rehabilitation programs during early to middle stage of the disease may be beneficial as it translates into long term maintenance of motor and functional performance. Rehabilitation during the late stage aims to compensate for motor and functional losses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> For long-term independent management, the therapist may develop home exercise programs for appropriate people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Medications">Medications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a> was approved in 2008 for treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_66-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-autogenerated1-66">[66]</a></sup> Other drugs that help to reduce chorea include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptic" title="Neuroleptic">neuroleptics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-genereviews_4-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-genereviews-4">[4]</a></sup> Compounds such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">amantadine</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">remacemide</a> are still under investigation but have shown preliminary positive results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet225_67-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet225-67">[67]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinesia" title="Hypokinesia">Hypokinesia</a> and rigidity, especially in juvenile cases, can be treated with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparkinsonian" title="Antiparkinsonian">antiparkinsonian</a> drugs, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic" title="Myoclonic">myoclonic</a> hyperkinesia can be treated with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid" title="Valproic acid">valproic acid</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-genereviews_4-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-genereviews-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
Psychiatric symptoms can be treated with medications similar to those used in the general population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet224_57-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet224-57">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15076012_58-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15076012-58">[58]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a> have been recommended for depression, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotic</a> drugs are recommended for psychosis and behavioral problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15076012_58-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15076012-58">[58]</a></sup> Specialist neuropsychiatric input is recommended as people may require long-term treatment with multiple medications in combination.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet218_3-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet218-3">[3]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
The families of individuals who have inherited or are at risk of inheriting HD, have generations of experience of HD which may be outdated and lack knowledge of recent breakthroughs and improvements in genetic testing, family planning choices, care management, and other considerations. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a> benefits these individuals by updating their knowledge, dispelling any myths they may have and helping them consider their future options and plans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographtesting_68-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographtesting-68">[68]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Prognosis">Prognosis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The length of the trinucleotide repeat accounts for 60% of the variation in the age symptoms appear and the rate they progress. A longer repeat results in an earlier age of onset and a faster progression of symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-22"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> Individuals with more than sixty repeats often develop the disease before age 20, while those with fewer than 40 repeats may not ever develop noticeable symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> The remaining variation is due to environmental factors and other genes that influence the mechanism of the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet220_15-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet220-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
Life expectancy in HD is generally around 20 years following the onset of visible symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup> Most life-threatening complications result from muscle coordination and, to a lesser extent, behavioral changes induced by declining cognitive function. The largest risk is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, which causes death in one third of those with HD. As the ability to synchronize movements deteriorates, difficulty clearing the lungs and an increased risk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">aspirating</a> food or drink both increase the risk of contracting pneumonia. The second greatest risk is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, which causes almost a quarter of fatalities of those with HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> is the third greatest cause of fatalities, with 7.3% of those with HD taking their own lives and up to 27% attempting to do so. It is unclear to what extent suicidal thoughts are influenced by behavioral symptoms, as they signify sufferers' desires to avoid the later stages of the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographNeuro_71-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographNeuro-71">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73">[73]</a></sup> Other associated risks include choking, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">physical injury</a> from falls, and malnutrition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet219_7-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet219-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
The late onset of Huntington's disease means it does not usually affect reproduction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> The worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of HD is 5–10 cases per 100,000 persons,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-emedicine_74-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-emedicine-74">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Driver-Dunckley2007_75-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Driver-Dunckley2007-75">[75]</a></sup> but varies greatly geographically as a result of ethnicity, local migration and past immigration patterns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> Prevalence is similar for men and women. The rate of occurrence is highest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">peoples</a> of Western European descent, averaging around 7 per 100,000 people, and is lower in the rest of the world; e.g., one per million people of Asian and African descent. A 2013 epidemiological study of the prevalence of Huntington's disease in the U.K. between 1990 and 2010 found that the average prevalence for the U.K. was 12.3 per 100,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid23482661_76-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid23482661-76">[76]</a></sup> Additionally, some localized areas have a much higher prevalence than their regional average.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> One of the highest incidences is in the isolated populations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a> region of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, where HD affects up to 700 per 100,000 persons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Other areas of high localization have been found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and specific regions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73">[73]</a></sup> Increased prevalence in some cases occurs due to a local <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>, a historical migration of carriers into an area of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_isolation" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnamark_78-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-dnamark-78">[78]</a></sup> Some of these carriers have been traced back hundreds of years using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical</a> studies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73">[73]</a></sup> Genetic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> can also give clues for the geographic variations of prevalence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7881406_79-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid7881406-79">[79]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, on the contrary, has a rather low prevalence of 1 per 100,000, despite the fact that <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelander" title="Icelander">Icelanders</a> as a people are descended of the early Germanic tribes of Scandinavia which also gave rise to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>; all cases with the exception of one going back nearly two centuries having derived from the offspring of a couple living early in the 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, as well, has a low incidence of only 2.2 per 100,000 people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><br />
Until the discovery of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_test" title="Genetic test">genetic test</a>, statistics could only include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_diagnosis" title="Clinical diagnosis">clinical diagnosis</a> based on physical symptoms and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history" title="Family history">family history</a> of HD, excluding those who died of other causes before diagnosis. These cases can now be included in statistics; and, as the test becomes more widely available, estimates of the prevalence and incidence of the disorder are likely to increase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid11595021_82-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid11595021-82">[82]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg"><img alt="On the right is a young man, dressed in suit and tie, sporting a moustache and tuft of hair on the chin; on the left is the top half of a medical journal titled 'Medical and Surgical Reporter'" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="358" data-file-width="800" height="98" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg/220px-On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg/330px-On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg/440px-On_Chorea_with_photo.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a> <br />
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In 1872 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Huntington" title="George Huntington">George Huntington</a> described the disorder in his first paper "<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Chorea" title="wikisource:On Chorea">On Chorea</a>" at the age of 22.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onchorea_83-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-onchorea-83">[83]</a></sup></div>
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Although Huntington's has been recognized as a disorder since at least the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the cause has been unknown until fairly recently. Huntington's was given different names throughout this history as understanding of the disease changed. Originally called simply 'chorea' for the jerky dancelike movements associated with the disease, HD has also been called "hereditary chorea" and "chronic progressive chorea".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> The first definite mention of HD was in a letter by <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Oscar_Waters&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Charles Oscar Waters (page does not exist)">Charles Oscar Waters</a>, published in the first edition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robley_Dunglison" title="Robley Dunglison">Robley Dunglison</a>'s <i>Practice of Medicine</i> in 1842. Waters described "a form of chorea, vulgarly called magrums", including accurate descriptions of the chorea, its progression, and the strong heredity of the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> In 1846 <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gorman_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Charles Gorman (physician) (page does not exist)">Charles Gorman</a> observed how higher prevalence seemed to occur in localized regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> Independently of Gorman and Waters, both students of Dunglison at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Medical_College" title="Jefferson Medical College">Jefferson Medical College</a> in Philadelphia,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Wexler2008-86">[86]</a></sup> <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Christian_Lund&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Johan Christian Lund (page does not exist)">Johan Christian Lund</a> also produced an early description in 1860.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> He specifically noted that in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setesdalen" title="Setesdalen">Setesdalen</a>, a secluded mountain valley in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, there was a high prevalence of dementia associated with a pattern of jerking movement disorders that ran in families.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup><br />
The first thorough description of the disease was by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Huntington" title="George Huntington">George Huntington</a> in 1872. Examining the combined medical history of several generations of a family exhibiting similar symptoms, he realized their conditions must be linked; he presented his detailed and accurate definition of the disease as his first paper. Huntington described the exact pattern of inheritance of autosomal dominant disease years before the rediscovery by scientists of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a>.<br />
<blockquote>
"Of its hereditary nature. When either or both the parents have shown manifestations of the disease ..., one or more of the offspring almost invariably suffer from the disease ... But if by any chance these children go through life without it, the thread is broken and the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the original shakers may rest assured that they are free from the disease.".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onchorea_83-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-onchorea-83">[83]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></blockquote>
Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> was interested in the disorder and chorea in general, and was impressed with Huntington's paper, stating that "In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Osler's continued interest in HD, combined with his influence in the field of medicine, helped to rapidly spread awareness and knowledge of the disorder throughout the medical community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> Great interest was shown by scientists in Europe, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Joseph_Landouzy" title="Louis Théophile Joseph Landouzy">Louis Théophile Joseph Landouzy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Magloire_Bourneville" title="Désiré-Magloire Bourneville">Désiré-Magloire Bourneville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jules_Dejerine" title="Joseph Jules Dejerine">Joseph Jules Dejerine</a>, and until the end of the century, much of the research into HD was European in origin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> By the end of the 19th century, research and reports on HD had been published in many countries and the disease was recognized as a worldwide condition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup><br />
During the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance at the turn of the 20th century, HD was used tentatively as an example of autosomal dominant inheritance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> The English biologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a> used the pedigrees of affected families to establish that HD had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Wexler2008-86">[86]</a></sup> The strong inheritance pattern prompted several researchers, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Ely_Jelliffe" title="Smith Ely Jelliffe">Smith Ely Jelliffe</a>, to attempt to trace and connect family members of previous studies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup> Jelliffe collected information from across <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> and published several articles regarding the genealogy of HD in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> Jelliffe's research roused the interest of his college friend, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a>, who commissioned Elizabeth Muncey to produce the first field study on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> of families with HD and to construct their pedigrees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-davenportmuncey_91-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-davenportmuncey-91">[91]</a></sup> Davenport used this information to document the variable age of onset and range of symptoms of HD; he claimed that most cases of HD in the USA could be traced back to a handful of individuals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-davenportmuncey_91-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-davenportmuncey-91">[91]</a></sup> This research was further embellished in 1932 by <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._R._Vessie&action=edit&redlink=1" title="P. R. Vessie (page does not exist)">P. R. Vessie</a>, who popularized the idea that three brothers who left <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1630 bound for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> were the progenitors of HD in the USA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> The claim that the earliest progenitors had been established and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenic" title="Eugenic">eugenic</a> bias of Muncey's, Davenport, and Vessie's work contributed to misunderstandings and prejudice about HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Wexler2008-86">[86]</a></sup> Muncey and Davenport also popularized the idea that in the past some HD sufferers may have been thought to be possessed by spirits or victims of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, and were sometimes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunned</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> by society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12486915_93-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid12486915-93">[93]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid6233902_94-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid6233902-94">[94]</a></sup> This idea has not been proven. Researchers have found contrary evidence; for instance, the community of the family studied by George Huntington openly accommodated those who exhibited symptoms of HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Wexler2008-86">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12486915_93-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid12486915-93">[93]</a></sup><br />
The search for the cause of this condition was enhanced considerably in 1968 when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_Disease_Foundation" title="Hereditary Disease Foundation">Hereditary Disease Foundation</a> (HDF) was created by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wexler" title="Milton Wexler">Milton Wexler</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a> based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> whose wife Leonore Sabin had been diagnosed earlier that year with Huntington's disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wexler2012_95-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Wexler2012-95">[95]</a></sup> The three brothers of Wexler's wife also suffered from this disease. The foundation was involved in the recruitment of over 100 scientists in the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_Disease_Collaborative_Research_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Project (page does not exist)">Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Project</a> who over a 10-year period worked to locate the responsible gene.<br />
Thanks to the HDF, the ongoing US-Venezuela Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Project was started in 1979, and reported a major breakthrough in 1983 with the discovery of the approximate location of a causal gene.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnamark_78-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-dnamark-78">[78]</a></sup> This was the result of an extensive study focusing on the populations of two isolated Venezuelan villages, Barranquitas and Lagunetas, where there was an unusually high prevalence of the disease. It involved over 18,000 people—mostly from a single extended family.<br />
Among other innovations, the project developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>-marking methods which were an important step in making the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> possible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> In 1993, the research group isolated the precise causal gene at 4p16.3,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8458085_97-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid8458085-97">[97]</a></sup> making this the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> disease <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a> found using genetic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_analysis" title="Linkage analysis">linkage analysis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8458085_97-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid8458085-97">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15931380_98-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid15931380-98">[98]</a></sup><br />
In the same time frame, key discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the disorder were being made, including the findings by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Harding" title="Anita Harding">Anita Harding</a>'s research group on the effects of the gene's length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid1303283_99-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid1303283-99">[99]</a></sup><br />
Modelling the disease in various types of animals, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> mouse developed in 1996, enabled larger scale experiments. As these animals have faster <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolisms</a> and much shorter lifespans than humans, results from experiments are received sooner, speeding research. The 1997 discovery that mHtt fragments <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">misfold</a> led to the discovery of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_bodies" title="Inclusion bodies">nuclear inclusions</a> they cause. These advances have led to increasingly extensive research into the proteins involved with the disease, potential drug treatments, care methods, and the gene itself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ross-tabrizi_100-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-ross-tabrizi-100">[100]</a></sup><br />
The condition was formerly called 'Huntington's chorea', but this term has been replaced by 'Huntington's disease', because not all patients develop chorea, and because of the importance of cognitive and behavioral problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-huntchorea_101-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-huntchorea-101">[101]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Huntington%27s_disease_media_depictions" title="List of Huntington's disease media depictions">List of Huntington's disease media depictions</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Ethics">Ethics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation#Ethics" title="In vitro fertilisation">In vitro fertilisation § Ethics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" title="Stem cell controversy">Stem cell controversy</a></div>
Huntington's disease, particularly the application of the genetic test for the disease, has raised several ethical issues. The issues for genetic testing include defining how mature an individual should be before being considered eligible for testing, ensuring the confidentiality of results, and whether companies should be allowed to use test results for decisions on employment, life insurance or other financial matters. There was controversy when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a> proposed in 1910 that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> control be used for people with certain diseases, including HD, as part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a> has some issues regarding its use of embryos. Some HD research has ethical issues due to its use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing#Ethics" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells" title="Embryonic stem cells">embryonic stem cells</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18181947_104-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18181947-104">[104]</a></sup><br />
The development of an accurate diagnostic test for Huntington's disease has caused social, legal, and ethical concerns over access to and use of a person's results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Many guidelines and testing procedures have strict procedures for disclosure and confidentiality to allow individuals to decide when and how to receive their results and also to whom the results are made available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lancet221_14-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-lancet221-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institutions</a> and businesses are faced with the question of whether to use genetic test results when assessing an individual, such as for life insurance or employment. Although the United Kingdom's insurance companies have agreed that until 2014 they will not use genetic information when writing most insurance policies,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> Huntington's is explicitly excluded from this agreement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Expert_backs_gene_test_disclosure_108-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-Expert_backs_gene_test_disclosure-108">[108]</a></sup> As with other untreatable genetic conditions with a later onset, it is ethically questionable to perform pre-symptomatic testing on a child or adolescent, as there would be no medical benefit for that individual. There is consensus for testing only individuals who are considered cognitively mature, although there is a counter-argument that parents have a right to make the decision on their child's behalf. With the lack of an effective treatment, testing a person under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">legal age</a> who is not judged to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillick_competence" title="Gillick competence">competent</a> is considered unethical in most cases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid2136787_28-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid2136787-28">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8950670_109-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid8950670-109">[109]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18704981_110-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18704981-110">[110]</a></sup><br />
There are ethical concerns related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis" title="Prenatal diagnosis">prenatal genetic testing</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a> to ensure a child is not born with a given disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid9949442_111-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid9949442-111">[111]</a></sup> For example, prenatal testing raises the issue of selective abortion, a choice considered unacceptable by some.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid9949442_111-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid9949442-111">[111]</a></sup> As it is a dominant disease, there are difficulties in situations in which a parent does not want to know his or her own diagnosis. This would require parts of the process to be kept secret from the parent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid9949442_111-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid9949442-111">[111]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Support_organizations">Support organizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Support organizations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph taken indoors of Woody Guthrie wearing pinstripe trousers, a tartan shirt with top button undone, and a cap. He sits playing a six-string acoustic guitar, which is supported on one knee, and he appears to be singing. 'This Machine Kills Fascists' is written in all capital letters on a rectangular sticker, which is fixed onto the guitar." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3677" data-file-width="2926" height="214" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 2x" width="170" /></a> <br />
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The death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> led to the foundation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_Disease_Society_of_America" title="Huntington's Disease Society of America">Committee to Combat Huntington's Disease.</a></div>
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In 1968, after experiencing HD in his wife's family, Dr. Milton Wexler was inspired to start the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_Disease_Foundation" title="Hereditary Disease Foundation">Hereditary Disease Foundation</a> (HDF), with the aim of curing genetic illnesses by coordinating and supporting research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HDF-About_Us_112-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HDF-About_Us-112">[112]</a></sup> The foundation and Dr. Wexler's daughter, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wexler" title="Nancy Wexler">Nancy Wexler</a>, were key parts of the research team in Venezuela which discovered the HD gene.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HDF-About_Us_112-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HDF-About_Us-112">[112]</a></sup><br />
At roughly the same time as the HDF formed, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Guthrie" title="Marjorie Guthrie">Marjorie Guthrie</a> helped to found the Committee to Combat Huntington's Disease (now the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_Disease_Society_of_America" title="Huntington's Disease Society of America">Huntington's Disease Society of America</a>), after her husband <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> died from complications of HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HDSA-History_113-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-HDSA-History-113">[113]</a></sup><br />
Since then, support and research organizations have formed in many countries around the world and have helped to increase public awareness of HD. A number of these collaborate in umbrella organizations, like the International Huntington Association and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Huntington%27s_Disease_Network" title="European Huntington's Disease Network">European HD network</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> Many support organizations hold an annual HD awareness event, some of which have been endorsed by their respective governments. For example, 6 June is designated "National Huntington's Disease Awareness Day" by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><br />
The largest funder of Huntington's disease research globally, in terms of financial expenditure,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chdi-nature-moneytree_116-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-chdi-nature-moneytree-116">[116]</a></sup> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHDI_Foundation" title="CHDI Foundation">CHDI Foundation</a>, a US <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> biomedical foundation that aims to "rapidly discover and develop drugs that delay or slow Huntington's disease".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chdi-website_117-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-chdi-website-117">[117]</a></sup> CHDI was formerly known as the High Q Foundation. In 2006, it spent $50 million on Huntington's disease research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chdi-nature-moneytree_116-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-chdi-nature-moneytree-116">[116]</a></sup> CHDI collaborates with many academic and commercial laboratories globally and engages in oversight and management of research projects as well as funding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chdi-nature-philanthropy_118-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-chdi-nature-philanthropy-118">[118]</a></sup> Many organizations exist to support and inform those affected by HD.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Research_directions">Research directions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Research directions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
Research into the mechanism of HD has focused on identifying the functioning of Htt, how mHtt differs or interferes with it, and the brain pathology that the disease produces. Research is conducted using <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> methods, animal models and human volunteers. Animal models are critical for understanding the fundamental mechanisms causing the disease and for supporting the early stages of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">drug development</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ross-tabrizi_100-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-ross-tabrizi-100">[100]</a></sup> Animals with chemically induced brain injury exhibit HD-like symptoms and were initially used, but they did not mimic the progressive features of the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turner-excitotoxicity_119-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-turner-excitotoxicity-119">[119]</a></sup> The identification of the causative gene has enabled the development of many <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_animal" title="Transgenic animal">transgenic animal</a> models including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> worms, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit flies</a>, mice, rats, sheep, pigs and monkeys that express mutant huntingtin and develop progressive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a> and HD-like symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ross-tabrizi_100-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-ross-tabrizi-100">[100]</a></sup><br />
Research is being conducted on many different approaches to prevent Huntington's disease or slow its progression. Disease-modifying strategies can be broadly grouped into three categories: reducing the level of the mutant huntingtin protein (including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">gene silencing</a>); approaches aimed at improving neuronal survival by reducing the harm caused by the protein to specific cellular pathways and mechanisms (including <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_homeostasis" title="Protein homeostasis">protein homeostasis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase" title="Histone deacetylase">histone deacetylase</a> inhibition); and strategies to replace lost neurons. In addition, novel therapies to improve brain functioning are under development; these seek to produce symptomatic rather than disease-modifying therapies, and include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitors" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitors">phosphodiesterase inhibitors</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Reducing_huntingtin_production">Reducing huntingtin production</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reducing huntingtin production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">Gene silencing</a> aims to reduce the production of the mutant protein, since HD is caused by a single dominant gene encoding a toxic protein. Gene silencing experiments in mouse models have shown that when the expression of mHtt is reduced, symptoms improve.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-munoz-bates-jci_121-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-munoz-bates-jci-121">[121]</a></sup> Safety of non-allele specific RNAi and ASO gene silencing has now been demonstrated in mice and the large, human-like brains of primates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> Allele-specific silencing attempts to silence mutant Htt while leaving wild-type Htt untouched. One way of accomplishing this is to identify polymorphisms present on only one allele and produce gene silencing drugs that target polymorphisms in only the mutant allele.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sah-aronin_124-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-sah-aronin-124">[124]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Improving_cell_survival">Improving cell survival</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Improving cell survival">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">transcriptional regulation</a> using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_inhibitor" title="Histone deacetylase inhibitor">histone deacetylase inhibitors</a>, modulating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_aggregation" title="Protein aggregation">aggregation</a> of huntingtin, improving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial function</a> and restoring function of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapses" title="Synapses">synapses</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-munoz-bates-jci_121-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-munoz-bates-jci-121">[121]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Neuronal_replacement">Neuronal replacement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Neuronal replacement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_treatments" title="Stem cell treatments">Stem cell therapy</a> is the replacement of damaged neurons by transplantation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> into affected regions of the brain. Experiments have yielded mixed results using this technique in animal models and preliminary human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18341412_125-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-pmid18341412-125">[125]</a></sup> Whatever their future therapeutic potential, stem cells are already a valuable tool for studying HD in the laboratory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_trials">Clinical trials</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Clinical trials">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
Several clinical trials of new experimental treatments are underway and planned in HD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup><br />
Compounds that have failed to prevent or slow progression of HD in human trials include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">remacemide</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">coenzyme Q10</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">riluzole</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">minocycline</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl-EPA" title="Ethyl-EPA">ethyl-EPA</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylbutyrate" title="Phenylbutyrate">phenylbutyrate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimebon" title="Dimebon">dimebon</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hsgcompletedtrials_128-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_note-hsgcompletedtrials-128">[128]</a></sup><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-KHammond01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-KHammond01_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-KHammond01_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-KHammond01_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Hammond K, Tatum B (26 June 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-behavioral-symptoms-of-huntingtons-disease/" rel="nofollow">"The Behavioral Symptoms of Huntington's Disease"</a>. Huntington's Outreach Project for Education, at Stanford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Hammond+K%2C+Tatum+B&rft.aulast=Hammond+K%2C+Tatum+B&rft.btitle=The+Behavioral+Symptoms+of+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.date=26+June+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fhopes%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwordpress%2F2010%2F06%2Fthe-behavioral-symptoms-of-huntingtons-disease%2F&rft.pub=Huntington%27s+Outreach+Project+for+Education%2C+at+Stanford&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18070848-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18070848_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">van Duijn E, Kingma EM, van der Mast RC (2007). "Psychopathology in verified Huntington's disease gene carriers". <i>J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci</i> <b>19</b> (4): 441–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.neuropsych.19.4.441" rel="nofollow">10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19.4.441</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070848" rel="nofollow">18070848</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Psychopathology+in+verified+Huntington%27s+disease+gene+carriers&rft.aulast=van+Duijn+E%2C+Kingma+EM%2C+van+der+Mast+RC&rft.au=van+Duijn+E%2C+Kingma+EM%2C+van+der+Mast+RC&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.neuropsych.19.4.441&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18070848&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J+Neuropsychiatry+Clin+Neurosci&rft.pages=441-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet218-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet218_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-genereviews-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-genereviews_4-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-genereviews_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-genereviews_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=huntington#huntington.Management" rel="nofollow">"Huntington Disease"</a>. <i>genereviews bookshelf</i>. University of Washington. 19 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington+Disease&rft.date=19+July+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbookshelf%2Fbr.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dgene%26part%3Dhuntington%23huntington.Management&rft.jtitle=genereviews+bookshelf&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OxfordMonographclinical-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographclinical_5-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographclinical_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kremer B (2002). "Clinical neurology of Huntington's disease". In Bates G, Harper P, and Jones L. <i>Huntington's Disease – Third Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 28–53. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8">0-19-851060-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Clinical+neurology+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Kremer+B&rft.aulast=Kremer+B&rft.btitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+%E2%80%93+Third+Edition&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-851060-8&rft.pages=28-53&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-6"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Wagle AC, Wagle SA, Marková IS, Berrios GE (2000). "Psychiatric Morbidity in Huntington's disease". <i>Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research</i> (8): 5–16.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Morbidity+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Wagle+AC%2C+Wagle+SA%2C+Markov%C3%A1+IS%2C+Berrios+GE&rft.au=Wagle+AC%2C+Wagle+SA%2C+Markov%C3%A1+IS%2C+Berrios+GE&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Neurology%2C+Psychiatry+and+Brain+Research&rft.pages=5-16&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet219-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet219_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28 [219]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28+219&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid16496032-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16496032_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Montoya A, Price BH, Menear M, Lepage M (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/HTML/N0/l2/jpn/vol-31/issue-1/pdf/pg21.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Brain imaging and cognitive dysfunctions in Huntington's disease"</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J Psychiatry Neurosci</i> <b>31</b> (1): 21–9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325063" rel="nofollow">1325063</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496032" rel="nofollow">16496032</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Brain+imaging+and+cognitive+dysfunctions+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Montoya+A%2C+Price+BH%2C+Menear+M%2C+Lepage+M&rft.au=Montoya+A%2C+Price+BH%2C+Menear+M%2C+Lepage+M&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.ca%2Fmultimedia%2FstaticContent%2FHTML%2FN0%2Fl2%2Fjpn%2Fvol-31%2Fissue-1%2Fpdf%2Fpg21.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1325063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16496032&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J+Psychiatry+Neurosci&rft.pages=21-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=31"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid19165531-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid19165531_9-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Aziz NA, van der Marck MA, Pijl H, Olde Rikkert MG, Bloem BR, Roos RA (2008). "Weight loss in neurodegenerative disorders". <i>J. Neurol.</i> <b>255</b> (12): 1872–80. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00415-009-0062-8" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s00415-009-0062-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165531" rel="nofollow">19165531</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Weight+loss+in+neurodegenerative+disorders&rft.au=Aziz+NA%2C+van+der+Marck+MA%2C+Pijl+H%2C+Olde+Rikkert+MG%2C+Bloem+BR%2C+Roos+RA&rft.aulast=Aziz+NA%2C+van+der+Marck+MA%2C+Pijl+H%2C+Olde+Rikkert+MG%2C+Bloem+BR%2C+Roos+RA&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00415-009-0062-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19165531&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurol.&rft.pages=1872-80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=255"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-10"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hdac.org/caregiving/pdf/Caregiver_Handbook.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Booklet by the Huntington Society of Canada"</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Caregiver's Handbook for Advanced-Stage Huntington Disease</i>. HD Society of Canada. 11 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Booklet+by+the+Huntington+Society+of+Canada&rft.date=11+April+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdac.org%2Fcaregiving%2Fpdf%2FCaregiver_Handbook.pdf&rft.jtitle=Caregiver%27s+Handbook+for+Advanced-Stage+Huntington+Disease&rft.pub=HD+Society+of+Canada&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid19075719-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid19075719_11-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Gagnon JF, Petit D, Latreille V, Montplaisir J (2008). "Neurobiology of sleep disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders". <i>Curr. Pharm. Des.</i> <b>14</b> (32): 3430–45. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F138161208786549353" rel="nofollow">10.2174/138161208786549353</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19075719" rel="nofollow">19075719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Neurobiology+of+sleep+disturbances+in+neurodegenerative+disorders&rft.au=Gagnon+JF%2C+Petit+D%2C+Latreille+V%2C+Montplaisir+J&rft.aulast=Gagnon+JF%2C+Petit+D%2C+Latreille+V%2C+Montplaisir+J&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138161208786549353&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19075719&rft.issue=32&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Pharm.+Des.&rft.pages=3430-45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=14"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-12"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J. <i>Bradley's neurology in clinical practice</i> (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 108. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4377-0434-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4377-0434-4">1-4377-0434-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Depression+and+Psychosis+in+Neurological+Practice&rft.aulast=Murray+ED%2C+Buttner+N%2C+Price+BH&rft.au=Murray+ED%2C+Buttner+N%2C+Price+BH&rft.btitle=Bradley%27s+neurology+in+clinical+practice&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=1-4377-0434-4&rft.pages=108&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-13"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">van der Burg JM, Björkqvist M, Brundin P (2009). "Beyond the brain: widespread pathology in Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet Neurol</i> <b>8</b> (8): 765–74. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2809%2970178-4" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70178-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608102" rel="nofollow">19608102</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+brain%3A+widespread+pathology+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=van+der+Burg+JM%2C+Bj%C3%B6rkqvist+M%2C+Brundin+P&rft.au=van+der+Burg+JM%2C+Bj%C3%B6rkqvist+M%2C+Brundin+P&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2809%2970178-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19608102&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Neurol&rft.pages=765-74&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet221-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet221_14-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28 [221]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28+221&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet220-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet220_15-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28 [220]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28+220&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-16"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Katsuno M, Banno H, Suzuki K et al. (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.eurekaselect.com/66849/article" rel="nofollow">"Molecular genetics and biomarkers of polyglutamine diseases"</a>. <i>Curr. Mol. Med.</i> <b>8</b> (3): 221–34. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F156652408784221298" rel="nofollow">10.2174/156652408784221298</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18473821" rel="nofollow">18473821</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Molecular+genetics+and+biomarkers+of+polyglutamine+diseases&rft.au=Katsuno+M%2C+Banno+H%2C+Suzuki+K&rft.aulast=Katsuno+M%2C+Banno+H%2C+Suzuki+K&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekaselect.com%2F66849%2Farticle&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156652408784221298&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18473821&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Mol.+Med.&rft.pages=221-34&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet222-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet222_17-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet222_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28 [222]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28+222&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-juvenilehd-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-juvenilehd_18-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Nance MA, Myers RH (2001). "Juvenile onset Huntington's disease—clinical and research perspectives". <i>Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev</i> <b>7</b> (3): 153–7. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrdd.1022" rel="nofollow">10.1002/mrdd.1022</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11553930" rel="nofollow">11553930</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Juvenile+onset+Huntington%27s+disease%E2%80%94clinical+and+research+perspectives&rft.aulast=Nance+MA%2C+Myers+RH&rft.au=Nance+MA%2C+Myers+RH&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmrdd.1022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11553930&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ment+Retard+Dev+Disabil+Res+Rev&rft.pages=153-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-basicgenetics-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-basicgenetics_19-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Passarge E (2001). <i>Color Atlas of Genetics</i> (2nd ed.). Thieme. p. 142. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86577-958-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86577-958-9">0-86577-958-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Passarge+E&rft.au=Passarge+E&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+of+Genetics&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86577-958-9&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Thieme&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-20"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Ridley RM, Frith CD, Crow TJ, Conneally PM (1988). <a class="external text" href="http://jmg.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/9/589" rel="nofollow">"Anticipation in Huntington's disease is inherited through the male line but may originate in the female"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Genetics</i> <b>25</b> (9): 589–595. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.25.9.589" rel="nofollow">10.1136/jmg.25.9.589</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1051535" rel="nofollow">1051535</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2972838" rel="nofollow">2972838</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Anticipation+in+Huntington%27s+disease+is+inherited+through+the+male+line+but+may+originate+in+the+female&rft.aulast=Ridley+RM%2C+Frith+CD%2C+Crow+TJ%2C+Conneally+PM&rft.au=Ridley+RM%2C+Frith+CD%2C+Crow+TJ%2C+Conneally+PM&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjmg.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F25%2F9%2F589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmg.25.9.589&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1051535&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2972838&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.pages=589-595&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=25"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid16965319-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid16965319_21-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Semaka A, Creighton S, Warby S, Hayden MR (2006). "Predictive testing for Huntington disease: interpretation and significance of intermediate alleles". <i>Clin. Genet.</i> <b>70</b> (4): 283–94. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00668.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00668.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965319" rel="nofollow">16965319</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Predictive+testing+for+Huntington+disease%3A+interpretation+and+significance+of+intermediate+alleles&rft.aulast=Semaka+A%2C+Creighton+S%2C+Warby+S%2C+Hayden+MR&rft.au=Semaka+A%2C+Creighton+S%2C+Warby+S%2C+Hayden+MR&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2006.00668.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16965319&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Genet.&rft.pages=283-94&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=70"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid2881213-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid2881213_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Wexler NS, Young AB, Tanzi RE, Travers H, Starosta-Rubinstein S, Penney JB, Snodgrass SR, Shoulson I, Gomez F, Ramos Arroyo MA (1987). "Homozygotes for Huntington's disease". <i>Nature</i> <b>326</b> (6109): 194–197. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F326194a0" rel="nofollow">10.1038/326194a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2881213" rel="nofollow">2881213</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Homozygotes+for+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Wexler+NS%2C+Young+AB%2C+Tanzi+RE%2C+Travers+H%2C+Starosta-Rubinstein+S%2C+Penney+JB%2C+Snodgrass+SR%2C+Shoulson+I%2C+Gomez+F%2C+Ramos+Arroyo+MA&rft.au=Wexler+NS%2C+Young+AB%2C+Tanzi+RE%2C+Travers+H%2C+Starosta-Rubinstein+S%2C+Penney+JB%2C+Snodgrass+SR%2C+Shoulson+I%2C+Gomez+F%2C+Ramos+Arroyo+MA&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F326194a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2881213&rft.issue=6109&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=194-197&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=326"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid12615650-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid12615650_23-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Squitieri F, Gellera C, Cannella M et al. (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12615650" rel="nofollow">"Homozygosity for CAG mutation in Huntington disease is associated with a more severe clinical course"</a>. <i>Brain</i> <b>126</b> (Pt 4): 946–55. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg077" rel="nofollow">10.1093/brain/awg077</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615650" rel="nofollow">12615650</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Homozygosity+for+CAG+mutation+in+Huntington+disease+is+associated+with+a+more+severe+clinical+course&rft.aulast=Squitieri+F%2C+Gellera+C%2C+Cannella+M&rft.au=Squitieri+F%2C+Gellera+C%2C+Cannella+M&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrain.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12615650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg077&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12615650&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.pages=946-55&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=126"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15383276-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15383276_24-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Goehler H, Lalowski M, Stelzl U et al. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1097276504005453" rel="nofollow">"A protein interaction network links GIT1, an enhancer of Huntingtin aggregation, to Huntington's disease"</a>. <i>Mol. Cell</i> <b>15</b> (6): 853–65. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.09.016" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.016</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383276" rel="nofollow">15383276</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=A+protein+interaction+network+links+GIT1%2C+an+enhancer+of+Huntingtin+aggregation%2C+to+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Goehler+H%2C+Lalowski+M%2C+Stelzl+U&rft.aulast=Goehler+H%2C+Lalowski+M%2C+Stelzl+U&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1097276504005453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.09.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15383276&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell&rft.pages=853-65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=15"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid12932731-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid12932731_25-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Harjes P, Wanker EE (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968000403001683" rel="nofollow">"The hunt for huntingtin function: interaction partners tell many different stories"</a>. <i>Trends Biochem. Sci.</i> <b>28</b> (8): 425–33. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2803%2900168-3" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00168-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12932731" rel="nofollow">12932731</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+hunt+for+huntingtin+function%3A+interaction+partners+tell+many+different+stories&rft.au=Harjes+P%2C+Wanker+EE&rft.aulast=Harjes+P%2C+Wanker+EE&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0968000403001683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2803%2900168-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12932731&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Trends+Biochem.+Sci.&rft.pages=425-33&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=28"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Httfunction-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Httfunction_26-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Httfunction_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Httfunction_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Cattaneo E, Zuccato C, Tartari M (2005). "Normal huntingtin function: an alternative approach to Huntington's disease". <i>Nat. Rev. Neurosci.</i> <b>6</b> (12): 919–30. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn1806" rel="nofollow">10.1038/nrn1806</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16288298" rel="nofollow">16288298</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Normal+huntingtin+function%3A+an+alternative+approach+to+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Cattaneo+E%2C+Zuccato+C%2C+Tartari+M&rft.aulast=Cattaneo+E%2C+Zuccato+C%2C+Tartari+M&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn1806&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16288298&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Neurosci.&rft.pages=919-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid14585171-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid14585171_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Rubinsztein DC, Carmichael J (2003). "Huntington's disease: Molecular basis of neurodegeneration". <i>Expert Rev Mol Med</i> <b>5</b> (20): 1–21. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1462399403006549" rel="nofollow">10.1017/S1462399403006549</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14585171" rel="nofollow">14585171</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease%3A+Molecular+basis+of+neurodegeneration&rft.aulast=Rubinsztein+DC%2C+Carmichael+J&rft.au=Rubinsztein+DC%2C+Carmichael+J&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1462399403006549&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14585171&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=Expert+Rev+Mol+Med&rft.pages=1-21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid2136787-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid2136787_28-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid2136787_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bloch M, Hayden MR (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683548" rel="nofollow">"Opinion: predictive testing for Huntington disease in childhood: challenges and implications"</a>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet.</i> <b>46</b> (1): 1–4. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683548" rel="nofollow">1683548</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2136787" rel="nofollow">2136787</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+predictive+testing+for+Huntington+disease+in+childhood%3A+challenges+and+implications&rft.au=Bloch+M%2C+Hayden+MR&rft.aulast=Bloch+M%2C+Hayden+MR&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1683548&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1683548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2136787&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.pages=1-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=46"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_29-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlHuntingtin_Protein_and_Protein_Aggregation_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://hopes.stanford.edu/n3413/hd-genetics/huntingtin-protein-and-protein-aggregation" rel="nofollow">"Huntingtin Protein and Protein Aggregation | HOPES – A guide to the science of Huntington's disease"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Huntingtin+Protein+and+Protein+Aggregation+%26%23124%3B+HOPES+%E2%80%93+A+guide+to+the+science+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhopes.stanford.edu%2Fn3413%2Fhd-genetics%2Fhuntingtin-protein-and-protein-aggregation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid19498170-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid19498170_30-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid19498170_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Subramaniam S, Sixt KM, Barrow R, Snyder SH (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745286" rel="nofollow">"Rhes, a Striatal Specific Protein, Mediates Mutant-Huntingtin Cytotoxicity"</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>324</b> (5932): 1327–30. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172871" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.1172871</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745286" rel="nofollow">2745286</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498170" rel="nofollow">19498170</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Rhes%2C+a+Striatal+Specific+Protein%2C+Mediates+Mutant-Huntingtin+Cytotoxicity&rft.aulast=Subramaniam+S%2C+Sixt+KM%2C+Barrow+R%2C+Snyder+SH&rft.au=Subramaniam+S%2C+Sixt+KM%2C+Barrow+R%2C+Snyder+SH&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2745286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172871&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F2745286&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19498170&rft.issue=5932&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1327-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=324"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-urlThe_Basic_Neurobiology_of_Huntingtons_Disease_.28Text_and_Audio.29_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlThe_Basic_Neurobiology_of_Huntingtons_Disease_.28Text_and_Audio.29_.7C_HOPES_-_A_guide_to_the_science_of_Huntingtons_disease_31-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-basic-neurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/" rel="nofollow">"The Basic Neurobiology of Huntington's Disease"</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Text and Audio)</span>. <i>Huntington's Outreach Project for Education, at Stanford – A guide to the science of Huntington's disease</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+Basic+Neurobiology+of+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fhopes%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwordpress%2F2010%2F06%2Fthe-basic-neurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio%2F&rft.jtitle=Huntington%27s+Outreach+Project+for+Education%2C+at+Stanford+%E2%80%93+A+guide+to+the+science+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article_32-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlNature_Clinical_Practice_Neurology_.7C_Mechanisms_of_Disease:_histone_modifications_in_Huntingtons_disease_.7C_Article_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Sadri-Vakili G, Cha JH (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v2/n6/full/ncpneuro0199.html" rel="nofollow">"Mechanisms of Disease: histone modifications in Huntington's disease"</a>. <i>Nature Clinical Practice Neurology</i> <b>2</b> (6): 330–338. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncpneuro0199" rel="nofollow">10.1038/ncpneuro0199</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932577" rel="nofollow">16932577</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Disease%3A+histone+modifications+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Sadri-Vakili+G%2C+Cha+JH&rft.au=Sadri-Vakili+G%2C+Cha+JH&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrneurol%2Fjournal%2Fv2%2Fn6%2Ffull%2Fncpneuro0199.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncpneuro0199&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16932577&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Nature+Clinical+Practice+Neurology&rft.pages=330-338&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-33"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Purves D, Augustine GA, Fitzpatrick D, Hall W, LaMantia A-S, McNamara JO, Williams SM (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=Huntington's%20disease&rid=neurosci.section.1251" rel="nofollow">"Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia – Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System"</a>. In Purves D. <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=neurosci.TOC&depth=2" rel="nofollow"><i>Neuroscience</i></a> (2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-742-0">0-87893-742-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+Movement+by+the+Basal+Ganglia+%E2%80%93+Circuits+within+the+Basal+Ganglia+System&rft.aulast=Purves+D%2C+Augustine+GA%2C+Fitzpatrick+D%2C+Hall+W%2C+LaMantia+A-S%2C+McNamara+JO%2C+Williams+SM&rft.au=Purves+D%2C+Augustine+GA%2C+Fitzpatrick+D%2C+Hall+W%2C+LaMantia+A-S%2C+McNamara+JO%2C+Williams+SM&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dneurosci.TOC%26depth%3D2&rft.isbn=0-87893-742-0&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid17965655-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid17965655_34-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Lobsiger CS, Cleveland DW (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110080" rel="nofollow">"Glial cells as intrinsic components of non-cell autonomous neurodegenerative disease"</a>. <i>Nat. Neurosci.</i> <b>10</b> (11): 1355–60. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn1988" rel="nofollow">10.1038/nn1988</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110080" rel="nofollow">3110080</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17965655" rel="nofollow">17965655</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Glial+cells+as+intrinsic+components+of+non-cell+autonomous+neurodegenerative+disease&rft.aulast=Lobsiger+CS%2C+Cleveland+DW&rft.au=Lobsiger+CS%2C+Cleveland+DW&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3110080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn1988&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3110080&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17965655&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Neurosci.&rft.pages=1355-60&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid10923984-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid10923984_35-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid10923984_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Crossman AR (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119004203/PDFSTART" rel="nofollow">"Functional anatomy of movement disorders"</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Anat.</i> <b>196</b> (4): 519–25. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2000.19640519.x" rel="nofollow">10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640519.x</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1468094" rel="nofollow">1468094</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10923984" rel="nofollow">10923984</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Functional+anatomy+of+movement+disorders&rft.au=Crossman+AR&rft.aulast=Crossman+AR&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffulltext%2F119004203%2FPDFSTART&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2000.19640519.x&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1468094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10923984&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J.+Anat.&rft.pages=519-25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=196"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC_36-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-urlAnalysis_of_Strand_Slippage_in_DNA_Polymerase_Expansions_of_CAG.2FCTG_Triplet_Repeats_Associated_with_Neurodegenerative_Disease_.E2.80.93_JBC_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/273/9/5204.long" rel="nofollow">"Analysis of Strand Slippage in DNA Polymerase Expansions of CAG/CTG Triplet Repeats Associated with Neurodegenerative Disease – JBC"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Strand+Slippage+in+DNA+Polymerase+Expansions+of+CAG%2FCTG+Triplet+Repeats+Associated+with+Neurodegenerative+Disease+%E2%80%93+JBC&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F273%2F9%2F5204.long&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-37"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Steffan J, Bodai L, Pallos J et al. (18 October 2001). "Histone deacetylase inhibitors arrest polyglutamine-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila". <i>Nature</i> <b>413</b>: 739–743. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35099568" rel="nofollow">10.1038/35099568</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Histone+deacetylase+inhibitors+arrest+polyglutamine-dependent+neurodegeneration+in+Drosophila&rft.aulast=Steffan+J%2C+Bodai+L%2C+Pallos+J&rft.au=Steffan+J%2C+Bodai+L%2C+Pallos+J&rft.date=18+October+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35099568&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=739-743&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=413"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-38"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Gaillard F (1 May 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.radpod.org/2007/05/01/huntingtons-disease/" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's disease"</a>. <i>Radiology picture of the day</i>. www.radpod.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Gaillard+F&rft.aulast=Gaillard+F&rft.date=1+May+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radpod.org%2F2007%2F05%2F01%2Fhuntingtons-disease%2F&rft.jtitle=Radiology+picture+of+the+day&rft.pub=www.radpod.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid19111470-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid19111470_39-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Rao AK, Muratori L, Louis ED, Moskowitz CB, Marder KS (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0966-6362(08)00363-9" rel="nofollow">"Clinical measurement of mobility and balance impairments in Huntington's disease: validity and responsiveness"</a>. <i>Gait Posture</i> <b>29</b> (3): 433–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gaitpost.2008.11.002" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.11.002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111470" rel="nofollow">19111470</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Clinical+measurement+of+mobility+and+balance+impairments+in+Huntington%27s+disease%3A+validity+and+responsiveness&rft.aulast=Rao+AK%2C+Muratori+L%2C+Louis+ED%2C+Moskowitz+CB%2C+Marder+KS&rft.au=Rao+AK%2C+Muratori+L%2C+Louis+ED%2C+Moskowitz+CB%2C+Marder+KS&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0966-6362%2808%2900363-9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gaitpost.2008.11.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19111470&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Gait+Posture&rft.pages=433-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-40"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.huntington-study-group.org/Resources/UHDRS/tabid/67/Default.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS)"</a>. <i>UHDRS and Database</i>. HSG. 1 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Unified+Huntington%27s+Disease+Rating+Scale+%28UHDRS%29&rft.date=1+February+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntington-study-group.org%2FResources%2FUHDRS%2Ftabid%2F67%2FDefault.aspx&rft.jtitle=UHDRS+and+Database&rft.pub=HSG&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15717026-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15717026_41-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Myers RH (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534940" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's Disease Genetics"</a>. <i>NeuroRx</i> <b>1</b> (2): 255–62. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1602%2Fneurorx.1.2.255" rel="nofollow">10.1602/neurorx.1.2.255</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534940" rel="nofollow">534940</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15717026" rel="nofollow">15717026</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+Genetics&rft.aulast=Myers+RH&rft.au=Myers+RH&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC534940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1602%2Fneurorx.1.2.255&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F534940&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15717026&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=NeuroRx&rft.pages=255-62&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Die-Smulders2013-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Die-Smulders2013_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/304" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> <span class="citation journal">de Die-Smulders CE, de Wert GM, Liebaers I, Tibben A, Evers-Kiebooms G (2013). "Reproductive options for prospective parents in families with Huntington's disease: Clinical, psychological and ethical reflections". <i>Human Reproduction Update</i> <b>19</b> (3): 304–315. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdms058" rel="nofollow">10.1093/humupd/dms058</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377865" rel="nofollow">23377865</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Reproductive+options+for+prospective+parents+in+families+with+Huntington%27s+disease%3A+Clinical%2C+psychological+and+ethical+reflections&rft.au=de+Die-Smulders+CE%2C+de+Wert+GM%2C+Liebaers+I%2C+Tibben+A%2C+Evers-Kiebooms+G&rft.aulast=de+Die-Smulders+CE%2C+de+Wert+GM%2C+Liebaers+I%2C+Tibben+A%2C+Evers-Kiebooms+G&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdms058&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23377865&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Human+Reproduction+Update&rft.pages=304-315&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23297124-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid23297124_43-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Forrest Keenan K, Simpson SA, Miedzybrodzka Z, Alexander DA, Semper J (2013). "How do partners find out about the risk of Huntington's disease in couple relationships?". <i>Journal of Genetic Counseling</i> <b>22</b> (3): 336–44. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10897-012-9562-2" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s10897-012-9562-2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297124" rel="nofollow">23297124</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=How+do+partners+find+out+about+the+risk+of+Huntington%27s+disease+in+couple+relationships%3F&rft.au=Forrest+Keenan+K%2C+Simpson+SA%2C+Miedzybrodzka+Z%2C+Alexander+DA%2C+Semper+J&rft.aulast=Forrest+Keenan+K%2C+Simpson+SA%2C+Miedzybrodzka+Z%2C+Alexander+DA%2C+Semper+J&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10897-012-9562-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23297124&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genetic+Counseling&rft.pages=336-44&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=22"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid20468061-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid20468061_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Erwin C, Williams JK, Juhl AR, Mengeling M, Mills JA, Bombard Y, Hayden MR, Quaid K, Shoulson I, Taylor S, Paulsen JS (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593716" rel="nofollow">"Perception, experience, and response to genetic discrimination in Huntington disease: the international RESPOND-HD study"</a>. <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : the Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics</i> <b>153B</b> (5): 1081–93. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.31079" rel="nofollow">10.1002/ajmg.b.31079</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593716" rel="nofollow">3593716</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20468061" rel="nofollow">20468061</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Perception%2C+experience%2C+and+response+to+genetic+discrimination+in+Huntington+disease%3A+the+international+RESPOND-HD+study&rft.au=Erwin+C%2C+Williams+JK%2C+Juhl+AR%2C+Mengeling+M%2C+Mills+JA%2C+Bombard+Y%2C+Hayden+MR%2C+Quaid+K%2C+Shoulson+I%2C+Taylor+S%2C+Paulsen+JS&rft.aulast=Erwin+C%2C+Williams+JK%2C+Juhl+AR%2C+Mengeling+M%2C+Mills+JA%2C+Bombard+Y%2C+Hayden+MR%2C+Quaid+K%2C+Shoulson+I%2C+Taylor+S%2C+Paulsen+JS&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3593716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.b.31079&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3593716&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20468061&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics.+Part+B%2C+Neuropsychiatric+Genetics+%3A+the+Official+Publication+of+the+International+Society+of+Psychiatric+Genetics&rft.pages=1081-93&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=153B"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-geneticcounselling-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-geneticcounselling_45-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Burson CM, Markey KR (2001). "Genetic counseling issues in predictive genetic testing for familial adult-onset neurologic diseases". <i>Semin Pediatr Neurol</i> <b>8</b> (3): 177–86. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1053%2Fspen.2001.26451" rel="nofollow">10.1053/spen.2001.26451</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11575847" rel="nofollow">11575847</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Genetic+counseling+issues+in+predictive+genetic+testing+for+familial+adult-onset+neurologic+diseases&rft.au=Burson+CM%2C+Markey+KR&rft.aulast=Burson+CM%2C+Markey+KR&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fspen.2001.26451&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11575847&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Semin+Pediatr+Neurol&rft.pages=177-86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid22114233-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid22114233_46-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Smith JA, Michie S, Stephenson M, Quarrell O (2002). "Risk Perception and Decision-making Processes in Candidates for Genetic Testing for Huntington's Disease: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis". <i>Journal of Health Psychology</i> <b>7</b> (2): 131–44. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1359105302007002398" rel="nofollow">10.1177/1359105302007002398</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114233" rel="nofollow">22114233</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Risk+Perception+and+Decision-making+Processes+in+Candidates+for+Genetic+Testing+for+Huntington%27s+Disease%3A+An+Interpretative+Phenomenological+Analysis&rft.aulast=Smith+JA%2C+Michie+S%2C+Stephenson+M%2C+Quarrell+O&rft.au=Smith+JA%2C+Michie+S%2C+Stephenson+M%2C+Quarrell+O&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1359105302007002398&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22114233&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Psychology&rft.pages=131-44&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid12849232-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid12849232_47-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid12849232_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Hayden MR (March 2003). "Predictive testing for Huntington's disease: a universal model?". <i>Lancet Neurol</i> <b>2</b> (3): 141–2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2803%2900317-X" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00317-X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12849232" rel="nofollow">12849232</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Predictive+testing+for+Huntington%27s+disease%3A+a+universal+model%3F&rft.au=Hayden+MR&rft.aulast=Hayden+MR&rft.date=March+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2803%2900317-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12849232&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Neurol&rft.pages=141-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-48"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">"Guidelines for the molecular genetics predictive test in Huntington's disease. International Huntington Association (IHA) and the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) Research Group on Huntington's Chorea". <i>Neurology</i> <b>44</b> (8): 1533–6. 1994. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.44.8.1533" rel="nofollow">10.1212/WNL.44.8.1533</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8058167" rel="nofollow">8058167</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+molecular+genetics+predictive+test+in+Huntington%27s+disease.+International+Huntington+Association+%28IHA%29+and+the+World+Federation+of+Neurology+%28WFN%29+Research+Group+on+Huntington%27s+Chorea&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.44.8.1533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8058167&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.pages=1533-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=44"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Losekoot2012-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Losekoot2012_49-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Losekoot M, van Belzen MJ, Seneca S, Bauer P, Stenhouse SA, Barton DE (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3641377" rel="nofollow">"EMQN/CMGS best practice guidelines for the molecular genetic testing of Huntington disease"</a>. <i>Eur J Hum Genet</i>. Online first (5): 480–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2012.200" rel="nofollow">10.1038/ejhg.2012.200</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3641377" rel="nofollow">3641377</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990145" rel="nofollow">22990145</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=EMQN%2FCMGS+best+practice+guidelines+for+the+molecular+genetic+testing+of+Huntington+disease&rft.aulast=Losekoot+M%2C+van+Belzen+MJ%2C+Seneca+S%2C+Bauer+P%2C+Stenhouse+SA%2C+Barton+DE&rft.au=Losekoot+M%2C+van+Belzen+MJ%2C+Seneca+S%2C+Bauer+P%2C+Stenhouse+SA%2C+Barton+DE&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3641377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2012.200&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3641377&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22990145&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Hum+Genet&rft.pages=480-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=Online+first"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-50"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Schulman JD, Black SH, Handyside A, Nance WE (1996). "Preimplantation genetic testing for Huntington disease and certain other dominantly inherited disorders". <i>Clinical Genetics</i> <b>49</b> (2): 57–58. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.1996.tb04327.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb04327.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8740912" rel="nofollow">8740912</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Preimplantation+genetic+testing+for+Huntington+disease+and+certain+other+dominantly+inherited+disorders&rft.aulast=Schulman+JD%2C+Black+SH%2C+Handyside+A%2C+Nance+WE&rft.au=Schulman+JD%2C+Black+SH%2C+Handyside+A%2C+Nance+WE&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.1996.tb04327.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8740912&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Genetics&rft.pages=57-58&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=49"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-51"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Stern HJ, Harton GL, Sisson ME, Jones SL, Fallon LA, Thorsell LP, Getlinger ME, Black SH, Schulman JD (2002). "Non-disclosing preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington disease". <i>Prenatal Diagnosis</i> <b>22</b> (6): 503–507. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpd.359" rel="nofollow">10.1002/pd.359</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12116316" rel="nofollow">12116316</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Non-disclosing+preimplantation+genetic+diagnosis+for+Huntington+disease&rft.aulast=Stern+HJ%2C+Harton+GL%2C+Sisson+ME%2C+Jones+SL%2C+Fallon+LA%2C+Thorsell+LP%2C+Getlinger+ME%2C+Black+SH%2C+Schulman+JD&rft.au=Stern+HJ%2C+Harton+GL%2C+Sisson+ME%2C+Jones+SL%2C+Fallon+LA%2C+Thorsell+LP%2C+Getlinger+ME%2C+Black+SH%2C+Schulman+JD&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpd.359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12116316&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Prenatal+Diagnosis&rft.pages=503-507&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=22"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-52"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://predictivetestingforhd.com/testing-for-hd/prenatal-testing/amniocentesis/" rel="nofollow">"Predictive Testing for Huntington's Disease"</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Predictive+Testing+for+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpredictivetestingforhd.com%2Ftesting-for-hd%2Fprenatal-testing%2Famniocentesis%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15758612-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15758612_53-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Kuliev A, Verlinsky Y (2005). "Preimplantation diagnosis: A realistic option for assisted reproduction and genetic practice". <i>Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol.</i> <b>17</b> (2): 179–83. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.gco.0000162189.76349.c5" rel="nofollow">10.1097/01.gco.0000162189.76349.c5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758612" rel="nofollow">15758612</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Preimplantation+diagnosis%3A+A+realistic+option+for+assisted+reproduction+and+genetic+practice&rft.au=Kuliev+A%2C+Verlinsky+Y&rft.aulast=Kuliev+A%2C+Verlinsky+Y&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.gco.0000162189.76349.c5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15758612&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Obstet.+Gynecol.&rft.pages=179-83&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=17"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-54"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hdfoundation.org/html/hdsatest.php" rel="nofollow">"Guidelines for Genetic Testing for Huntington's Disease"</a>. Heredity Disease Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Genetic+Testing+for+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdfoundation.org%2Fhtml%2Fhdsatest.php&rft.pub=Heredity+Disease+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HD-LIKE-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HD-LIKE_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Schneider SA, Walker RH, Bhatia KP (2007). "The Huntington's disease-like syndromes: what to consider in patients with a negative Huntington's disease gene test". <i>Nat Clin Pract Neurol</i> <b>3</b> (9): 517–25. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncpneuro0606" rel="nofollow">10.1038/ncpneuro0606</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805246" rel="nofollow">17805246</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+Huntington%27s+disease-like+syndromes%3A+what+to+consider+in+patients+with+a+negative+Huntington%27s+disease+gene+test&rft.aulast=Schneider+SA%2C+Walker+RH%2C+Bhatia+KP&rft.au=Schneider+SA%2C+Walker+RH%2C+Bhatia+KP&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncpneuro0606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17805246&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Nat+Clin+Pract+Neurol&rft.pages=517-25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HDDRUGS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HDDRUGS_56-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Frank S, Jankovic J (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Advances_in_the_Pharmacological_Management_of.4.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Advances in the Pharmacological Management of Huntington's Disease"</a>. <i>Drugs</i> <b>70</b> (5): 561–71. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2165%2F11534430-000000000-00000" rel="nofollow">10.2165/11534430-000000000-00000</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329804" rel="nofollow">20329804</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Advances+in+the+Pharmacological+Management+of+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.au=Frank+S%2C+Jankovic+J&rft.aulast=Frank+S%2C+Jankovic+J&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadisonline.com%2Fdrugs%2FAbstract%2F2010%2F70050%2FAdvances_in_the_Pharmacological_Management_of.4.aspx&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F11534430-000000000-00000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20329804&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.pages=561-71&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=70"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet224-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet224_57-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet224_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet224_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet224_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet224_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet224_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28 [224]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28+224&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15076012-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15076012_58-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15076012_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15076012_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bonelli RM, Wenning GK, Kapfhammer HP (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0268-1315&volume=19&issue=2&spage=51" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's disease: present treatments and future therapeutic modalities"</a>. <i>Int Clin Psychopharmacol</i> <b>19</b> (2): 51–62. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00004850-200403000-00001" rel="nofollow">10.1097/00004850-200403000-00001</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15076012" rel="nofollow">15076012</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease%3A+present+treatments+and+future+therapeutic+modalities&rft.au=Bonelli+RM%2C+Wenning+GK%2C+Kapfhammer+HP&rft.aulast=Bonelli+RM%2C+Wenning+GK%2C+Kapfhammer+HP&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0268-1315%26volume%3D19%26issue%3D2%26spage%3D51&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004850-200403000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15076012&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Int+Clin+Psychopharmacol&rft.pages=51-62&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-59"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Lee, CF; Chern, Y (2014). "Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease". <i>International review of neurobiology</i> <b>119</b>: 195–232. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25175968" rel="nofollow">25175968</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Adenosine+receptors+and+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Chern%2C+Y&rft.aufirst=CF&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.au=Lee%2C+CF&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25175968&rft.jtitle=International+review+of+neurobiology&rft.pages=195-232&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=119"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-60"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Simonin, C; Duru, C; Salleron, J; Hincker, P; Charles, P; Delval, A; Youssov, K; Burnouf, S; Azulay, JP; Verny, C; Scherer, C; Tranchant, C; Goizet, C; Debruxelles, S; Defebvre, L; Sablonnière, B; Romon-Rousseaux, M; Buée, L; Destée, A; Godefroy, O; Dürr, A; Landwehrmeyer, B; REGISTRY Study of the European Huntington's Disease, Network; Bachoud-Levi, AC; Richard, F; Blum, D; Krystkowiak, P; Huntington French Speaking, Network (October 2013). "Association between caffeine intake and age at onset in Huntington's disease". <i>Neurobiology of disease</i> <b>58</b>: 179–82. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732677" rel="nofollow">23732677</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Association+between+caffeine+intake+and+age+at+onset+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Azulay%2C+JP&rft.au=Bachoud-Levi%2C+AC&rft.au=Blum%2C+D&rft.au=Bu%C3%A9e%2C+L&rft.au=Burnouf%2C+S&rft.au=Charles%2C+P&rft.au=D%C3%BCrr%2C+A&rft.au=Debruxelles%2C+S&rft.au=Defebvre%2C+L&rft.au=Delval%2C+A&rft.au=Dest%C3%A9e%2C+A&rft.au=Duru%2C+C&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Godefroy%2C+O&rft.au=Goizet%2C+C&rft.au=Hincker%2C+P&rft.au=Huntington+French+Speaking%2C+Network&rft.au=Krystkowiak%2C+P&rft.au=Landwehrmeyer%2C+B&rft.aulast=Simonin&rft.au=REGISTRY+Study+of+the+European+Huntington%27s+Disease%2C+Network&rft.au=Richard%2C+F&rft.au=Romon-Rousseaux%2C+M&rft.au=Sablonni%C3%A8re%2C+B&rft.au=Salleron%2C+J&rft.au=Scherer%2C+C&rft.au=Simonin%2C+C&rft.au=Tranchant%2C+C&rft.au=Verny%2C+C&rft.au=Youssov%2C+K&rft.date=October+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23732677&rft.jtitle=Neurobiology+of+disease&rft.pages=179-82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=58"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-61"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.essentialevidenceplus.com/product/ebm_loe.cfm?show=grade" rel="nofollow">"EBM: Levels of Evidence"</a>. Essential Evidence Plus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-23</span></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=EBM%3A+Levels+of+Evidence&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialevidenceplus.com%2Fproduct%2Febm_loe.cfm%3Fshow%3Dgrade&rft.pub=Essential+Evidence+Plus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18390785-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18390785_62-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Panagiotakis PH, DiSario JA, Hilden K, Ogara M, Fang JC (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://ncp.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18390785" rel="nofollow">"DPEJ tube placement prevents aspiration pneumonia in high-risk patients"</a>. <i>Nutr Clin Pract</i> <b>23</b> (2): 172–5. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0884533608314537" rel="nofollow">10.1177/0884533608314537</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18390785" rel="nofollow">18390785</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=DPEJ+tube+placement+prevents+aspiration+pneumonia+in+high-risk+patients&rft.aulast=Panagiotakis+PH%2C+DiSario+JA%2C+Hilden+K%2C+Ogara+M%2C+Fang+JC&rft.au=Panagiotakis+PH%2C+DiSario+JA%2C+Hilden+K%2C+Ogara+M%2C+Fang+JC&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncp.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D18390785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0884533608314537&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18390785&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Nutr+Clin+Pract&rft.pages=172-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=23"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ehdnphysio-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-ehdnphysio_63-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-ehdnphysio_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.euro-hd.net/html/network/groups/physio/physiotherapy-guidance-doc-2009.pdf" rel="nofollow">"EHDN Physiotherapy Guidance Document"</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(PDF)</span>. European HD Network Physiotherapy Working Group.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=EHDN+Physiotherapy+Guidance+Document&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-hd.net%2Fhtml%2Fnetwork%2Fgroups%2Fphysio%2Fphysiotherapy-guidance-doc-2009.pdf&rft.pub=European+HD+Network+Physiotherapy+Working+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-64"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Quin L, Busee M (February 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/pdf/10.2217/nmt.11.67" rel="nofollow">"Development of physiotherapy guidance and treatment-based classifications for people with Huntington's disease"</a>. <i>Neurodegenerative Disease Management</i> <b>2</b> (1): 21–31. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2217%2Fnmt.11.86" rel="nofollow">10.2217/nmt.11.86</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Development+of+physiotherapy+guidance+and+treatment-based+classifications+for+people+with+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Quin+L%2C+Busee+M&rft.au=Quin+L%2C+Busee+M&rft.date=February+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.futuremedicine.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.2217%2Fnmt.11.67&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2Fnmt.11.86&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Neurodegenerative+Disease+Management&rft.pages=21-31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-65"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Khalil H, Quinn L, van Deursen R, Martin R, Rosser A, Busse M (January 2012). "Adherence to use of a home-based exercise DVD in people with Huntington disease: participants' perspectives". <i>Physical Therapy</i> <b>92</b> (1): 69–82. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2522%2Fptj.20100438" rel="nofollow">10.2522/ptj.20100438</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960468" rel="nofollow">21960468</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Adherence+to+use+of+a+home-based+exercise+DVD+in+people+with+Huntington+disease%3A+participants%27+perspectives&rft.au=Khalil+H%2C+Quinn+L%2C+van+Deursen+R%2C+Martin+R%2C+Rosser+A%2C+Busse+M&rft.aulast=Khalil+H%2C+Quinn+L%2C+van+Deursen+R%2C+Martin+R%2C+Rosser+A%2C+Busse+M&rft.date=January+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2522%2Fptj.20100438&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21960468&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physical+Therapy&rft.pages=69-82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=92"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-autogenerated1_66-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01874.html" rel="nofollow">"FDA Approves First Drug for Treatment of Chorea in Huntington's Disease"</a>. <i>FDA Approves First Drug for Treatment of Chorea in Huntington's Disease</i>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 15 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=FDA+Approves+First+Drug+for+Treatment+of+Chorea+in+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.date=15+August+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fbbs%2Ftopics%2FNEWS%2F2008%2FNEW01874.html&rft.jtitle=FDA+Approves+First+Drug+for+Treatment+of+Chorea+in+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lancet225-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-lancet225_67-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Walker FO (2007). "Huntington's disease". <i>Lancet</i> <b>369</b> (9557): 218–28 [225]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240289" rel="nofollow">17240289</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Walker+FO&rft.au=Walker+FO&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960111-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17240289&rft.issue=9557&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=218-28+225&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=369"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OxfordMonographtesting-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographtesting_68-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Harper P (2002). "Genetic counselling and presymptomatic testing". In Bates G, Harper P, and Jones L. <i>Huntington's Disease – Third Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 198–242. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8">0-19-851060-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Genetic+counselling+and+presymptomatic+testing&rft.au=Harper+P&rft.aulast=Harper+P&rft.btitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+%E2%80%93+Third+Edition&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-851060-8&rft.pages=198-242&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-69"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Harper PS (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692597" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's disease: a clinical, genetic and molecular model for polyglutamine repeat disorders"</a>. <i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.</i> <b>354</b> (1386): 957–61. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1999.0446" rel="nofollow">10.1098/rstb.1999.0446</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692597" rel="nofollow">1692597</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10434293" rel="nofollow">10434293</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease%3A+a+clinical%2C+genetic+and+molecular+model+for+polyglutamine+repeat+disorders&rft.au=Harper+PS&rft.aulast=Harper+PS&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1999.0446&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1692597&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10434293&rft.issue=1386&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.pages=957-61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=354"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-70"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Andrew SE, Goldberg YP, Kremer B, Telenius H, Theilmann J, Adam S, Starr E, Squitieri F, Lin B, Kalchman MA (1993). "The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington's disease". <i>Nat. Genet.</i> <b>4</b> (4): 398–403. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng0893-398" rel="nofollow">10.1038/ng0893-398</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8401589" rel="nofollow">8401589</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+trinucleotide+%28CAG%29+repeat+length+and+clinical+features+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Andrew+SE%2C+Goldberg+YP%2C+Kremer+B%2C+Telenius+H%2C+Theilmann+J%2C+Adam+S%2C+Starr+E%2C+Squitieri+F%2C+Lin+B%2C+Kalchman+MA&rft.aulast=Andrew+SE%2C+Goldberg+YP%2C+Kremer+B%2C+Telenius+H%2C+Theilmann+J%2C+Adam+S%2C+Starr+E%2C+Squitieri+F%2C+Lin+B%2C+Kalchman+MA&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng0893-398&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8401589&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&rft.pages=398-403&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OxfordMonographNeuro-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographNeuro_71-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Crauford D and Snowden J (2002). "Neuropyschological and neuropsychiatric aspects of Huntington's disease". In Bates G, Harper P, and Jones L. <i>Huntington's Disease – Third Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–87. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8">0-19-851060-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Neuropyschological+and+neuropsychiatric+aspects+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Crauford+D+and+Snowden+J&rft.aulast=Crauford+D+and+Snowden+J&rft.btitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+%E2%80%93+Third+Edition&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-851060-8&rft.pages=62-87&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-72"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Di Maio L, Squitieri F, Napolitano G, Campanella G, Trofatter JA, Conneally PM (1993). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1016335" rel="nofollow">"Suicide risk in Huntington's disease"</a>. <i>J. Med. Genet.</i> <b>30</b> (4): 293–5. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.30.4.293" rel="nofollow">10.1136/jmg.30.4.293</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1016335" rel="nofollow">1016335</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8487273" rel="nofollow">8487273</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Suicide+risk+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Di+Maio+L%2C+Squitieri+F%2C+Napolitano+G%2C+Campanella+G%2C+Trofatter+JA%2C+Conneally+PM&rft.aulast=Di+Maio+L%2C+Squitieri+F%2C+Napolitano+G%2C+Campanella+G%2C+Trofatter+JA%2C+Conneally+PM&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1016335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmg.30.4.293&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1016335&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8487273&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J.+Med.+Genet.&rft.pages=293-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=30"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OxfordMonographepi-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographepi_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Harper P (2002). "The epidemiology of Huntington's disease". In Bates G, Harper P, and Jones L. <i>Huntington's Disease – Third Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 159–189. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8">0-19-851060-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+epidemiology+of+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Harper+P&rft.aulast=Harper+P&rft.btitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+%E2%80%93+Third+Edition&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-851060-8&rft.pages=159-189&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-emedicine-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-emedicine_74-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Sharon I; Sharon R; Wilkens JP; Ersan T (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289706-overview" rel="nofollow">"Huntington Disease Dementia"</a>. <i>emedicine, WebMD</i>. Medscape<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington+Disease+Dementia&rft.au=Ersan+T&rft.aulast=Sharon+I&rft.au=Sharon+I&rft.au=Sharon+R&rft.au=Wilkens+JP&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F289706-overview&rft.jtitle=emedicine%2C+WebMD&rft.pub=Medscape&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Driver-Dunckley2007-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Driver-Dunckley2007_75-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Driver-Dunckley E, Caviness JN (2007). "Huntington's disease". In Schapira AHV. <i>Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience</i>. Mosby Elsevier. pp. 879–885. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-03354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-03354-1">978-0-323-03354-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Driver-Dunckley+E%2C+Caviness+JN&rft.aulast=Driver-Dunckley+E%2C+Caviness+JN&rft.btitle=Neurology+and+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-323-03354-1&rft.pages=879-885&rft.pub=Mosby+Elsevier&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid23482661-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid23482661_76-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Evans SJ, Douglas I, Rawlins MD, Wexler NS, Tabrizi SJ, Smeeth L (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786631" rel="nofollow">"Prevalence of adult Huntington's disease in the UK based on diagnoses recorded in general practice records"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</i> <b>84</b> (10): 1156–60. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp-2012-304636" rel="nofollow">10.1136/jnnp-2012-304636</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786631" rel="nofollow">3786631</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23482661" rel="nofollow">23482661</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+adult+Huntington%27s+disease+in+the+UK+based+on+diagnoses+recorded+in+general+practice+records&rft.au=Evans+SJ%2C+Douglas+I%2C+Rawlins+MD%2C+Wexler+NS%2C+Tabrizi+SJ%2C+Smeeth+L&rft.aulast=Evans+SJ%2C+Douglas+I%2C+Rawlins+MD%2C+Wexler+NS%2C+Tabrizi+SJ%2C+Smeeth+L&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3786631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp-2012-304636&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3786631&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23482661&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.pages=1156-60&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=84"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-77"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Avila-Giróo R (1973). "Medical and Social Aspects of Huntington's chorea in the state of Zulia, Venezuela". <i>Advances in Neurology</i> <b>1</b>: 261–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3952" rel="nofollow">0091-3952</a>. NAID 10021247802.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Medical+and+Social+Aspects+of+Huntington%27s+chorea+in+the+state+of+Zulia%2C+Venezuela&rft.au=Avila-Gir%C3%B3o+R&rft.aulast=Avila-Gir%C3%B3o+R&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0091-3952&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Neurology&rft.pages=261-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dnamark-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-dnamark_78-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-dnamark_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Gusella JF, Wexler NS, Conneally PM, Naylor SL, Anderson MA, Tanzi RE, Watkins PC, Ottina K, Wallace MR, Sakaguchi AY (1983). "A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington's disease". <i>Nature</i> <b>306</b> (5940): 234–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F306234a0" rel="nofollow">10.1038/306234a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6316146" rel="nofollow">6316146</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=A+polymorphic+DNA+marker+genetically+linked+to+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.au=Gusella+JF%2C+Wexler+NS%2C+Conneally+PM%2C+Naylor+SL%2C+Anderson+MA%2C+Tanzi+RE%2C+Watkins+PC%2C+Ottina+K%2C+Wallace+MR%2C+Sakaguchi+AY&rft.aulast=Gusella+JF%2C+Wexler+NS%2C+Conneally+PM%2C+Naylor+SL%2C+Anderson+MA%2C+Tanzi+RE%2C+Watkins+PC%2C+Ottina+K%2C+Wallace+MR%2C+Sakaguchi+AY&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F306234a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6316146&rft.issue=5940&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=234-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=306"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid7881406-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid7881406_79-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Squitieri F, Andrew SE, Goldberg YP et al. (1994). <a class="external text" href="http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7881406" rel="nofollow">"DNA haplotype analysis of Huntington disease reveals clues to the origins and mechanisms of CAG expansion and reasons for geographic variations of prevalence"</a>. <i>Hum. Mol. Genet.</i> <b>3</b> (12): 2103–14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F3.12.2103" rel="nofollow">10.1093/hmg/3.12.2103</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7881406" rel="nofollow">7881406</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=DNA+haplotype+analysis+of+Huntington+disease+reveals+clues+to+the+origins+and+mechanisms+of+CAG+expansion+and+reasons+for+geographic+variations+of+prevalence&rft.aulast=Squitieri+F%2C+Andrew+SE%2C+Goldberg+YP&rft.au=Squitieri+F%2C+Andrew+SE%2C+Goldberg+YP&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhmg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D7881406&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2F3.12.2103&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7881406&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Mol.+Genet.&rft.pages=2103-14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-80"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Sveinsson, Ó (July 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722209" rel="nofollow">"An Unusually Low Prevalence of Huntington's Disease in Iceland"</a>. <i>European Neurology</i> <b>68</b>: 48–51. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000337680" rel="nofollow">10.1159/000337680</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722209" rel="nofollow">22722209</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=An+Unusually+Low+Prevalence+of+Huntington%27s+Disease+in+Iceland&rft.aufirst=%C3%93&rft.aulast=Sveinsson&rft.au=Sveinsson%2C+%C3%93&rft.date=July+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F22722209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000337680&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22722209&rft.jtitle=European+Neurology&rft.pages=48-51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=68"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-81"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Sipilä, Jussi O. T.; Hietala, Marja; Siitonen, Ari; Päivärinta, Markku; Majamaa, Kari (Jan 2015). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25466405" rel="nofollow">"Epidemiology of Huntington's disease in Finland"</a>. <i>Parkinsonism & Related Disorders</i> <b>21</b> (1): 46–49. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.parkreldis.2014.10.025" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.10.025</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-5126" rel="nofollow">1873-5126</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25466405" rel="nofollow">25466405</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+Huntington%27s+disease+in+Finland&rft.aufirst=Jussi+O.+T.&rft.au=Hietala%2C+Marja&rft.aulast=Sipil%C3%A4&rft.au=Majamaa%2C+Kari&rft.au=P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4rinta%2C+Markku&rft.au=Siitonen%2C+Ari&rft.au=Sipil%C3%A4%2C+Jussi+O.+T.&rft.date=Jan+2015&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F25466405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.parkreldis.2014.10.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25466405&rft.issn=1873-5126&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Parkinsonism+%26+Related+Disorders&rft.pages=46-49&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid11595021-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid11595021_82-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Almqvist EW, Elterman DS, MacLeod PM, Hayden MR (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0009-9163&date=2001&volume=60&issue=3&spage=198" rel="nofollow">"High incidence rate and absent family histories in one quarter of patients newly diagnosed with Huntington disease in British Columbia"</a>. <i>Clin. Genet.</i> <b>60</b> (3): 198–205. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1399-0004.2001.600305.x" rel="nofollow">10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600305.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595021" rel="nofollow">11595021</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=High+incidence+rate+and+absent+family+histories+in+one+quarter+of+patients+newly+diagnosed+with+Huntington+disease+in+British+Columbia&rft.au=Almqvist+EW%2C+Elterman+DS%2C+MacLeod+PM%2C+Hayden+MR&rft.aulast=Almqvist+EW%2C+Elterman+DS%2C+MacLeod+PM%2C+Hayden+MR&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0009-9163%26date%3D2001%26volume%3D60%26issue%3D3%26spage%3D198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1399-0004.2001.600305.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11595021&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Genet.&rft.pages=198-205&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=60"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-onchorea-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-onchorea_83-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-onchorea_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Huntington G (1872). <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Chorea">"On Chorea"</a>. <i>Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia</i> (The Hague: Nijhoff) <b>26</b> (15): 317–321. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6186-011-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-6186-011-3">90-6186-011-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=On+Chorea&rft.au=Huntington+G&rft.aulast=Huntington+G&rft.date=1872&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FOn_Chorea&rft.isbn=90-6186-011-3&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Medical+and+Surgical+Reporter+of+Philadelphia&rft.pages=317-321&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=26"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-84"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Karen Bellenir, ed. (2004). "Huntington Disease". <i>Genetic Disorders Sourcebook</i> (3rd ed.). Detroit: Omnigraphics. pp. 159–179. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7808-0742-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7808-0742-1">0-7808-0742-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington+Disease&rft.btitle=Genetic+Disorders+Sourcebook&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7808-0742-1&rft.pages=159-179&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Omnigraphics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OxfordMonographHistory-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-OxfordMonographHistory_85-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Harper P (2002). "Huntington's disease: a historical background". In Bates G, Harper P, and Jones L. <i>Huntington's Disease – Third Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–24. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-851060-8">0-19-851060-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease%3A+a+historical+background&rft.au=Harper+P&rft.aulast=Harper+P&rft.btitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+%E2%80%93+Third+Edition&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-851060-8&rft.pages=3-24&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wexler2008-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Wexler2008_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Wexler A, Wexler N (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300105025" rel="nofollow"><i>The Woman Who Walked Into the Sea. Huntington's and the Making of a Genetic Disease</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 288. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10502-5">978-0-300-10502-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Wexler+A%2C+Wexler+N&rft.au=Wexler+A%2C+Wexler+N&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Who+Walked+Into+the+Sea.+Huntington%27s+and+the+Making+of+a+Genetic+Disease&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalepress.yale.edu%2Fyupbooks%2Fbook.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780300105025&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10502-5&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-87"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Lund JC (1860). "Chorea Sti Viti i Sætersdalen. Uddrag af Distriktslæge J. C. Lunds Medicinalberetning for 1860". <i>Beretning om Sundhedstilstanden</i> (Norway): 137–138.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Chorea+Sti+Viti+i+S%C3%A6tersdalen.+Uddrag+af+Distriktsl%C3%A6ge+J.+C.+Lunds+Medicinalberetning+for+1860&rft.aulast=Lund+JC&rft.au=Lund+JC&rft.date=1860&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beretning+om+Sundhedstilstanden&rft.pages=137-138&rft.place=Norway&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-88"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Lanska DJ (2000). "George Huntington (1850–1916) and hereditary chorea". <i>J Hist Neurosci</i> <b>9</b> (1): 76–89. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1076%2F0964-704X%28200004%299%3A1%3B1-2%3BFT076" rel="nofollow">10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT076</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11232352" rel="nofollow">11232352</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=George+Huntington+%281850%E2%80%931916%29+and+hereditary+chorea&rft.au=Lanska+DJ&rft.aulast=Lanska+DJ&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1076%2F0964-704X%28200004%299%3A1%3B1-2%3BFT076&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11232352&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J+Hist+Neurosci&rft.pages=76-89&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-89"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Brody IA, Wilkins RH (1967). <a class="external text" href="http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/17/3/331" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's Chorea"</a>. <i>Arch Neurol.</i> <b>17</b> (3): 331. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.1967.00470270109013" rel="nofollow">10.1001/archneur.1967.00470270109013</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4228262" rel="nofollow">4228262</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+Chorea&rft.au=Brody+IA%2C+Wilkins+RH&rft.aulast=Brody+IA%2C+Wilkins+RH&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchneur.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fsummary%2F17%2F3%2F331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneur.1967.00470270109013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4228262&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Arch+Neurol.&rft.pages=331&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=17"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-90"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Jelliffe SE, Muncey EB, Davenport CB (1913). <a class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1913/12000/Huntington_s_Chorea__A_Study_in_Heredity.10.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's Chorea: A Study in Heredity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</i> <b>40</b> (12): 796–799. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-191312000-00010" rel="nofollow">10.1097/00005053-191312000-00010</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+Chorea%3A+A+Study+in+Heredity&rft.au=Jelliffe+SE%2C+Muncey+EB%2C+Davenport+CB&rft.aulast=Jelliffe+SE%2C+Muncey+EB%2C+Davenport+CB&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fjonmd%2FCitation%2F1913%2F12000%2FHuntington_s_Chorea__A_Study_in_Heredity.10.aspx&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-191312000-00010&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.pages=796-799&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=40"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-davenportmuncey-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-davenportmuncey_91-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-davenportmuncey_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Davenport CB, Muncey EB (1916). <a class="external text" href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/73/2/195" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's chorea in relation to heredity and eugenics"</a>. <i>American Journal of Insanity</i> <b>73</b> (2): 195–222. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.73.2.195" rel="nofollow">10.1176/appi.ajp.73.2.195</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+chorea+in+relation+to+heredity+and+eugenics&rft.au=Davenport+CB%2C+Muncey+EB&rft.aulast=Davenport+CB%2C+Muncey+EB&rft.date=1916&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F73%2F2%2F195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.73.2.195&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Insanity&rft.pages=195-222&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=73"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-92"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Vessie PR (1932). <a class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info:12mCk4CjFKAJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1" rel="nofollow">"On the transmission of Huntington's chorea for 300 years – the Bures family group"</a>. <i>Nervous and Mental Disease</i> (Baltimore) <b>76</b> (6): 553–573. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-193212000-00001" rel="nofollow">10.1097/00005053-193212000-00001</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=On+the+transmission+of+Huntington%27s+chorea+for+300+years+%E2%80%93+the+Bures+family+group&rft.aulast=Vessie+PR&rft.au=Vessie+PR&rft.date=1932&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.uk%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26q%3Dinfo%3A12mCk4CjFKAJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dviewport%26pg%3D1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-193212000-00001&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.pages=553-573&rft.place=Baltimore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=76"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid12486915-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid12486915_93-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid12486915_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Wexler AR (2002). "Chorea and community in a 19th-century town". <i>Bull Hist Med</i> <b>76</b> (3): 495–527. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2002.0150" rel="nofollow">10.1353/bhm.2002.0150</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486915" rel="nofollow">12486915</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Chorea+and+community+in+a+19th-century+town&rft.aulast=Wexler+AR&rft.au=Wexler+AR&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2002.0150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12486915&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Bull+Hist+Med&rft.pages=495-527&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=76"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid6233902-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid6233902_94-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Conneally PM (1984). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684448" rel="nofollow">"Huntington disease: genetics and epidemiology"</a>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet.</i> <b>36</b> (3): 506–26. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684448" rel="nofollow">1684448</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6233902" rel="nofollow">6233902</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington+disease%3A+genetics+and+epidemiology&rft.au=Conneally+PM&rft.aulast=Conneally+PM&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1684448&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1684448&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6233902&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.pages=506-26&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=36"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wexler2012-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Wexler2012_95-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wexler NS (2012) Huntington's Disease: Advocacy driving science. Annu Rev Med 63:1–22</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-96"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hdfoundation.org/html/venezuela_huntington.php" rel="nofollow">"The Venezuela Huntington's disease project"</a>. <i>Hereditary Disease Foundation website</i>. Hereditary Disease Foundation. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+Venezuela+Huntington%27s+disease+project&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdfoundation.org%2Fhtml%2Fvenezuela_huntington.php&rft.jtitle=Hereditary+Disease+Foundation+website&rft.pub=Hereditary+Disease+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid8458085-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid8458085_97-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid8458085_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Macdonald M (1993). <a class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(93)90585-E" rel="nofollow">"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a></i> <b>72</b> (6): 971–83. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990585-E" rel="nofollow">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8458085" rel="nofollow">8458085</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=A+novel+gene+containing+a+trinucleotide+repeat+that+is+expanded+and+unstable+on+Huntington%27s+disease+chromosomes.+The+Huntington%27s+Disease+Collaborative+Research+Group&rft.aulast=Macdonald+M&rft.au=Macdonald+M&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0092-8674%2893%2990585-E&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990585-E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8458085&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=971-83&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=72"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15931380-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid15931380_98-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bertram L, Tanzi RE (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1137006" rel="nofollow">"The genetic epidemiology of neurodegenerative disease"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Clin._Invest." title="J. Clin. Invest.">J. Clin. Invest.</a></i> <b>115</b> (6): 1449–57. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI24761" rel="nofollow">10.1172/JCI24761</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1137006" rel="nofollow">1137006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931380" rel="nofollow">15931380</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+genetic+epidemiology+of+neurodegenerative+disease&rft.au=Bertram+L%2C+Tanzi+RE&rft.aulast=Bertram+L%2C+Tanzi+RE&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1137006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI24761&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1137006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15931380&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Invest.&rft.pages=1449-57&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=115"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid1303283-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid1303283_99-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">La Spada AR, Roling DB, Harding AE et al. (1992). "Meiotic stability and genotype-phenotype correlation of the trinucleotide repeat in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy". <i>Nat. Genet.</i> <b>2</b> (4): 301–4. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1292-301" rel="nofollow">10.1038/ng1292-301</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1303283" rel="nofollow">1303283</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Meiotic+stability+and+genotype-phenotype+correlation+of+the+trinucleotide+repeat+in+X-linked+spinal+and+bulbar+muscular+atrophy&rft.au=La+Spada+AR%2C+Roling+DB%2C+Harding+AE&rft.aulast=La+Spada+AR%2C+Roling+DB%2C+Harding+AE&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1292-301&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1303283&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&rft.pages=301-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ross-tabrizi-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-ross-tabrizi_100-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-ross-tabrizi_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-ross-tabrizi_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Ross CA, Tabrizi SJ (January 2011). "Huntington's disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment". <i>Lancet neurology</i> <b>10</b> (1): 83–98. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2810%2970245-3" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70245-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163446" rel="nofollow">21163446</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease%3A+from+molecular+pathogenesis+to+clinical+treatment&rft.aulast=Ross+CA%2C+Tabrizi+SJ&rft.au=Ross+CA%2C+Tabrizi+SJ&rft.date=January+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2810%2970245-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21163446&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Lancet+neurology&rft.pages=83-98&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-huntchorea-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-huntchorea_101-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hda.org.uk/huntingtons/what-is-hd.html" rel="nofollow">"What is HD?"</a>. Huntington's disease association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=What+is+HD%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hda.org.uk%2Fhuntingtons%2Fwhat-is-hd.html&rft.pub=Huntington%27s+disease+association&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-102"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Davenport CB (1915). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090803" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's Chorea in Relation to Heredity and Eugenics"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>1</b> (5): 283–5. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1.5.283" rel="nofollow">10.1073/pnas.1.5.283</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090803" rel="nofollow">1090803</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16575999" rel="nofollow">16575999</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+Chorea+in+Relation+to+Heredity+and+Eugenics&rft.au=Davenport+CB&rft.aulast=Davenport+CB&rft.date=1915&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1090803&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1.5.283&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1090803&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16575999&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=283-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-103"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Rollin BE (2006). "The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics: A Conceptual History". <i>Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics</i> <b>27</b> (4): 285–304. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11017-006-9007-8" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s11017-006-9007-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937023" rel="nofollow">16937023</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+Regulation+of+Animal+Research+and+the+Emergence+of+Animal+Ethics%3A+A+Conceptual+History&rft.aulast=Rollin+BE&rft.au=Rollin+BE&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11017-006-9007-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16937023&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Medicine+and+Bioethics&rft.pages=285-304&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=27"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18181947-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18181947_104-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Doerflinger RM (2008). "The problem of deception in embryonic stem cell research". <i>Cell Prolif</i>. 41 Suppl 1: 65–70. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2184.2008.00492.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00492.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18181947" rel="nofollow">18181947</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+problem+of+deception+in+embryonic+stem+cell+research&rft.au=Doerflinger+RM&rft.aulast=Doerflinger+RM&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2184.2008.00492.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18181947&rft.jtitle=Cell+Prolif.&rft.pages=65-70&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=41+Suppl+1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-105"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Chapman MA (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683745" rel="nofollow">"Predictive testing for adult-onset genetic disease: ethical and legal implications of the use of linkage analysis for Huntington disease"</a>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet.</i> <b>47</b> (1): 1–3. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683745" rel="nofollow">1683745</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140926" rel="nofollow">2140926</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Predictive+testing+for+adult-onset+genetic+disease%3A+ethical+and+legal+implications+of+the+use+of+linkage+analysis+for+Huntington+disease&rft.au=Chapman+MA&rft.aulast=Chapman+MA&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1683745&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1683745&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2140926&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.pages=1-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=47"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-106"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Huggins M, Bloch M, Kanani S et al. (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683755" rel="nofollow">"Ethical and legal dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease: the experience of Huntington disease"</a>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet.</i> <b>47</b> (1): 4–12. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683755" rel="nofollow">1683755</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1971997" rel="nofollow">1971997</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Ethical+and+legal+dilemmas+arising+during+predictive+testing+for+adult-onset+disease%3A+the+experience+of+Huntington+disease&rft.au=Huggins+M%2C+Bloch+M%2C+Kanani+S&rft.aulast=Huggins+M%2C+Bloch+M%2C+Kanani+S&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1683755&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1683755&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1971997&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.pages=4-12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=47"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="color: #33aa33; display: none;">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-107"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7452909.stm" rel="nofollow">"BBC article: Genetic data banned for insurers"</a>. BBC. 13 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=BBC+article%3A+Genetic+data+banned+for+insurers&rft.date=13+June+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7452909.stm&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Expert_backs_gene_test_disclosure-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-Expert_backs_gene_test_disclosure_108-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6731623.stm" rel="nofollow">"Expert backs gene test disclosure"</a>. BBC article. 7 June 2007.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Expert+backs+gene+test+disclosure&rft.date=7+June+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F6731623.stm&rft.pub=BBC+article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid8950670-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid8950670_109-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Binedell J, Soldan JR, Scourfield J, Harper PS (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1050784" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's disease predictive testing: the case for an assessment approach to requests from adolescents"</a>. <i>J. Med. Genet.</i> <b>33</b> (11): 912–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.33.11.912" rel="nofollow">10.1136/jmg.33.11.912</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1050784" rel="nofollow">1050784</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8950670" rel="nofollow">8950670</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Huntington%27s+disease+predictive+testing%3A+the+case+for+an+assessment+approach+to+requests+from+adolescents&rft.au=Binedell+J%2C+Soldan+JR%2C+Scourfield+J%2C+Harper+PS&rft.aulast=Binedell+J%2C+Soldan+JR%2C+Scourfield+J%2C+Harper+PS&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1050784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmg.33.11.912&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1050784&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8950670&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=J.+Med.+Genet.&rft.pages=912-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=33"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18704981-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18704981_110-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Borry P, Goffin T, Nys H, Dierickx K (2008). "Predictive genetic testing in minors for adult-onset genetic diseases". <i>Mt. Sinai J. Med.</i> <b>75</b> (3): 287–96. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmsj.20038" rel="nofollow">10.1002/msj.20038</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704981" rel="nofollow">18704981</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Predictive+genetic+testing+in+minors+for+adult-onset+genetic+diseases&rft.au=Borry+P%2C+Goffin+T%2C+Nys+H%2C+Dierickx+K&rft.aulast=Borry+P%2C+Goffin+T%2C+Nys+H%2C+Dierickx+K&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmsj.20038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18704981&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Mt.+Sinai+J.+Med.&rft.pages=287-96&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=75"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid9949442-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid9949442_111-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid9949442_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid9949442_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Braude PR, De Wert GM, Evers-Kiebooms G, Pettigrew RA, Geraedts JP (1998). "Non-disclosure preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Huntington's disease: practical and ethical dilemmas". <i>Prenat. Diagn.</i> <b>18</b> (13): 1422–6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0223%28199812%2918%3A13%3C1422%3A%3AAID-PD499%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R" rel="nofollow">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199812)18:13<1422::AID-PD499>3.0.CO;2-R</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9949442" rel="nofollow">9949442</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Non-disclosure+preimplantation+genetic+diagnosis+for+Huntington%27s+disease%3A+practical+and+ethical+dilemmas&rft.au=Braude+PR%2C+De+Wert+GM%2C+Evers-Kiebooms+G%2C+Pettigrew+RA%2C+Geraedts+JP&rft.aulast=Braude+PR%2C+De+Wert+GM%2C+Evers-Kiebooms+G%2C+Pettigrew+RA%2C+Geraedts+JP&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0223%28199812%2918%3A13%3C1422%3A%3AAID-PD499%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9949442&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Prenat.+Diagn.&rft.pages=1422-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HDF-About_Us-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HDF-About_Us_112-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HDF-About_Us_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hdfoundation.org/aboutus.php" rel="nofollow">"Hereditary Disease Foundation – About Us"</a>. Hereditary disease foundation. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Hereditary+Disease+Foundation+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdfoundation.org%2Faboutus.php&rft.pub=Hereditary+disease+foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HDSA-History-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-HDSA-History_113-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hdsa.org/about/hdsa-history.html" rel="nofollow">"Huntington's Disease Society of America – Our History"</a>. Huntington's Disease Society of America. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Huntington%27s+Disease+Society+of+America+%E2%80%93+Our+History&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdsa.org%2Fabout%2Fhdsa-history.html&rft.pub=Huntington%27s+Disease+Society+of+America&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-114"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.huntington-assoc.com/ihapro.htm" rel="nofollow">"IHA Profile"</a>. International Huntington Association. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=IHA+Profile&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntington-assoc.com%2Fihapro.htm&rft.pub=International+Huntington+Association&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-115"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hdsa.org/static/resolutionhdprint.pdf" rel="nofollow">"US Senate s. resolution 531"</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>S. Res. 531</i>. US Senate. 6 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=US+Senate+s.+resolution+531&rft.date=6+April+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdsa.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutionhdprint.pdf&rft.jtitle=S.+Res.+531&rft.pub=US+Senate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chdi-nature-moneytree-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-chdi-nature-moneytree_116-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-chdi-nature-moneytree_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Odling-Smee L (17 May 2007). "Biomedical philanthropy: The money tree". <i>Nature</i> <b>447</b> (7142): 251–251. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F447251a" rel="nofollow">10.1038/447251a</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Biomedical+philanthropy%3A+The+money+tree&rft.aulast=Odling-Smee+L&rft.au=Odling-Smee+L&rft.date=17+May+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F447251a&rft.issue=7142&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=251-251&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=447"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chdi-website-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-chdi-website_117-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://chdifoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">"CHDI Foundation, Inc"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=CHDI+Foundation%2C+Inc&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchdifoundation.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chdi-nature-philanthropy-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-chdi-nature-philanthropy_118-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Check E (17 May 2007). "Biomedical philanthropy: Love or money". <i>Nature</i> <b>447</b> (7142): 252–253. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F447252a" rel="nofollow">10.1038/447252a</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507955" rel="nofollow">17507955</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Biomedical+philanthropy%3A+Love+or+money&rft.au=Check+E&rft.aulast=Check+E&rft.date=17+May+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F447252a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17507955&rft.issue=7142&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=252-253&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=447"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-turner-excitotoxicity-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-turner-excitotoxicity_119-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Turner C, Schapira AH (2010). "Mitochondrial matters of the brain: the role in Huntington's disease". <i>Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes</i> <b>42</b> (3): 193–8. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10863-010-9290-y" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s10863-010-9290-y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20480217" rel="nofollow">20480217</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+matters+of+the+brain%3A+the+role+in+Huntington%27s+disease&rft.aulast=Turner+C%2C+Schapira+AH&rft.au=Turner+C%2C+Schapira+AH&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10863-010-9290-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20480217&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+bioenergetics+and+biomembranes&rft.pages=193-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=42"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-120"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Wild, EJ; Tabrizi, SJ (15 September 2014). "Targets for future clinical trials in Huntington's disease: what's in the pipeline?". <i>Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</i> <b>29</b> (11): 1434–45. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155142" rel="nofollow">25155142</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Targets+for+future+clinical+trials+in+Huntington%27s+disease%3A+what%27s+in+the+pipeline%3F&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.au=Tabrizi%2C+SJ&rft.au=Wild%2C+EJ&rft.date=15+September+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25155142&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Movement+disorders+%3A+official+journal+of+the+Movement+Disorder+Society&rft.pages=1434-45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-munoz-bates-jci-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-munoz-bates-jci_121-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-munoz-bates-jci_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Munoz-Sanjuan I, Bates GP (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026740" rel="nofollow">"The importance of integrating basic and clinical research toward the development of new therapies for Huntington disease"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Investigation</i> <b>121</b> (2): 476–483. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI45364" rel="nofollow">10.1172/JCI45364</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026740" rel="nofollow">3026740</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285520" rel="nofollow">21285520</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+integrating+basic+and+clinical+research+toward+the+development+of+new+therapies+for+Huntington+disease&rft.aulast=Munoz-Sanjuan+I%2C+Bates+GP&rft.au=Munoz-Sanjuan+I%2C+Bates+GP&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3026740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI45364&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3026740&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21285520&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.pages=476-483&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=121"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-122"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">McBride, Jodi L; Pitzer, Mark R; Boudreau, Ryan L; Dufour, Brett; Hobbs, Theodore; Ojeda, Sergio R; Davidson, Beverly L (25 October 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3242667" rel="nofollow">"Preclinical Safety of RNAi-Mediated HTT Suppression in the Rhesus Macaque as a Potential Therapy for Huntington's Disease"</a>. <i>Molecular Therapy</i> <b>19</b> (12): 2152–2162. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmt.2011.219" rel="nofollow">10.1038/mt.2011.219</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3242667" rel="nofollow">3242667</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22031240" rel="nofollow">22031240</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Preclinical+Safety+of+RNAi-Mediated+HTT+Suppression+in+the+Rhesus+Macaque+as+a+Potential+Therapy+for+Huntington%27s+Disease&rft.au=Boudreau%2C+Ryan+L&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Beverly+L&rft.au=Dufour%2C+Brett&rft.aufirst=Jodi+L&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+Theodore&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.au=McBride%2C+Jodi+L&rft.au=Ojeda%2C+Sergio+R&rft.au=Pitzer%2C+Mark+R&rft.date=25+October+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3242667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fmt.2011.219&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3242667&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22031240&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Therapy&rft.pages=2152-2162&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-123"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Kordasiewicz, Holly B.; Lisa M. Stanek, Edward V. Wancewicz, Curt Mazur, Melissa M. McAlonis, Kimberly A. Pytel, Jonathan W. Artates, Andreas Weiss, Seng H. Cheng, Lamya S. Shihabuddin, Gene Hung, C. Frank Bennett, Don W. Cleveland (21 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/neuron/retrieve/pii/S0896627312004448" rel="nofollow">"Sustained Therapeutic Reversal of Huntington's Disease by Transient Repression of Huntingtin Synthesis"</a>. <i>Neuron</i> <b>74</b> (6): 1031–1044. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2012.05.009" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.009</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Sustained+Therapeutic+Reversal+of+Huntington%27s+Disease+by+Transient+Repression+of+Huntingtin+Synthesis&rft.aufirst=Holly+B.&rft.au=Kordasiewicz%2C+Holly+B.&rft.aulast=Kordasiewicz&rft.au=Lisa+M.+Stanek%2C+Edward+V.+Wancewicz%2C+Curt+Mazur%2C+Melissa+M.+McAlonis%2C+Kimberly+A.+Pytel%2C+Jonathan+W.+Artates%2C+Andreas+Weiss%2C+Seng+H.+Cheng%2C+Lamya+S.+Shihabuddin%2C+Gene+Hung%2C+C.+Frank+Bennett%2C+Don+W.+Cleveland&rft.date=21+June+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fneuron%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0896627312004448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2012.05.009&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.pages=1031-1044&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=74"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sah-aronin-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-sah-aronin_124-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Barnes, DW; Whitley, RJ (Feb 1987). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026739" rel="nofollow">"Antiviral therapy and pulmonary disease"</a>. <i>Chest</i> <b>91</b> (2): 246–51. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI45130" rel="nofollow">10.1172/JCI45130</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026739" rel="nofollow">3026739</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285523" rel="nofollow">21285523</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Antiviral+therapy+and+pulmonary+disease&rft.au=Barnes%2C+DW&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.au=Whitley%2C+RJ&rft.date=Feb+1987&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3026739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI45130&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3026739&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21285523&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.pages=246-51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=91"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18341412-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-pmid18341412_125-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Clelland CD, Barker RA, Watts C (2008). "Cell therapy in Huntington disease". <i>Neurosurg Focus</i> <b>24</b> (3–4): E9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3171%2FFOC%2F2008%2F24%2F3-4%2FE8" rel="nofollow">10.3171/FOC/2008/24/3-4/E8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18341412" rel="nofollow">18341412</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Cell+therapy+in+Huntington+disease&rft.au=Clelland+CD%2C+Barker+RA%2C+Watts+C&rft.aulast=Clelland+CD%2C+Barker+RA%2C+Watts+C&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3171%2FFOC%2F2008%2F24%2F3-4%2FE8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18341412&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.jtitle=Neurosurg+Focus&rft.pages=E9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=24"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-126"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Cundiff PE, Anderson SA (31 May 2011). "Impact of induced pluripotent stem cells on the study of central nervous system disease". <i>Current Opinion in Genetics & Development</i> <b>21</b> (3): 354–361. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2011.01.008" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.gde.2011.01.008</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277194" rel="nofollow">21277194</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Impact+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+on+the+study+of+central+nervous+system+disease&rft.au=Cundiff+PE%2C+Anderson+SA&rft.aulast=Cundiff+PE%2C+Anderson+SA&rft.date=31+May+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gde.2011.01.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21277194&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&rft.pages=354-361&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-127"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Wild, EJ; Tabrizi, SJ (15 September 2014). "Targets for future clinical trials in Huntington's disease: what's in the pipeline?". <i>Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</i> <b>29</b> (11): 1434–45. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmds.26007" rel="nofollow">10.1002/mds.26007</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155142" rel="nofollow">25155142</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.atitle=Targets+for+future+clinical+trials+in+Huntington%27s+disease%3A+what%27s+in+the+pipeline%3F&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.au=Tabrizi%2C+SJ&rft.au=Wild%2C+EJ&rft.date=15+September+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmds.26007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25155142&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Movement+disorders+%3A+official+journal+of+the+Movement+Disorder+Society&rft.pages=1434-45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hsgcompletedtrials-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#cite_ref-hsgcompletedtrials_128-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.huntington-study-group.org/ClinicalResearch/CompletedClinicalTrials/tabid/65/Default.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Completed Clinical Trials"</a>. Huntington Study Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuntington%27s+disease&rft.btitle=Completed+Clinical+Trials&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntington-study-group.org%2FClinicalResearch%2FCompletedClinicalTrials%2Ftabid%2F65%2FDefault.aspx&rft.pub=Huntington+Study+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington%27s_disease&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Huntington%27s_Disease/" rel="nofollow">Huntington's disease</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
<li><img alt="" data-file-height="430" data-file-width="410" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" width="15" /> Works related to <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Chorea" title="wikisource:On Chorea">On Chorea</a> at Wikisource</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://hopes.stanford.edu/" rel="nofollow">HOPES project</a> – <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOPES" title="HOPES">Stanford University's HD information project</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://hdbuzz.net/" rel="nofollow">HDBuzz</a> – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDBuzz" title="HDBuzz">HD research news written by scientists in plain language</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://hddrugworks.org/" rel="nofollow">HD Drug Works</a> – news about current treatments and planned trials</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.polygonmedical.com/huntingtons.html" rel="nofollow">– Animation by Polygon Medical Animation of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors in Huntington's Disease</a></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></div>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Huntington's disease</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_dementia_complex" title="AIDS dementia complex">AIDS dementia complex</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundowning_(dementia)" title="Sundowning (dementia)">Sundowning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD-NOS" title="PDD-NOS">PDD-NOS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
Other</div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable2" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton2">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive" title="Psychoactive">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_abuse" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a> and substance-related disorders</div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_rebound" title="Double rebound">Double rebound</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable3" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton3">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized schizophrenia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable4" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton4">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_NOS" title="Bipolar disorder NOS">Bipolar NOS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholic_depression" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable5" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton5">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatoform_disorder" title="Somatoform disorder">somatoform</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropophobia" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
Other</div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li>
<li><i>stress</i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder with depressed mood</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatoform disorder</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatization_disorder" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Costa%27s_syndrome" title="Da Costa's syndrome">Da Costa's syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychalgia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurasthenia" title="Neurasthenia">Neurasthenia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative disorder</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue_state" title="Fugue state">Fugue state</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization_disorder" title="Depersonalization disorder">Depersonalization disorder</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable6" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton6">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
Physiological/physical behavioral</div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Eating disorder not otherwise specified">NOS</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
Nonorganic<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Nonorganic hypersomnia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Nonorganic insomnia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement behavior disorder">REM behavior disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual<br />dysfunction</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual desire</a></i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a>)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_arousal_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual arousal</a></i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder" title="Female sexual arousal disorder">Female sexual arousal disorder</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Orgasm_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">orgasm</a></i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">Anorgasmia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_ejaculation" title="Delayed ejaculation">Delayed ejaculation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a>)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_pain_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">pain</a></i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postnatal_psychosis" title="Postnatal psychosis">Postnatal psychosis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable7" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton7">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
Adult personality and behavior</div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual</a> and<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity_disorder" title="Gender identity disorder">gender identity</a></i></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Fetishism" title="Sexual Fetishism">Fetishism</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
Other</div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_control_disorder" title="Impulse control disorder">Impulse control disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatillomania" title="Dermatillomania">Dermatillomania</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-focused_repetitive_behavior" title="Body-focused repetitive behavior">Body-focused repetitive behavior</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchausen_syndrome" title="Münchausen syndrome">Münchausen syndrome</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable8" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton8">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a></li>
<li>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujan-Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan-Fryns syndrome">Lujan-Fryns syndrome</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
Psychological development<br />
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disorder" title="Developmental disorder">developmental disorder</a>)</div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a>)</li>
<li><i>emotional disorder</i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a>)</li>
<li><i>social functioning</i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a></i></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_disorder" title="Movement disorder">Movement disorder</a></li>
<li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable9" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton9">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; width: 6em;"> </span><br />
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
Symptoms and uncategorized</div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizures" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver-Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver-Bucy syndrome">Klüver-Bucy syndrome</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding: 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psych_navs" title="Template:Psych navs"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Psych_navs" title="Template talk:Psych navs"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Psych_navs&action=edit"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
Index of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Description</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental processes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mental_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Template:Mental and behavioral disorders">Mental and behavioral</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Template:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Template:Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tourette_syndrome" title="Template:Tourette syndrome">Tourette's</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Template:Mood disorders">Mood</a></li>
<li>Developmental <ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pervasive_developmental_disorders" title="Template:Pervasive developmental disorders">pervasive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dyslexia_and_specific_developmental_disorders" title="Template:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders">dyslexia and specific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use">Substance-related</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health">alcohol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Template:Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cognition,_perception,_emotional_state_and_behaviour_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs">Symptoms and signs</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_nervous_system" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for nervous system">eponymous</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psychological_and_psychiatric_evaluation_and_testing" title="Template:Psychological and psychiatric evaluation and testing">Evaluation and testing</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Template:Cognitive behavioral therapy">CBT</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Drugs <ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antidepressants" title="Template:Antidepressants">depression</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Template:Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics">anxiety</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anti-dementia_drugs" title="Template:Anti-dementia drugs">dementia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template:Hypnotics and sedatives">hypnotics and sedatives</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable10" style="background: none; border-spacing: 0; color: inherit;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton10">show</a>]</span> <br />
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CNS_diseases_of_the_nervous_system" title="Template:CNS diseases of the nervous system"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CNS_diseases_of_the_nervous_system" title="Template talk:CNS diseases of the nervous system"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CNS_diseases_of_the_nervous_system&action=edit"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_VI:_Diseases_of_the_nervous_system" title="ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system">G04–G47</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes_320%E2%80%93359:_diseases_of_the_nervous_system" title="List of ICD-9 codes 320–359: diseases of the nervous system">323–349</a>)</div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis" title="Poliomyelitis">Poliomyelitis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating disease</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_myelitis" title="Transverse myelitis">Transverse myelitis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidural_abscess" title="Epidural abscess">Epidural abscess</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic_Encephalomyelitis" title="Myalgic Encephalomyelitis">Myalgic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_disorder" title="Movement disorder">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatonigral_degeneration" title="Striatonigral degeneration">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">HD</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_person_syndrome" title="Stiff person syndrome">Stiff person</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">Dementia with Lewy bodies</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh%27s_disease" title="Leigh's disease">Leigh's disease</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">autoimmune</a></i><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica" title="Neuromyelitis optica">Neuromyelitis optica</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_myelinoclastic_sclerosis" title="Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis">Schilder's disease</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_CNS_demyelinating_disease" title="Hereditary CNS demyelinating disease">hereditary</a></i><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">Adrenoleukodystrophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_disease" title="Alexander disease">Alexander</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavan_disease" title="Canavan disease">Canavan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbe_disease" title="Krabbe disease">Krabbe</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachromatic_leukodystrophy" title="Metachromatic leukodystrophy">ML</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelizaeus-Merzbacher_disease" title="Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease">PMD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoencephalopathy_with_vanishing_white_matter" title="Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter">VWM</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalencephalic_leukoencephalopathy_with_subcortical_cysts" title="Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts">MFC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMFAK_syndrome" title="CAMFAK syndrome">CAMFAK syndrome</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pontine_myelinolysis" title="Central pontine myelinolysis">Central pontine myelinolysis</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchiafava-Bignami_disease" title="Marchiafava-Bignami disease">Marchiafava-Bignami disease</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpers%27_disease" title="Alpers' disease">Alpers' disease</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Episodic/<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysm" title="Paroxysm">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizure</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_seizures" title="Focal seizures">Focal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_epilepsy" title="Generalised epilepsy">Generalised</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hemiplegic_migraine" title="Familial hemiplegic migraine">Familial hemiplegic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax" title="Amaurosis fugax">Amaurosis fugax</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" title="Transient global amnesia">Transient global amnesia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">Acute aphasia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome" title="Middle cerebral artery syndrome">MCA</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery_syndrome" title="Anterior cerebral artery syndrome">ACA</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cerebral_artery_syndrome" title="Posterior cerebral artery syndrome">PCA</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foville%27s_syndrome" title="Foville's syndrome">Foville's</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard-Gubler_syndrome" title="Millard-Gubler syndrome">Millard-Gubler</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_medullary_syndrome" title="Lateral medullary syndrome">Lateral medullary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber%27s_syndrome" title="Weber's syndrome">Weber's</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacunar_stroke" title="Lacunar stroke">Lacunar stroke</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%27s_curse" title="Ondine's curse">Ondine's curse</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">Cataplexy</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleine-Levin_syndrome" title="Kleine-Levin syndrome">Kleine-Levin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">Circadian rhythm sleep disorder</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Advanced sleep phase disorder">Advanced sleep phase disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Delayed sleep phase disorder">Delayed sleep phase disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-24-hour_sleep%E2%80%93wake_disorder" title="Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder">Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_lag" title="Jet lag">Jet lag</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_hypertension" title="Intracranial hypertension">Intracranial hypertension</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">NPH</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_hypotension" title="Intracranial hypotension">Intracranial hypotension</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye%27s_syndrome" title="Reye's syndrome">Reye's</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a>/<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelopathy" title="Myelopathy">myelopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringomyelia" title="Syringomyelia">Syringomyelia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringobulbia" title="Syringobulbia">Syringobulbia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan%27s_syndrome" title="Morvan's syndrome">Morvan's syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_myelopathy" title="Vascular myelopathy">Vascular myelopathy</a><ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foix-Alajouanine_syndrome" title="Foix-Alajouanine syndrome">Foix-Alajouanine syndrome</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_compression" title="Spinal cord compression">Spinal cord compression</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia" title="Ataxia telangiectasia">Ataxia telangiectasia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuron_disease" title="Motor neuron disease">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only:</i><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only:</i><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuropathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuropathies">Distal hereditary motor neuropathies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 1">SMAX1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance">SMA-LED</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i>both:</i><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding: 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_navs" title="Template:Central nervous system navs"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_navs" title="Template talk:Central nervous system navs"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Central_nervous_system_navs&action=edit"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
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<div style="font-size: 114%;">
Index of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Description</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nervous_system" title="Template:Nervous system">Anatomy</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Meninges" title="Template:Meninges">meninges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Template:Cerebral cortex">cortex</a><ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Association_fibers" title="Template:Association fibers">association fibers</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commissural_fibers_and_septum" title="Template:Commissural fibers and septum">commissural fibers</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lateral_ventricles" title="Template:Lateral ventricles">lateral ventricles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rostral_basal_ganglia_and_associated_structures" title="Template:Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures">basal ganglia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diencephalon" title="Template:Diencephalon">diencephalon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Template:Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons">pons</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebellum" title="Template:Cerebellum">cerebellum</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medulla" title="Template:Medulla">medulla</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spinal_cord" title="Template:Spinal cord">spinal cord</a><ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Template:Neural tracts">tracts</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nervous_system_physiology" title="Template:Nervous system physiology">Physiology</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitter_systems" title="Template:Neurotransmitter systems">neutrotransmission</a><ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitter_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Neurotransmitter metabolism enzymes">enzymes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitter_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template:Neurotransmitter metabolism intermediates">intermediates</a></i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Development_of_nervous_system" title="Template:Development of nervous system">Development</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebral_palsy" title="Template:Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_meninges" title="Template:Diseases of meninges">Meningitis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Demyelinating diseases</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template:Seizures and epilepsy">Seizures and epilepsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Headache</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Stroke</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Sleep</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system">Congenital</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotrauma" title="Template:Neurotrauma">Injury</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nervous_system_tumors" title="Template:Nervous system tumors">Neoplasms and cancer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CNS_diseases_of_the_nervous_system" title="Template:CNS diseases of the nervous system">Other</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebral_palsy_and_other_paralytic_syndromes" title="Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes">paralytic syndromes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" title="Template:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">ALS</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nervous_and_musculoskeletal_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs">Symptoms and signs</a><ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Symptoms_involving_head_and_neck" title="Template:Symptoms involving head and neck">head and neck</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_nervous_system" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for nervous system">eponymous</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lesions_of_spinal_cord_and_brain" title="Template:Lesions of spinal cord and brain">lesions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tests <ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CSF_tests" title="Template:CSF tests">CSF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neuro_procedures" title="Template:Neuro procedures">Procedures</a></li>
<li>Drugs <ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:General_anesthetics" title="Template:General anesthetics">general anesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Analgesics" title="Template:Analgesics">analgesics</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antiaddictives" title="Template:Antiaddictives">addiction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Template:Anticonvulsants">epilepsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cholinergics" title="Template:Cholinergics">cholinergics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antimigraine_preparations" title="Template:Antimigraine preparations">migraine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antiparkinson" title="Template:Antiparkinson">Parkinson's</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antivertigo_preparations" title="Template:Antivertigo preparations">vertigo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Other_nervous_system_drugs" title="Template:Other nervous system drugs">other</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease#" id="collapseButton11">show</a>]</span> <br />
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Trinucleotide_repeat_disorders" title="Template:Trinucleotide repeat disorders"><span style="background: none; border-image: none; border: currentColor;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
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</ul>
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<div style="font-size: 114%;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Mendelian_inheritance" title="Non-Mendelian inheritance">Non-Mendelian inheritance</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation_(genetics)" title="Anticipation (genetics)">anticipation</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder" title="Trinucleotide repeat disorder">Trinucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorders#Polyglutamine_.28PolyQ.29_Diseases" title="Trinucleotide repeat disorders">Polyglutamine (PolyQ), CAG</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian_atrophy" title="Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy">Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Huntington's disease</strong></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%27s_disease" title="Kennedy's disease">Kennedy disease</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">Spinocerebellar ataxia 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machado-Joseph_disease" title="Machado-Joseph disease">Machado-Joseph disease</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorders#Non-Polyglutamine_Diseases" title="Trinucleotide repeat disorders">Non-polyglutamine</a></div>
</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>CGG (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a>)</li>
<li>GAA (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a>)</li>
<li>CTG (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">Myotonic dystrophy type 1</a>)</li>
<li>CTG (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">Spinocerebellar ataxia 8</a>)</li>
<li>CAG (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">Spinocerebellar ataxia 12</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Tetranucleotide</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>CCTG (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">Myotonic dystrophy type 2</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Pentanucleotide</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>ATTCT (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">Spinocerebellar ataxia 10</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_se_siekte" hreflang="af" lang="af" title="Huntington se siekte – Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" hreflang="ar" lang="ar" title="داء هنتنغتون – Arabic">العربية</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" hreflang="bg" lang="bg" title="Болест на Хънтингтън – Bulgarian">Български</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtonova_bolest" hreflang="bs" lang="bs" title="Huntingtonova bolest – Bosnian">Bosanski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_de_Huntington" hreflang="ca" lang="ca" title="Malaltia de Huntington – Catalan">Català</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtonova_choroba" hreflang="cs" lang="cs" title="Huntingtonova choroba – Czech">Čeština</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtons_sygdom" hreflang="da" lang="da" title="Huntingtons sygdom – Danish">Dansk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea_Huntington" hreflang="de" lang="de" title="Chorea Huntington – German">Deutsch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtoni_t%C3%B5bi" hreflang="et" lang="et" title="Huntingtoni tõbi – Estonian">Eesti</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" hreflang="el" lang="el" title="Νόσος του Χάντινγκτον – Greek">Ελληνικά</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedad_de_Huntington" hreflang="es" lang="es" title="Enfermedad de Huntington – Spanish">Español</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtonen_gaixotasuna" hreflang="eu" lang="eu" title="Huntingtonen gaixotasuna – Basque">Euskara</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" hreflang="fa" lang="fa" title="بیماری هانتینگتون – Persian">فارسی</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_de_Huntington" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" title="Maladie de Huntington – French">Français</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falrais_Huntington" hreflang="ga" lang="ga" title="Falrais Huntington – Irish">Gaeilge</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%8C%ED%8C%85%ED%84%B4%EB%B3%91" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" title="헌팅턴병 – Korean">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" hreflang="hi" lang="hi" title="हनटिंग्टन रोग – Hindi">हिन्दी</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Huntington" hreflang="id" lang="id" title="Penyakit Huntington – Indonesian">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia_di_Huntington" hreflang="it" lang="it" title="Malattia di Huntington – Italian">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" hreflang="he" lang="he" title="מחלת הנטינגטון – Hebrew">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Huntington" hreflang="jv" lang="jv" title="Penyakit Huntington – Javanese">Basa Jawa</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" hreflang="kn" lang="kn" title="ಹಂಟಿಂಗ್ಟನ್ನ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ – Kannada">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantingtona_slim%C4%ABba" hreflang="lv" lang="lv" title="Hantingtona slimība – Latvian">Latviešu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington-k%C3%B3r" hreflang="hu" lang="hu" title="Huntington-kór – Hungarian">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" hreflang="mk" lang="mk" title="Хантингтонова болест – Macedonian">Македонски</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Huntington" hreflang="ms" lang="ms" title="Penyakit Huntington – Malay">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziekte_van_Huntington" hreflang="nl" lang="nl" title="Ziekte van Huntington – Dutch">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E7%97%85" hreflang="ja" lang="ja" title="ハンチントン病 – Japanese">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtons_sykdom" hreflang="no" lang="no" title="Huntingtons sykdom – Norwegian">Norsk bokmål</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malad%C3%ACa_%C3%ABd_Huntington" hreflang="pms" lang="pms" title="Maladìa ëd Huntington – Piedmontese">Piemontèis</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%85sawica_Huntingtona" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" title="Pląsawica Huntingtona – Polish">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_de_Huntington" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" title="Doença de Huntington – Portuguese">Português</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boala_Huntington" hreflang="ro" lang="ro" title="Boala Huntington – Romanian">Română</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" hreflang="ru" lang="ru" title="Болезнь Хантингтона – Russian">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" hreflang="simple" lang="simple" title="Huntington's disease – Simple English">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" hreflang="ckb" lang="ckb" title="نەخۆشیی ھانتینگتۆن – Central Kurdish">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" title="Хантингтонова хореа – Serbian">Српски / srpski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantingtonova_horea" hreflang="sh" lang="sh" title="Hantingtonova horea – Serbo-Croatian">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtonin_tauti" hreflang="fi" lang="fi" title="Huntingtonin tauti – Finnish">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtons_sjukdom" hreflang="sv" lang="sv" title="Huntingtons sjukdom – Swedish">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%27%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" hreflang="te" lang="te" title="హంటింగ్టన్'స్ వ్యాధి – Telugu">తెలుగు</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" hreflang="th" lang="th" title="โรคฮันติงตัน – Thai">ไทย</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" hreflang="tr" lang="tr" title="Huntington hastalığı – Turkish">Türkçe</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" hreflang="uk" lang="uk" title="Хвороба Гантінгтона – Ukrainian">Українська</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E4%B8%81%E9%A0%93%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E7%97%87" hreflang="zh" lang="zh" title="亨丁頓舞蹈症 – Chinese">中文</a></li>
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<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 20 July 2015, at 02:58.Australi<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike></li>
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my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-13108836997593889282018-12-13T05:14:00.000-08:002018-12-13T05:14:11.065-08:00My vagus nerve has been disrupted<div class="tm-page" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-shadow: none; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Disorders of the vagus nerve</h1>
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<img alt="Pliers symbolizing compression of the vagus nerve" class="uk-margin-remove-mob" height="200" src="https://www.atlantotec.com/images/content/pinza.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; height: 185.19px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 337.87px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: middle;" title="Pliers symbolizing compression of the vagus nerve" width="302" /></div>
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As explained in the page dedicated to the <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/autonomic-nervous-system" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #e9530d; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 400; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none;" title="vegetatives Nervensystem">autonomic nervous system</a>, an Atlas misalignment can compress nerve fascicles thus having negative repercussions on their functionality.</div>
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Just like a pinched antenna cable blocks the possibility to watch television,</div>
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likewise electric impulses transiting in the nervous system can be disturbed and weakened or can be totally lacking. What do you think happens to the connected organs at that point?</div>
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The vagus nerve is particularly affected by an Atlas out of alignment, and the compression of this nerve can cause vagal symptoms.</div>
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The importance of the vagus nerve</h2>
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The vagus nerve is part of the autonomic nervous system, known as the tenth cranial nerve. It is the longest and the most important branched cranial nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system.</div>
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The vagus nerve regulates the functions of almost all the internal organs and innervates the larynx, the pharynx, the upper part of the oesophagus, a part of the external hearing apparatus, the heart, the lungs, the stomach and the intestine.</div>
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At the level of the neck, the vagus nerve has a diameter of 2-3 mm. It runs along the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, right in front of the Atlas vertebra. Therefore, if the Atlas is not correctly aligned, the vagus nerve is the first to be affected, generating the classic symptoms of vagal compression.</div>
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Functions of the vagus nerve</h2>
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<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: none;">The vagus nerve has various and differentiated functions:</strong></div>
<ul style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it stimulates the production of gastric juice</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it regulates the phases of digestion</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it controls bowel movements in the digestive phase (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis" rel="nofollow noopener" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #e9530d; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 400; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none;" target="_blank">peristalsis</a>)</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it regulates appetite</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it regulates sweating</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it participates in regulating mood</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">it participates in regulating the cardiac rhythm</li>
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<video autoplay="autoplay" class="uk-responsive-height-mob uk-responsive-width-mob" height="414" loop="loop" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; display: inline-block; margin-top: 30px; text-shadow: none;" title="Misalignment of the Atlas compresses the vagus nerve" type="video/mp4" width="690"> </video>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; text-shadow: none;">
<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: none;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #ffcc00; text-shadow: none;">in yellow:</span></strong> vagus nerve (Nervus vagus)</div>
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Symptoms of a compressed vagus nerve</h2>
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Depending on the entity and typology of the misalignment of the Atlas with reference to its optimal position, the possible pressure produced can irritate the vagus nerve and/or other cranial nerves.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; text-shadow: none;">
<strong style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: none;">When the functionality of the vagus nerve is compromised (even by a cervical osteoarthritis), a series of symptoms can occur, such as:</strong></div>
<ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">nausea</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">heartburn</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;"><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/vertigo-dizziness" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #e9530d; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 400; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none;" title="Schwindel">vertigo</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">redness of the face</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">tachycardia (accelerated heart beat)</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">rigidity of the neck</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cervical pain</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;"><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/headache" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #e9530d; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 400; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none;" title="Kopfschmerzen und Migräne">headache</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">Meniere syndrome</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">difficulty in swallowing</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sense of "lump in the throat"</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">excessive sweating</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">insomnia</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">mainly cold hands and feet</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">irregular or accelerated heart beat</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">chronic constipation</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">unjustified diarrhoea</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">thyroid problems</li>
<li style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 5px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 15px 15px; color: #303030; display: table; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 21px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: none;">unilateral numbness or tingling of the scalp</li>
</ol>
<h2 style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: url(https://www.atlantotec.com/images/template/heading/beschwerdenheadingbck.png); background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: left; background-position-y: top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 160px 2px; color: #e9530d; display: table; font-family: &quot; font-size: 34px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 45px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 50px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-shadow: none; text-transform: none;">
Vagus nerve and epilepsy attacks</h2>
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<img alt="Vague nerve and epileptic attacks" class="uk-margin-remove-mob" height="265" src="https://www.atlantotec.com/images/content/epilessia.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; height: 266.53px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 50px; max-width: 267.3px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: middle;" title="Vague nerve and epileptic attacks" width="231" /></div>
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Epilepsy falls within the various collateral disorders of the vagus nerve. The realignment of the Atlas, in fact, can have positive repercussions on epilepsy.</div>
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Conventional medical approaches, for serious epilepsy cases, consist in intervening surgically on the left vagus nerve, severing it or inhibiting it with electric impulses through a stimulator specifically planted in the body.</div>
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Statistics show that the left vagus nerve is the most affected by an Atlas out of alignment. Can it be a coincidence? The issue certainly deserves greater attention and in-depth investigations.</div>
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<h2 style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: url(https://www.atlantotec.com/images/template/heading/beschwerdenheadingbck.png); background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: left; background-position-y: top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 160px 2px; color: #e9530d; display: table; font-family: &quot; font-size: 34px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 45px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 50px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-shadow: none; text-transform: none;">
Vagus nerve and conventional medicine</h2>
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Although medical literature widely covers the vagus nerve, it does so superficially, without deep understanding, simply analysing what suggested by human anatomy: "<em style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; font-style: italic; text-shadow: none;">...the vagus nerve passes here, it is so and so, it carries out various functions...</em>"</div>
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Basically: disorders connected to the vagus nerve are rarely observed in-depth with the aim to find a co-relation.</div>
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When talking about possible disorders caused by the vagus nerve, the latter is almost never considered responsible, although it is!</div>
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A practical example: medical literature highlights that the vagus nerve can be the cause of heartburn, but doctors prefer to prescribe drugs rather than place attention on the vagal issue.</div>
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There are many examples like the above. It is widely known: modern medicine prefers to focus on the symptoms rather than investigate on the triggering causes. In fact, it is more profitable to treat the disorders from a symptomatology viewpoint instead of verifying a possible correspondence with the vagus nerve.</div>
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Could the cause of this assumed "oversight" be due to the fact that medicine does not have a pill for curing the vagus nerve?</div>
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The <em style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; font-style: italic; text-shadow: none;">ATLANTO</em>tec method now gives the possibility to reduce or definitely eliminate possible compressions on the vagus nerve. People who have undergone the treatment have observed deep and significant positive repercussions on their various body systems.</div>
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<div class="uk-width-1-1 uk-width-medium-4-10 uk-text-center-mob" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; float: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 15px; text-shadow: none; width: 282.3px;">
<img alt="Skeleton with nerves" class="uk-margin-remove-mob" height="850" src="https://www.atlantotec.com/images/content/scheletro.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(48, 48, 48); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #303030; height: 856.61px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 20px; max-width: 267.3px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: middle;" title="Skeleton with nerves" width="230" /></div>
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Only after solving the problem it is possible to understand the true importance of the issue, as well as the variety of disorders that this compression can generate.</div>
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Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the matter is much more important, extended and deeper than what assumed up to now.</div>
<div class="uk-grid-margin" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: #303030; float: left; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-left: 15px; text-shadow: none;">
It is possible to listen to the <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/?Itemid=71" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #e9530d; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 400; outline-color: invert; outline-offset: 0px; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: 0.5px 0px 0px #000, -0.5px 0px 0px #000;" title="testimonianze correzione dell'Atlante">testimonies</a> of people cured through the <em style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; text-shadow: none;">ATLANTO</em>tec method after suffering from problems caused by the vagus nerve.</div>
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<h5 style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #e9530d; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: white; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 10px; text-shadow: none; text-transform: uppercase;">
Efficiency study</h5>
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<a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/efficacy-study-atlas-realignment-scientific" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; cursor: pointer; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none;"><img alt="studie" height="70" src="https://www.atlantotec.com/images/content/studie.png" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; float: right; height: 70.41px; max-width: 220.25px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="85" />study on<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; text-shadow: none;" />effectiveness of<br style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; color: black; text-shadow: none;" />Atlas correction</a></div>
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Search the Glossary</h5>
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Recommendations</h5>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6799097789840310187.post-79493820274278697352018-12-13T05:06:00.000-08:002018-12-13T05:06:35.358-08:00https://www.atlantotec.com/en/tlas Vertebra correction<br />
<h3>
The small bone with the big effects!</h3>
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<li><em>Have you tried out everything but your ailments are still unresolved?</em></li>
<li><em>Do you want to stay healthy without making constant use of drugs?</em></li>
<li><em>Do you want to conclusively free yourself of your ailments? You must then stop fighting only the symptoms, and you must get to know <em>ATLANTO</em>tec!</em></li>
<li><em>Activate your body’s self-regulation with just </em><strong>1 TREATMENT.</strong></li>
<li><em>Discover how the realignment of the Atlas vertebra might solve headaches, migraines, vertigos, neck pain, back pain and tens of other ailments.</em></li>
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If you keep on reading this site, you will come to know the reason why the first cervical vertebra might be responsible for a whole series of ailments, seemingly unrelated to one other, for which therapies have so far only aimed at suppressing the pain, without succeeding in removing the cause. The realignment of the Atlas might bring relief in many cases.<br />
<img class="uk-visible-small uk-align-center" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/slider/atlantotec_atlaskorrektur_2.jpg" /><br />
<h2>
Atlas Vertebra: the hidden cause of several ailments</h2>
The first cervical vertebra, called Atlas or C1, plays a primary role in the spine.<br />
A malfunction located in that area might have a “domino” effect on the entire musculoskeletal system, the <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/cardiovascular-system">circulatory</a> and the <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/autonomic-nervous-system">nervous systems</a>, by creating imbalances and dysfunctions in various parts of the body. These malfunctions might turn, over time, into serious health problems: the body is no longer able to function the way it could and should. Quality of life proves to be seriously compromised, even though no clear-cut organic cause might be identified and diagnosed.<br />
<strong>In this video, you will discover all that you should know about correcting the first cervical vertebra, and you will come to know the reasons why it is so important to have an aligned Atlas.</strong><br />
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<h2>
7 Facts you should know about misalignment of the Atlas vertebra</h2>
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<li><img alt="Childbirth trauma and Atlas misalignment" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/1-Geburt.jpg" title="Childbirth trauma and Atlas misalignment" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">The trauma of childbirth creates in many infants a permanent misalignment of the Atlas (first cervical vertebra) and sometimes also of the Axis (second cervical vertebra).</span></li>
<li><img alt="Whiplash from car accident and misaligned Atlas" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/2-Schleudertrauma.jpg" title="Whiplash from car accident" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">Following traumas, such as: <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/whiplash-injury-cervical-spine">whiplashes</a>, falls, intubation during surgery under total anaesthesia, can cause or worsen the misalignment of the Atlas and of the vertebrae below it.</span></li>
<li><img alt="Many disorders are caused by the malpositioned Atlas" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/3-dolorivari.jpg" title="Many disorders are caused by the malpositioned Atlas" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">It has been found that misalignment of the Atlas is responsible for a number of disorders and conditions at both the physical and mental level.</span></li>
<li><img alt="Doctor looks at X-rays of the misaligned Atlas" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/4-Radiografia.jpg" title="Doctor looks at X-rays of the misaligned Atlas" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">Conventional medicine does not consider misalignment of the Atlas vertebra a possible cause of disorders in the patient. As a result this problem generally goes undiagnosed.</span></li>
<li><img alt="Doctor looks at Misaligned Atlas Magnetic Resonance" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/5-dottore.jpg" title="Doctor looks at Misaligned Atlas Magnetic Resonance" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">Failure to diagnose the problem is due to the fact that misalignment of the Atlas does not show up in regular X-rays or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">magnetic-resonance</a> imaging.</span></li>
<li><img alt="Computer Tomography of the Atlas Vertebrae" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/6-CT.jpg" title="Computer Tomography of the Atlas Vertebrae" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">A <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/spiral-ct-cone-beam-atlas-vertebra">multi-slice helical CT</a> scan allows misalignment to be detected clearly and measured, but only if the radiologist specifically sets up the device.</span></li>
<li><img alt="Doctor prescribes drugs" class="h-home-tatsachen-content-image" height="120" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/7-farmaci.jpg" title="Doctor prescribes drugs" width="200" /><span class="uk-text-top h-home-tatsachen-text">Leaving aside severe dislocations of the vertebrae requiring surgery, conventional medicine offers no treatment to correct the misalignment of the first cervical vertebra.</span></li>
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<h2>
Are your complaints really just psychosomatic?</h2>
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How many patients are told by their doctors that their problems are unknown and that they "obviously" have a psychosomatic origin? It is quite likely that your doctor doesn't know – and therefore doesn't tell you – that a misaligned Atlas might be the cause of your problems.<br />
Chronic complaints after <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/whiplash-injury-cervical-spine">whiplash</a> trauma and recurring <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/migraine">migraine</a> attacks or <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/headache">headaches</a> find a simple, logical explanation in the Atlas misalignment. Correction of this problem offers a real, lasting solution without being forced to take drugs continuously with the ensuing <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/medikamente-nebenwirkungen">side effects</a>.<br />
In addition, correction of the Atlas vertebra is the ideal method to improve posture, thus preventing postural defects such as functional short leg, <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/leg-length-discrepancy-tilted-pelvis-pelvic-obliquity">pelvic obliquity</a>, <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/hyperlordose">hyperlordosis</a> /<a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/hohlkreuz">hollow back</a>, kyphosis, <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/scoliosis">functional scoliosis</a>, loss of the cervical lordosis.</div>
<h2>
Some of the ailments which have benefited from a correction of the Atlas</h2>
The negative effects of misalignment of the Atlas may manifest themselves throughout the entire body. Data collected and records of patients treated with <em>ATLANTO</em>tec, have enabled us to draw up a list of the most common complaints and symptoms which may be alleviated by repositioning the Atlas.<br />
It is important to understand that not all disorders listed disappear in anyone who undergoes Atlas treatment, as they may have other causes or contributing factors.<br />
It would be wrong to interpret correction of the Atlas as a miracle cure that can solve all problems. On the contrary, it is essential to understand that the purpose of <em>ATLANTO</em>tec absolutely does not consist in diagnosing or "curing" a variety of disorders, but simply in seeing whether it is necessary to treat the Atlas. What is miraculous is the to body’s self-regulation ability, once put in a position to do so!<br />
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<img alt="The complaints are caused by an atlas malposition: headache, neck pain" class="h-img-reponsive" height="570" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/Beschwerden1.jpg" style="border: 3px solid #ff4b00; float: left; margin-top: 5px;" title="complaints by atlas malposition: headache, neck pain" width="161" /><img alt="The complaints are caused by an atlas malalignment: migraine, back pain" class="h-img-reponsive" height="570" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/Beschwerden2.jpg" style="border: 3px solid #ff4b00; float: left;" title="complaints by an atlas malalignment: migraine, back pain" width="161" /></div>
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<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/headache">headache</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/tension-headaches">tension headache</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/migraine">migraine</a></li>
<li>chronic pain following <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/whiplash-injury-cervical-spine">whiplash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/vertigo-dizziness">vertigo – dizziness – unsteadiness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/morbus-meniere">Ménière´s disease</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/trigeminusneuralgie">trigeminal neuralgia</a></li>
<li>jaw pain – jaw cracking</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/nasennebenhöhlenentzündung">chronic sinusitis</a></li>
<li>asthma <span style="font-size: 8pt;">(may have other causes)</span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/schmerzen-beim-kopf-drehen">limited or painful head rotation or bending</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/nackenschmerzen">cervical pain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/steifer-nacken">stiff neck – torticollis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/schulterschmerzen">shoulder pain</a> – one shoulder higher</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/taubheitsgefühl-finger">formication / numbness of the arms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/tennisellenbogen">recurrent tendinitis</a></li>
<li>tennis elbow / carpal tunnel syndrome</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/muskelverspannungen">muscle tension</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/muskelschmerzen">muscle pain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/back-pain">back pain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/scoliosis">functional scoliosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/lumbago-lumbalgia-lower-back-pain">lumbago</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/herniated-disc">herniated disc – disc disease – protrusion of discs</a></li>
<li>compressed spinal nerves</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/leg-length-discrepancy-tilted-pelvis-pelvic-obliquity">pelvic asymmetry</a></li>
<li>arthritis – osteoarthritis<span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (if arising from poor posture)</span></li>
<li>sacroiliac joint pain</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/hueftschmerzen">sciatica</a> – inflammation of the ischiadic nerve</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/hip-pain-meniscus-knee-pain">hip pain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/leg-length-discrepancy-tilted-pelvis-pelvic-obliquity">functional leg length difference</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/hip-pain-meniscus-knee-pain">pain in the legs, knees or feet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/kalte-hände">chronically cold hands and feet</a></li>
<li>vision disorders – recurrent eye inflammation</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/ohrgeraeusche-ohrensausen">buzzing or ringing in the ears</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/tinnitus">tinnitus</a></li>
<li>recurrent middle ear inflammation</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/herzrasen">tachycardia</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/hypertonie">hypertension</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/niedriger-blutdruck">low blood pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/magen-darm-beschwerden">gastritis /gastric ulcer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/magenübersäuerung">gastric hyperacidity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/was-tun-gegen-sodbrennen">gastric reflux</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/was-hilft-gegen-durchfall">chronic diarrhea</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/obstipation">constipation</a> – irritable bowel</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/depression-symptome">depression</a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (if resulting from chronic pain)</span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/schlaflosigkeit">insomnia</a> – falling asleep</li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/chronic-fatigue-exhaustion">chronic fatigue</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/erschoepfungssyndrom-cfs">chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/pollenallergie">allergies / hay fever</a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (improvements for unknown reason)</span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/lernbehinderung">learning difficulties</a> – <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/dyslexie">dyslexia</a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (difficulty reading or writing)</span></li>
<li><a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/epilepsie">epilepsy</a></li>
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<h2>
How do I ascertain whether my Atlas is misaligned?</h2>
Based on your symptoms, it is not possible to state for sure whether your Atlas is misaligned or not. The simplest solution would consist in letting the position of the Atlas be directly ascertained by a qualified <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/atlas-specialist-atlastechnician">Atlastechnician</a>, who, by employing the right technique and the necessary manual skill, can easily identify any misalignment of the Atlas through a scrupulous manual examination.<br />
If the outcome of the manual test, which only takes a few minutes, is negative, no costs will be incurred.<br />
Be understanding: by e-mail or over the phone we cannot assess at all the position of your Atlas, based only on your symptoms. In order to get a verdict, it is necessary to visit an <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/atlas-specialist-atlastechnician" title="Centro ATLANTOtec"><em>ATLANTO</em>tec centre.</a><br />
Usually, X-rays are not necessary. In some rare specific instances, a <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/spiral-ct-cone-beam-atlas-vertebra">computed tomography</a> (CT) scan might be required. It will in any event be up to the <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/atlas-specialist-atlastechnician">Atlastechnician</a> to assess the need for it in every single instance.<br />
X-rays and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI’s) are utterly useless to the task of determining the position of the Atlas. Only a correctly performed computed tomography (CT) scan is useful in that regard.<br />
Experience tells us that an assessment of the position of the Atlas carried out by a physiotherapist or by a doctor who is not specialized in the Atlas correction technique, often proves to be totally erroneous. The techniques taught in the relevant training courses are in fact created and learnt by persons who have never carried out a suitable radiological investigation on the Atlas so as to ascertain the reliability of their tests. You don’t believe so? Let your Atlas be tested by 5 chiropractors, osteopaths or assorted doctors. You will be surprised by the result!<br />
<h2>
How many sessions are necessary?</h2>
<img alt="Atlas correction in a single session" class="uk-align-medium-right" height="205" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/definitive-atlaskorrektur.jpg" style="margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 30px;" title="Atlas correction single session" width="230" /><br />
The Atlas correction <em>ATLANTO</em>tec, treatment is carried out in <strong>JUST ONE SESSION</strong> + a subsequent check-up. Rare exceptions are excluded.<br />
WE must consider that, in the presence of a constantly profound stress or anxiety or a <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/malocclusion-bruxism-teeth-grinding">skull-mandibular dysfunction</a>, even though it is unlikely that the Atlas will become misaligned again, the treatment does not grant immunity from <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/disorders/back-pain">muscular tension</a>. When needed, a <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/atlas-misalignment-returning#repeat">repeat session</a> to lighten the muscular tension might prove useful.<br />
<h2>
Is the correction of the Atlas dangerous?</h2>
<img alt="No need to manipulate the cervical spine anymore" class="uk-align-medium-left" height="193" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/manipolation-no.jpg" style="margin-bottom: 30px; margin-right: 30px; margin-top: 40px;" title="cervical spine manipulation" width="300" /><br />
Many people deem it dangerous to intervene in the spine. You should know that any possible danger is limited to the performance of chiropractic manipulations, the so-called trust.<br />
The <em>ATLANTO</em>tec exploits a totally new principle, one absolutely danger-free, which has nothing in common with chiropractic treatment or osteopathy, less still with other methods.<br />
Neither sudden head movements nor any stretching or straining of the neck are carried out.<br />
<h2>
Atlas correction is not the same as Atlas correction</h2>
There are different methods of Atlas correction which differ significantly from one another in terms of theory, methods of execution and achievable results: <a href="https://translate.google.ch/translate?hl=it&sl=de&tl=en&u=http://www.forumgesund.ch/atlasprofilax-atlaslogie-chiropraktik/atlasprofilax-t30.html" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Atlasprofilax</a>, Atlaslogia, Atlas-Orthogonal, Upper Cervical. Here you will find a comparative article: <a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=it&ie=UTF-8&u=http://www.forumgesund.ch/atlasprofilax-atlaslogie-chiropraktik/atlaskorrektur-t1036.html&edit-text=" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Atlas correction is not the same as Atlas correction</a><br />
<h2>
Is an osteopath or a chiropractor capable of correcting my Atlas?</h2>
Some people believe they can get the same type of treatment even from their own trusted therapist.<br />
<em>ATLANTO</em>tec has nothing in common with any chiropractic manipulations, whether in terms of methods of execution or in terms of results. The cervical manipulations must be regularly repeated, whereas <em>ATLANTO</em>tec unfolds itself in just one conclusive treatment. The cervical manipulations entail some degree of risk, unlike <em>ATLANTO</em>tec which is risk-free, since it does not consist in a cervical manipulation.<br />
<em>ATLANTO</em>tec is a unique treatment of its kind; unless your therapist happens to be an <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/atlas-specialist-atlastechnician">Atlastechnician</a> as well (i.e. a therapist who also practices <em>ATLANTO</em>tec), you stand no chance of receiving any treatment vaguely resembling <em>ATLANTO</em>tec: You will accordingly be unable to benefit from all the results achievable through the Atlas correction. The <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/?Itemid=71">testimonies of the persons treated</a> with it attest that fact. Atlastechnicians, who are also osteopaths or chiropractors, can confirm this reality as they are using this new technique.<br />
There is no intent to denigrate other therapies, but rather to introduce a more effective and riskless technique compared to the old ones. To put it in an IT jargon: "<em>an important update is available</em>". The update is valid both for patients and therapists.<br />
On the basis of our experience, an incorrect Atlas position cannot be corrected using chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, or manual medicine. The theory being taught today maintains that blocked articulation always results from the incorrect position of a vertebra. From here it is believed that once the articular block has been resolved, the incorrect position of the vertebra is also corrected. This, however, cannot be applied to the Atlas, because it behaves mechanically, more like a part of the cranium than a vertebra.<br />
It is commonly believed that a chiropractor can solve Atlas misalignment, however the disturbances can reappear. As it is a very mobile vertebra, after a short time the misalignment returns. Using spiral CT images before and after chiropractic treatment, it could be seen how Atlas misalignment continued being present even after manipulation. This is often the reason why disturbances return after a short period of relief.<br />
Those who do not believe us can take <a href="https://www.atlantotec.com/en/fundamentals/spiral-ct-cone-beam-atlas-vertebra">CT images</a> before and after treatment. In the case of the <em>ATLANTO</em>tec technique for correcting the Atlas, usually only one treatment is required to return it solidly to the correct anatomical position. This can be seen in the same manner, namely by taking TC images before and after treatment.<br />
<h2>
Prevention is the best cure</h2>
<img alt="Atlas correction is also preventive and prophylactic" class="uk-align-medium-right" height="155" src="https://www.blogger.com/images/content/prevenzione.jpg" title="Atlas correction preventive and prophylactic" width="300" /><br />
Correcting the position of the Atlas, in the event it is misaligned, is necessary regardless of the possible ailments which might be temporarily suffered, since it is an “investment” aimed at attaining a good future health. The realignment is advisable since childhood, and it enables the body to function and develop to its full potential.<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>my ms/messhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08419899707301759176noreply@blogger.com1