Autoimmune disease - Lupus Lyme disease and Hughes syndrome

Autoimmune disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Autoimmune diseases
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Rheumatology, gastroenterology
ICD-10	D84.9, M35.9
ICD-9-CM	279.4
OMIM	109100
DiseasesDB	28805
MedlinePlus	000816
MeSH	D001327
[edit on Wikidata]

Autoimmune diseases arise from an abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body (autoimmunity). This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g. in autoimmune thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney).
The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression—medication that decreases the immune response.
A large number of autoimmune diseases are recognized. A major understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases has been the application of genome wide association scans that have identified a striking degree of genetic sharing among the autoimmune diseases.^[1]

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Definition
• 2 Effects
• 3 Pathophysiology
  • 3.1 Cryptic determinants/molecular sequestration
  • 3.2 Molecular mimicry
  • 3.3 Altered glycan theory
• 4 List by category
  • 4.1 Autoimmune Diseases
  • 4.2 Autoimmune Comorbidities
  • 4.3 Not Autoimmune
• 5 Development of therapies
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 Further reading
• 9 External links

Definition[edit]

For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease it needs to answer to Witebsky's postulates (first formulated by Ernst Witebsky and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994):^[2][3]

• Direct evidence from transfer of disease-causing antibody or disease-causing T lymphocyte white blood cells
• Indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals
• Circumstantial evidence from clinical clues
• Genetic evidence suggesting "clustering" with other autoimmune diseases

Effects[edit]

Autoimmune diseases have a wide variety of different effects. They do tend to have one of three characteristic pathological effects which characterize them as autoimmune diseases:^[4]

1. Damage to or destruction of tissues
2. Altered organ growth
3. Altered organ function

It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the leading causes of death among women in the United States in all age groups up to 65 years.^[5]
A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening.^{[citation needed]}
There are more than 80 illnesses caused by autoimmunity.^[6]

Pathophysiology[edit]

There are many theories as to how an autoimmune disease state arises. Some common ones are listed below.

Cryptic determinants/molecular sequestration[edit]

Although it is possible for a potential auto antigen to be geographically sequestered in an immune privileged site within the body (e.g. the eye), mechanisms exist to express even these antigens in a tolerogenic fashion to the immune system. However, it is impossible to induce tolerance (immune unresponsiveness) to all aspects of an autoantigen. This is because under normal physiologic conditions some regions of a self-antigen are not expressed at a sufficient level to induce tolerance. These poorly displayed areas of an antigen are called "cryptic determinants." The immune system maintains a high-affinity repertoire to the cryptic self because the presentation of these determinants was insufficient to induce strong tolerance.^[7]

Molecular mimicry[edit]

The concept of molecular mimicry describes a situation in which a foreign antigen can initiate an immune response in which a T or B cell component cross-recognizes self. The cross reactive immune response is responsible for the autoimmune disease state.^[8] Cross-reactive immune responses to self were first described for antibodies.

Altered glycan theory[edit]

According to this theory the effector function of the immune response is mediated by the glycans (polysaccharides) displayed by the cells and humoral components of the immune system. Individuals with autoimmunity have alterations in their glycosylation profile such that a proinflammatory immune response is favored. It is further hypothesized that individual autoimmune diseases will have unique glycan signatures.^[9]

List by category[edit]

This list of autoimmune diseases is categorized by organ and tissue type to help locate diseases that may be similar.

• Major Organs

Heart

Kidney

Liver

Lung

Skin

• Glands

Endocrine

Adrenal Gland

Multi-glandular

Pancreas

Thyroid Gland

Exocrine

Reproductive Organs

Salivary Glands

• Digestive System
• Tissue

Blood

Connective Tissue, Systemic, and multi-organ

Muscle

Nervous System

Eyes

Ears

Vascular system

• Autoimmune Comorbidities
• Not Autoimmune

Other Qualifiers
A	"Accepted" in prior version of this table
C	A comorbidity common among people with autoimmune disease, but with no evidence of being itself caused by autoimmunity
E	Disease is an autoimmune response triggered by a specific environmental factor
F	Disease is only caused by autoimmunity in only a fraction of those who suffer from it
I	Described as an autoinflammatory disease
L	Evidence to indicate autoimmunity is extremely limited or circumstantial
M	Disease appears under Autoimmune Diseases in MeSH
N	Not listed in prior version of this table
R	Disease appeared in prior version but has been renamed. In renaming, precedence has been given to scientific names over those based on discoverers.
S	"Suspected" in the prior version of this table
T	Disease has a known trigger, such as viral infection, vaccination, or injury
X	An extremely rare disease, which would suggest limited opportunity to study it and conclusively determine whether it is caused by autoimmunity
Y	Listed in the prior version of this table with "Accepted/Suspected" left blank

Autoimmune Diseases[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Organ/Tissue Type Disease Name	Level of Acceptance for Autoimmunity	Hypersensitivity (I,II,III,IV)	ICD-9 Codes	Notes/Autoantibodies/Synonyms/Rare Variants
Major Organs<Top>
Heart<Top>
Myocarditis[10][11]	Moderate, F, R, A		391.2422429.0	Synonyms: Autoimmune myocarditis, Autoimmune cardiomyopathy, Coxsackie myocarditis
Postmyocardial infarction syndrome[11]	Limited, R, Y		411.0	Autoantibodies: myocardial neo-antigens formed as a result of the MI. Synonyms: Dressler's syndrome
Postpericardiotomy syndrome	Limited, N		429.4
Subacute bacterial endocarditis[12]	Limited, Y	III	421.0	Autoantibodies: essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Synonyms: SBE
Kidney<Top>
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane nephritis[13]	Moderate, R, M, A	II	446.21	Autoantibodies: Anti-Basement Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein. Synonyms: Goodpastures Syndrome, Glomerulonephritis Type 1
Interstitial cystitis[14]	Limited, S		595.1	Mast cells.
Lupus nephritis	Comorbidity, N		583.81	A comorbidity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosis..
Liver<Top>
Autoimmune hepatitis[15][16][17]	Moderate, A	cell-mediated	571.42	Autoantibodies: ANA and SMA, LKM-1, LKM-2 or LKM-3; antibodies against soluble liver antigen (anti-SLA, anti-LP) no autoantibodies detected (~20%)[citation needed]. Synonyms: Lupoid hepatitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis[18][19][20][21]	Moderate, A		571.6	Autoantibodies: Anti-p62, Anti-sp100, Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)Anti-Ro aka SSA. Note that Sjogren's is classified in some places (e.g., MeSH) as rheumatoid disease, but there is no published evidence to support that classification.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Limited, Y		576.1	Possible overlap with primary biliary cirrhosis. Autoantibodies: HLA-DR52a.
Lung<Top>
Antisynthetase syndrome	Limited, Y		279.49
Skin<Top>
Alopecia Areata[22][23]	Moderate, A		704.01	Autoantibodies: T-cells. Synonyms: Alopecia areata - Patchy, Totalis, Universalis
Autoimmune Angioedema[24][25]	Limited, F, N		277.6 995.1
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis	Limited, X, A		279.49
Autoimmune urticaria[26][27]	Comorbidity, A		708
Bullous pemphigoid[28]	Moderate, Y		694.5	Autoantibodies: IgG autoantibodies targeting the type XVII collagen component of hemidesmosomes.
Cicatricial pemphigoid	Limited, R, X, Y		694.61	precipitates C3. Autoantibodies: anti-BP-1, anti BP-2. Synonyms: Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid, Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis[29]	Moderate, C, Y		694.0	Autoantibodies: IgA Eosinophilia; anti-epidermal transglutaminase antibodies.
Discoid lupus erythematosus[30]	Limited, Y	III	695.4	IL-2 and IFN-gamma.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita	Moderate, Y		694.8	COL7A1.
Erythema nodosum	Limited, F, Y		695.2
Gestational pemphigoid	Limited, R, Y		646.8	Autoantibodies: IgG and C3 misdirected antibodies intended to protect the placenta.
Hidradenitis suppurativa[31]	Limited, C, S		705.83
Lichen planus	Limited, Y		697.0
Lichen sclerosus	Limited, C, Y		701.0
Linear IgA disease[32]	Moderate, Y		646.8	Synonyms: LAD
Morphea[33]	Limited, C, S		701.0
Pemphigus vulgaris[13][29]	Moderate, M, A	II	694.4	Autoantibodies: Anti-Desmoglein 3 eosinophilia.
Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta	Limited, C		696.2
Mucha-Habermann disease	Limited, C, Y		696.2	T-cells. Synonyms: Pityriasis lichenoides, varioliformis acuta
Psoriasis[34]	Moderate, A	IV?	696	CD-8 T-cells, HLA-Cw6, IL-12b, IL-23b, TNFalpha, NF-κB.
Systemic scleroderma[33][35]	Limited, R, S		710.1	COL1A2 and TGF-β1. Autoantibodies: anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-centromere and anti-scl70/anti-topoisomerase antibodies. Synonyms: Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, Systemic sclerosis, Scleroderma
Vitiligo[36][37]	Limited, C, S		709.01	NALP-1 RERE, PTPN22, LPP, IL2RA, GZMB, UBASH3A and C1QTNF6.
Glands<Top>
Endocrine<Top>
Adrenal Gland<Top>
Addison's disease[13]	Moderate, F, Y		255	Autoantibodies: 21 hydroxylase.
Multi-glandular<Top>
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome	Moderate, A	Unknown or multiple	258.1	Synonyms: Whitaker's Syndrome, APECED, Addisons Disease, Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome 1, PGAS-1, APS Type 1
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2[38]	Moderate, A		258.1	DQ2, DQ8 and DRB1*0404. Autoantibodies: anti-21 hydroxylase, anti-17 hydroxylase. Synonyms: Schmidt syndrome, Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome 2, PGAS-2, APS Type 2
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3	Moderate, A		258.1	Synonyms: Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome 3, PGAS-3, APS Type 3
Pancreas<Top>
Autoimmune pancreatitis	Moderate, A		577.1	Autoantibodies: ANA; anti-lactoferrin antibodiesanti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies; rheumatoid factor.
Diabetes mellitus type 1[13]	Moderate, A	IV	250.01	HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4. Autoantibodies: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibodies (ICA), and insulinoma-associated autoantibodies (IA-2), anti-insulin antibodies.
Thyroid Gland<Top>
Autoimmune thyroiditis	Strong, A	IV	245.8	HLADR5, CTLA-4. Autoantibodies: antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin. Synonyms: chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Ord's thyroiditis	Moderate, Y		245.8
Graves' disease[13]	Moderate, M, A	II	242.0	Autoantibodies: thyroid autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) that activate the TSH-receptor (TSHR).
Exocrine<Top>
Reproductive Organs<Top>
Autoimmune Oophoritis	Moderate, N		614.2
Endometriosis[39]	Limited, S		617.0
Autoimmune orchitis	Limited, N		604.0
Salivary Glands<Top>
Sjogren's syndrome[13][19][20][21]	Moderate, A		710.2	Autoantibodies: anti-Ro. Also, they are often present in Sjogren's syndrome..
Digestive System<Top>
Autoimmune enteropathy	Moderate, X, Y		{{{1}}}
Celiac disease[40][41][42]	Moderate, A,E	IV??	579.0	HLA-DQ8 and DQ2.5. Autoantibodies: Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies anti-endomysial IgA, anti-gliadin IgA.
Crohn's disease[43]	Moderate, Y	IV	555	Innate immunity; Th17; Th1; ATG16L1; CARD15;XBP1;.
Microscopic colitis	Limited, S		558.9
Ulcerative colitis[13]	Limited, A	IV	556
Tissue<Top>
Blood<Top>
Antiphospholipid syndrome[13]	Moderate, M, A		289.81	HLA-DR7, HLA-B8, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3. Autoantibodies: anti-cardiolipin;anti pyruvate dehydrogenase; β2 glycoprotein I; phosphatidylserine; anti apoH; Annexin A5.
Aplastic anemia	Limited, F, Y		284
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Moderate, M, A	II	283.0	complement activation.
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome	Moderate, A		279.41	TNFRSF6; defective Fas-CD95 apoptosis. Synonyms: Canale-Smith Syndrome
Autoimmune neutropenia	Moderate, F, N		288.09
Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura[13]	Moderate, M, R, A		287.31	Autoantibodies: anti gpIIb-IIIa or 1b-IX. Synonyms: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Cold agglutinin disease	Moderate, M, A	II	283.0	idiopathic or secondary to leukemia or infection. Autoantibodies: IgM. Synonyms: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia	Limited, C, Y		273.2
Evans syndrome	Moderate, Y		287.32	Synonyms: A synonym for a combination of hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura
IgG4-related systemic disease	Limited, C, N
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria	Limited, F, S		283.2
Pernicious anemia[44]	Moderate, A	II	281.0	Autoantibodies: anti-parietal cell antibody.
Pure red cell aplasia	Limited, Y		284.81
Thrombocytopenia[45][46]	Limited, F, Y	II	287.5	Multiple mechanisms. Autoantibodies: glycoproteins IIb-IIIa or Ib-IX in ITP anti-ADAMTS13 in TTP. and HUS anti-cardiolipin (anti-cardiolipin antibodies) and β2 glycoprotein I in Antiphospholipid syndrome anti-HPA-1a, anti-HPA-5b, and others in NAIT. Synonyms: Neonatal thrombocytopenia
Connective Tissue, Systemic, and multi-organ<Top>
Adiposis dolorosa[47]	Limited, L, S		272.8	Lipoid tissue. Synonyms: Dercum's disease
Adult-onset Still's disease[48]	Moderate, Y		714.2	macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Autoantibodies: ANA.
Ankylosing Spondylitis[24][25]	Limited, S		720.0	CD8; HLA-B27.
CREST syndrome	Limited, Y		710.1	Autoantibodies: Anti-centromere antibodies Anti-nuclear antibodies.
Drug-induced lupus	Moderate, Y		710.0	Autoantibodies: Anti-histone antibodies.
Enthesitis-related arthritis[49][50][51][52]	Limited, C, Y			MMP3, TRLR2, TLR4, ERAP1. Autoantibodies: .. Synonyms: A subtype of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Eosinophilic fasciitis	Limited, F, A		728.89	Synonyms: Shulman's syndrome
Felty syndrome[53]	Strong, M, Y		714.1
Juvenile Arthritis[48]	Strong, M, R, Y		714.30	Autoantibodies: inconsistent ANA Rheumatoid factor. Synonyms: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Lyme disease (Chronic)[54]	Limited, L, T, N		088.81
Mixed connective tissue disease[13]	Moderate, M, A		710.8	HLA-DR4. Autoantibodies: anti-nuclear antibody anti-U1-RNP.
Palindromic rheumatism[55]	Limited, Y		719.3	Autoantibodies: anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) and antikeratin antibodies (AKA). Synonyms: Hench-Rosenberg syndrome
Parry Romberg syndrome	Limited, Y		349.89351.8	Autoantibodies: ANA.
Parsonage-Turner syndrome	Limited, Y		353.5
Psoriatic arthritis[56]	Moderate, C, A	IV?	696.0	HLA-B27.
Reactive arthritis	Limited, C, F, Y		099.3	Synonyms: Reiter's syndrome
Relapsing polychondritis[57]	Strong, A		733.99	Synonyms: atrophic polychondritis, systemic chondromalacia, chronic atrophic polychondritis, Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger syndrome, generalized chondromalacia, systemic chondromalacia
Retroperitoneal fibrosis	Limited, Y		593.4
Rheumatic fever[58][59]	Moderate, T, A	II	390	Autoantibodies: streptococcal M protein cross reacts with human myosin.
Rheumatoid arthritis[13]	Strong, M, A	III	714	HLA-DR4, PTPN22, depleted B cells, TNF alpha, IL-17, (also maybe IL-1, 6, and 15). Autoantibodies: Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgGFc), Anti-MCV, ACPAs(Vimentin).
Sarcoidosis[60][61][62]	Limited, S	IV	135	BTNL2; HLA-B7-DR15; HLA DR3-DQ2.
Schnitzler syndrome	Limited, L, X, Y		273.1	IgM?.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus[13][19][20][21][29][63]	Strong, M, A	III	695.4	Autoantibodies: Anti-nuclear antibodies anti-Ro. Also, they are often present in Sjogren's syndrome. Eosinophilia. Synonyms: Lupus
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease	Moderate, C, A		710.9	HLA-DR4. Autoantibodies: anti-nuclear antibody. Synonyms: Latent lupus, incomplete lupus
Muscle<Top>
Dermatomyositis[64][65]	Moderate, F, X, A		710.3	B- and T-cell perivascular inflammatory infiltrate on muscle biopsy. Autoantibodies: histidine-tRNA anti-signal recognition peptide Anti-Mi-2 Anti-Jo1.. Synonyms: Juvenile dermatomyositis
Fibromyalgia	Limited, C, F, N		729.1
Inclusion body myositis	Limited, F, Y		359.71	Similar to polymyositis but does not respond to steroid therapy-activated T8 cells.
Myositis	Limited, F, Y		729.1
Myasthenia gravis[13]	Strong, M, A	II	358	HA-B8 HLA-DR3 HLA-DR1. Autoantibodies: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor MuSK protein.
Neuromyotonia[66]	Limited, F, S	II?	333.90	Autoantibodies: Voltage-gated potassium channels. Synonyms: Isaacs' Syndrome
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration[67][68][69]	Limited, Y	IV? II?	334.9	Autoantibodies: anti-Yo (anti-cdr-2 in purkinje fibers) anti-Hu, anti-Tr, antiglutamate receptor.
Polymyositis[64]	Limited, F, A		710.4	Autoantibodies: IFN-gamma, IL-1, TNF-alpha.
Nervous System<Top>
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis	Strong, M, T, A		323.61323.81	Synonyms: ADEM, Perivenous encephalomyelitis, Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, AHL, AHLE, acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (AHEM), acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (ANHLE), Weston-Hurst syndrome, Hurst's disease
Acute motor axonal neuropathy[70]	Limited, N		356.8
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis[71]	Moderate, N			Synonyms: Anti-NMDA Encephalitis
Balo concentric sclerosis	Moderate, Y		341.1	Synonyms: Balo disease, Schilders disease
Bickerstaff's encephalitis	Limited, Y		323.62	similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Autoantibodies: Anti-GQ1b 2/3 patients.
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy[72]	Moderate, C, Y		357.81	similar to Guillain–Barré syndrome. Autoantibodies: anti-ganglioside antibodies. Synonyms: Relapsing polyneuropathy (CRP), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis
Guillain–Barré syndrome[13]	Strong, M, A	IV	357.0	Autoantibodies: Anti-ganglioside, anti-GQ1b. Synonyms: Miller-Fisher syndrome, Landry's paralysis
Hashimoto's encephalopathy[13][73]	Moderate, C, X, A	IV		Autoantibodies: alpha-enolase. Synonyms: Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, SREAT, Nonvasculitic autoimmune meningoencephalitis, NAIM, Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease, EAATD
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases	Limited, F, Y		356.8	a variant of multiple sclerosis.
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome	Strong, M, Y		358.1	HLA-DR3-B8. Autoantibodies: voltage-gated calcium channels; Q-type calcium channel, synaptogagmin, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1.
Multiple sclerosis[74][74][75]	Strong, M, A	IV	340	Autoantibody against potassium channel. Also invoved HLA-DR2, PECAM-1, Anti-myelin basic protein. Autoantibodies: Anti-Kir4.1 (heterogeneous). Synonyms: Primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis disseminata
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus	Limited, F, S	II?	279.49	antibodies against streptococcal infection serve as auto-antibodies. Synonyms: PANDAS
Progressive inflammatory neuropathy	Limited, X, S		356.4	similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Autoantibodies: Anti-ganglioside antibodies:anti-GM1, anti-GD1a, anti-GQ1b.
Restless leg syndrome	Limited, C, S		333.94	May occur in Sjogren's syndrome, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis or in derangements of iron metabolism.
Stiff person syndrome[76]	Limited, S		333.91	GLRA1 (glycine receptor). Autoantibodies: glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD).
Sydenham chorea	Limited, T, Y		392
Transverse myelitis	Limited, M, A		323.82341.2
Eyes<Top>
Autoimmune retinopathy[77]	Limited, X, N
Autoimmune uveitis	Moderate, F, A		364	Autoantibodies: HLAB-27?.
Cogan syndrome	Limited, F, Y		370.52
Graves ophthalmopathy	Moderate, M, N		242.9
Intermediate uveitis	Limited, L, Y		364.3	Synonyms: Pars planitis, Peripheral Uveitis
Ligneous conjunctivitis	Limited, L, N		372.39
Mooren's ulcer	Limited, L, N		370.07
Neuromyelitis optica[78][79]	Limited, M, Y	II?	341.0	Autoantibodies: NMO-IgG aquaporin 4. Synonyms: Devic's disease
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome[80]	Limited, X, S	IV?	379.59	Lymphocyte recruitment to CSF.
Optic neuritis	Limited, C, Y		377.30
Scleritis	Limited, C, Y		379.0
Susac's syndrome	Limited, C, Y		348.39	Synonyms: Retinocochleocerebral Vasculopathy
Sympathetic ophthalmia	Limited, I, Y		360.11	Autoantibodies: ocular antigens following trauma.
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome	Limited, I, X, Y		378.55
Ears<Top>
Autoimmune inner ear disease[81]	Limited, A		388.8	Synonyms: AIED
Ménière's disease[82]	Limited, Y	III?	386.00	Autoantibodies: major peripheral myelin protein P0.
Vascular system<Top>
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis[83]	Strong, M, A		447.6	Autoantibodies: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA). Synonyms: Wegener Granulomatosis, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Behçet's disease	Limited, I, X, A		136.1	immune-mediated systemic vasculitis; linkage to HLA-B51 (HLA-B27); very different manifestations with ulcers as common symptom. Synonyms: Morbus Adamandiades-Behçet. Rare Variant: Hughes-Stovin syndrome
Churg-Strauss syndrome[29]	Limited, I, X, Y		446.4	Autoantibodies: p-ANCA Eosinophilia.
Giant cell arteritis [13]	Limited, I, R, A	IV	446.5	Synonyms: Cranial arteritis, Temporal Arteritis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura	Limited, L, Y		287.0	Autoantibodies: immunoglobulin A (IgA) and complement component 3 (C3). Synonyms: anaphylactoid purpura, purpura rheumatica, Schönlein–Henoch purpura
Kawasaki's disease	Moderate, S,E[84]		446.1	ITPKC HLA-B51. Synonyms: Kawasaki syndrome, lymph node syndrome, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis	Limited, L, Y		447.6
Lupus vasculitis	Moderate, C, N		583.81	A comorbidity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosis.
Rheumatoid vasculitis	Moderate, C, N		447.6	A symptom of Lupus.
Microscopic polyangiitis	Limited, Y		446.0	Binds to neutrophils causing them to degranulate and damages endothelium. Autoantibodies: p-ANCA myeloperoxidase. Synonyms: microscopic polyarteritis,microscopic polyarteritis nodosa, MPA
Polyarteritis nodosa	Limited, L, Y		446.0	Synonyms: panarteritis nodosa, periarteritis nodosa, Kussmaul disease, Kussmaul-Maier disease
Polymyalgia rheumatica	Limited, L, Y		725
Urticarial vasculitis[85]	Limited, X, Y	II?	708.9	Clinically may resemble type I hypersensitivity. Autoantibodies: anti C1q antibodies.
Vasculitis[28]	Strong, I, M, F, A	III	447.6	Autoantibodies: sometimes ANCA.

Autoimmune Comorbidities[edit]

This list includes conditions that are not diseases but signs common to autoimmune disease. Some, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, are controversial.^[11] These conditions are included here because they are frequently listed as autoimmune diseases but should not be included in the list above until there is more consistent evidence.

Organ/Tissue Type Disease Name	Level of Acceptance for Autoimmunity	Hypersensitivity (I,II,III,IV)	ICD-9 Codes	Notes/Autoantibodies/Synonyms
Chronic fatigue syndrome	Comorbidity, N			Symptomatic of autoimmune diseases or autoimmune activity, but not a disease or a cause of disease.
Complex regional pain syndrome	Comorbidity, N			Symptomatic of autoimmune diseases or autoimmune activity, but not a disease or a cause of disease. Synonyms: Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome, Reflex Neurovascular Dystrophy, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Comorbidity, N		530.13
Gastritis	Comorbidity, Y			Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease or a cause of disease. Autoantibodies: serum antiparietal and anti-IF antibodies.
POEMS syndrome[86]	Comorbidity, Y			Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease or a cause of disease. Autoantibodies: interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and TNFα. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), given the ..
Raynaud phenomenon	Comorbidity, S			Symptomatic of autoimmune diseases or autoimmune activity, but not a disease or a cause of disease.
Primary immunodeficiency[87]	Comorbidity, N		279.8	The condition is inherited, but it is associated with several autoimmune diseases.
Pyoderma gangrenosum	Comorbidity, Y			Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease or a cause of disease.

Not Autoimmune[edit]

At this time, there is not sufficient evidence - direct, indirect, or circumstantial - to indicate that these diseases are caused by autoimmunity. These conditions are included here because:

1. The disease was listed in the prior version of this table
2. The disease is included in several widely used lists of autoimmune disease. It is included here to ensure that a person visiting this page does not conclude that the disease was not considered. Before moving a condition from here to the list of autoimmune diseases, references should be provided in the Wikipedia page for the condition that point to evidence of autoimmunity.

Organ/Tissue Type Disease Name	Level of Acceptance for Autoimmunity	Hypersensitivity (I,II,III,IV)	ICD-9 Codes	Notes/Autoantibodies/Synonyms
Agammaglobulinemia	Not Autoimmune, Y		279.00	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.. Autoantibodies: IGHM; IGLL1: CD79A; CD79B; BLNK; LRRC8A.
Amyloidosis	Not Autoimmune, N		277.30	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Not Autoimmune, Y		335.20	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Also Lou Gehrig's disease; Motor Neuron Disease).
Anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis	Not Autoimmune, N			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Atopic allergy	Not Autoimmune, Y	I	691.8	A hypersensitivity.
Atopic dermatitis	Not Autoimmune, Y	I	691.8	A hypersensitivity.
Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy	Not Autoimmune, F, A			A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune. See specific diseases that are listed as autoimmune..
Blau syndrome	Not Autoimmune, Y			Overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. No evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cancer	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Castleman's disease	Not Autoimmune, Y			An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.. Autoantibodies: Over expression of IL-6.
Chagas disease[88]	Not Autoimmune, S			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[89][90]	Not Autoimmune, S			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis	Not Autoimmune, Y			LPIN2, D18S60. Synonyms: Majeed syndrome
Complement component 2 deficiency	Not Autoimmune, Y			Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease.
Congenital heart block	Not Autoimmune, N			May be related to autoimmune activity in the mother.
Contact dermatitis	Not Autoimmune, Y	IV		A hypersensitivity.
Cushing's syndrome	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: neutrophils.
Dego's disease	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Eczema[91][92][93]	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: LEKTI, SPINK5, filaggrin., Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Substance P..
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis	Not Autoimmune, Y			Possibly a hypersensitivity. Autoantibodies: IgE, IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, eotaxin.
Eosinophilic pneumonia	Not Autoimmune, F, Y			A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune. Specifically, Churg-Strauss syndrome, a subtype of Eosinophilic pneumonia, is autoimmune.
Erythroblastosis fetalis	Not Autoimmune, Y	II		Mother's immune system attacks fetus. An immune system disorder but not autoimmune. Autoantibodies: ABO, Rh, Kell antibodies.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva	Not Autoimmune, Y			Possibly an immune system disorder but not autoimmune. Autoantibodies: ACVR1 Lymphocytes express increased BMP4.
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid	Not Autoimmune, A			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Hypogammaglobulinemia	Not Autoimmune, Y			An immune system disorder but not autoimmune. Autoantibodies: IGHM, IGLL1, CD79A, BLNK, LRRC8A, CD79B.
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis[94]	Not Autoimmune, N			No consistent evidence of autoimmune cause though the disease has been found comorbid with other autoimmune diseases. Synonyms: Giant cell myocarditis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[95][95]	Not Autoimmune, Y			Autoantibodies: SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.. Synonyms: Fibrosing alveolitis
IgA nephropathy	Not Autoimmune, Y	III?		Autoantibodies: IgA produced from marrow rather than MALT. Synonyms: IgA nephrits, Berger's disease, Synpharyngitic Glomerulonephritis. An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Immunoregulatory lipoproteins[96]	Not Autoimmune, N			Not a disease.
IPEX syndrome	Not Autoimmune, N			A genetic mutation in FOXP3 that leads to autoimmune diseases, but no consistent evidence that it is an autoimmune disorder itself.. Synonyms: X-linked polyendocrinopathy, immunodeficiency and diarrhea-syndrome (XLAAD)
Ligneous conjunctivitis	Not Autoimmune, N			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Majeed syndrome	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: LPIN2.
Narcolepsy[97][98][99][100]	Not Autoimmune, Y	II?		No evidence of association with autoimmunity. Research not reproducible. Autoantibodies: hypocretin or orexin, HLA-DQB1*0602.
Rasmussen's encephalitis	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: anti-NR2A antibodies.
Schizophrenia[101][102][103]	Not Autoimmune, S			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Serum sickness	Not Autoimmune, Y	III		A hypersensitivity.
Spondyloarthropathy	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: HLA-B27.
Sweet's syndrome	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity. Autoantibodies: GCSF.
Takayasu's arteritis	Not Autoimmune, Y			No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy	Not Autoimmune, Y			See Enthesitis-related arthritis.

Development of therapies[edit]

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient's immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In chronic inflammatory diseases, neutrophils and other leukocytes are constitutively recruited by cytokines and chemokines, leading to tissue damage.
Mitigation of inflammation by activation of anti-inflammatory genes and the suppression of inflammatory genes in immune cells is a promising therapeutic approach.^{[104][105][106]}

See also[edit]

• Autoimmunity
• Immune-mediated disease

References[edit]

1. Jump up ^ Cotsapas C, Hafler DA (2013). "Immune-mediated disease genetics: the shared basis of pathogenesis". Trends in Immunology 34 (1): 22–6. doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.09.001. PMID 23031829. 
2. Jump up ^ Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K, Paine JR, Egan RW (1957). "Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization". J. Am. Med. Assoc. 164 (13): 1439–47. doi:10.1001/jama.1957.02980130015004. PMID 13448890. 
3. Jump up ^ Rose NR, Bona C (September 1993). "Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)". Immunol. Today 14 (9): 426–30. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-F. PMID 8216719. 
4. Jump up ^ "Autoimmune disorders: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-21. 
5. Jump up ^ Walsh, SJ; Rau, LM (September 2000). "Autoimmune diseases: a leading cause of death among young and middle-aged women in the United States.". American Journal of Public Health 90 (9): 1463–6. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.9.1463. PMC 1447637. PMID 10983209. 
6. Jump up ^ "MedlinePlus medical encyclopedia - autoimmune disorders". National Institutes of Health. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014. 
7. Jump up ^ Gammon G, Sercarz E (1989). "How some T cells escape tolerance induction". Nature 342: 6246. doi:10.1038/342183a0. PMID 2478888. 
8. Jump up ^ Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995). "Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein.". Cell 80 (5): 695–705. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90348-8. PMID 7534214. 
9. Jump up ^ Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity". J Autoimmun 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMID 25578468. 
10. Jump up ^ Root-Bernstein, Robert; Fairweather, DeLisa (December 2014). "Unresolved issues in theories of autoimmune disease using myocarditis as a framework". Journal of Theoretical Biology 375: 101–23. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.022. PMID 25484004.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
11. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} MacKay, edited by Noel Richard Rose, Ian R. (2014). The autoimmune diseases (Fifth edition. ed.). [S.l.]: Academic Press. p. Chapter 70. ISBN 978-0-12-384929-8. 
12. Jump up ^ Agarwal A, Clements J, Sedmak DD; et al. (December 1997), "Subacute bacterial endocarditis masquerading as type III essential mixed", J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8 (12): 1971–6, PMID 9402102 
13. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Autoimmune Diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
14. Jump up ^ Kárpáti F, Dénes L, Büttner K (1975). "[Interstitial cystitis=autoimmune cyatitis? Interstitial as a participating disease in lupus erythematosus]". Zeitschrift für Urologie und Nephrologie (in German) 68 (9): 633–9. PMID 1227191. 
15. Jump up ^ Bogdanos DP, Invernizzi P, Mackay IR, Vergani D (June 2008). "Autoimmune liver serology: Current diagnostic and clinical challenges". World J. Gastroenterol. 14 (21): 3374–3387. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.3374. PMC 2716592. PMID 18528935. 
16. Jump up ^ "autoimmune hepatitis". 
17. Jump up ^ "Medscape & eMedicine Log In". 
18. Jump up ^ "Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, and Related Disorders: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
19. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Franceschini F, Cavazzana I (2005). "Anti-Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies". Autoimmunity 38 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1080/08916930400022954. PMID 15804706. 
20. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Franceschini F, Cavazzana I (February 2005). "Anti-Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies". Autoimmunity 38 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1080/08916930400022954. PMID 15804706. 
21. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Goëb V, Salle V, Duhaut P, Jouen F, Smail A, Ducroix JP, Tron F, Le Loët X, Vittecoq O (2007). "Clinical significance of autoantibodies recognizing Sjogren's syndrome A (SSA), SSB, calpastatin and alpha-fodrin in primary Sjogren's syndrome". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 148 (2): 281–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03337.x. PMC 1868868. PMID 17286756. 
22. Jump up ^ American Academy of Dermatology, http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_alopecia.html
23. Jump up ^ HtmlThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-types/alopecia-areata/index.html
24. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Sieper J, Braun J, Rudwaleit M, Boonen A, Zink A (2002). "Ankylosing spondylitis: an overview". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 61 (3): iii8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.suppl_3.iii8. PMC 1766729. PMID 12381506. 
25. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Khan MA, Khan MK (1982). "Diagnostic Value of HLA-B27 Testing in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Reiter's Syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine 96 (1): 70–76; author reply 76. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-1-70. PMID 7053711. 
26. Jump up ^ Soundararajan S, Kikuchi Y, Kusumam J, Kaplan AP (2004). "Functional | assessment of pathogenic IgG subclass in chronic autoimmune urticaria". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 115 (4): 815–21. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.1120. 
27. Jump up ^ Goh, CL; Tan, KT (2009). "Chronic autoimmune urticaria : Where we stand ?". Indian Journal of Dermatology 54 (3): 269. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.55640. 
28. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} "Autoimmune Disorders: Immune Disorders: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". 
29. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d} Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.  8th edition.
30. Jump up ^ Toro JR, Finlay D, Dou X, Zheng SC, LeBoit PE, Connoly KM. "Detection of Type 1 Cytokines in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus". Archives of Dermatology 136: 1497–1501. doi:10.1001/archderm.136.12.1497. 
31. Jump up ^ "Clinical Trial: Etanercept in Hidradenitis Suppurativa". Retrieved 2007-07-08. 
32. Jump up ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
33. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Takehara K, Sato S (2005). "Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder". Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 44 (3): 274–9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh487. PMID 15561734. 
34. Jump up ^ National Psoriasis Foundation, http://www.psoriasis.org/home/learn01.php
35. Jump up ^ Jimenez SA, Derk CT (2004). "Following the molecular pathways toward an understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (1): 37–50. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00013. PMID 14706971. 
36. Jump up ^ "Questions and Answers about Vitiligo". Retrieved 2007-08-06. 
37. Jump up ^ "A New Gene Linked to Vitiligo and Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disorders - Journal Watch Dermatology". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-06. 
38. Jump up ^ de Carmo Silva R, Kater CE, Dib SA, Laureti S, Forini F, Cosentino A, Falorni A (February 2000). "Autoantibodies against recombinant human steroidogenic enzymes 21-hydroxylase, side-chain cleavage and 17alpha-hydroxylase in Addison's disease and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type III". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 142 (2): 187–94. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1420187. PMID 10664529. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
39. Jump up ^ Gleicher N, el-Roeiy A, Confino E, Friberg J (1987). "Is endometriosis an autoimmune disease?". Obstetrics and gynecology 70 (1): 115–22. PMID 3110710. 
40. Jump up ^ "Celiac Disease". 
41. Jump up ^ Meize-Grochowski R (2005). "Celiac disease: a multisystem autoimmune disorder". Gastroenterol Nurs 28 (5): 394–402; quiz 403–4. doi:10.1097/00001610-200509000-00005. PMID 16234635. 
42. Jump up ^ Sollid LM, Jabri B (December 2005). "Is celiac disease an autoimmune disorder?". Current Opinion in Immunology 17 (6): 595–600. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.015. PMID 16214317. 
43. Jump up ^ Dessein, R; Chamaillard, M; Danese, S (Sep 2008). "Innate immunity in Crohn's disease: the reverse side of the medal.". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 42 Suppl 3 Pt 1: S144–7. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181662c90. PMID 18806708. 
44. Jump up ^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pernicious anemia". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
45. Jump up ^ Moake JL (2004). "von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS-13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Semin. Hematol. 41 (1): 4–14. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2003.10.003. PMID 14727254. 
46. Jump up ^ Mueller-Eckhardt C, Kiefel V, Grubert A, Kroll H, Weisheit M, Schmidt S, Mueller-Eckhardt G, Santoso S (1989). "348 cases of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia". Lancet 1 (8634): 363–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91733-9. PMID 2563515. 
47. Jump up ^ Singal A, Janiga JJ, Bossenbroek NM, Lim HW (May 2007). "Dercum's disease (adiposis dolorosa): a report of improvement with infliximab and methotrexate". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21 (5): 717. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02021.x. PMID 17448013. 
48. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} De Benedetti F, Meazza C, Vivarelli M, Rossi F, Pistorio A, Lamb R, Lunt M, Thomson W, Ravelli A, Donn R, Martini A (May 2003). "Functional and prognostic relevance of the -173 polymorphism of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Arthritis Rheum. 48 (5): 1398–407. doi:10.1002/art.10882. PMID 12746913. 
49. Jump up ^ Colbert RA (2010). "Classification of juvenile spondyloarthritis: Enthesitis-related arthritis and beyond". Nature Reviews Rheumatology 6 (8): 477–85. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2010.103. 
50. Jump up ^ Viswanath V, Myles A, Dayal R, Aggarwal A. "Levels of Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Correlate with Disease Activity in the Enthesitis-related Arthritis Category of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis". J Rheumatol. 
51. Jump up ^ Myles A, Aggarwal A (March 2011). "Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 is increased in peripheral blood and synovial fluid monocytes of patients with enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Rheumatology (Oxford) 50 (3): 481–8. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keq362. PMID 21097451. 
52. Jump up ^ Hinks A, Martin P, Flynn E, Eyre S, Packham J, Barton A, Worthington J, Thomson W (2001). "Subtype specific genetic associations for juvenile idiopathic arthritis: ERAP1 with the enthesitis related arthritis subtype and IL23R with juvenile psoriatic arthritis". Arthritis Research & Therapy 13 (1): R12. doi:10.1186/ar3235. PMC 3241356. PMID 21281511. 
53. Jump up ^ FC, Lafeber GJ, de Vries E, van Krieken JH, Cats A. Immune complexes and the pathogenesis of neutropenia in Felty's syndrome. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1986;45(8):696-702.
54. Jump up ^ Borchers, Andrea T.; Keen, Carl L.; Huntley, Arthur C.; Gershwin, M. Eric (February 2015). "Lyme disease: A rigorous review of diagnostic criteria and treatment". Journal of Autoimmunity 57: 82–115. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.004. PMID 25451629.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
55. Jump up ^ Powell A, Davis P, Jones N, Russell AS (June 2008). "Palindromic rheumatism is a common disease: comparison of new-onset palindromic rheumatism compared to new-onset rheumatoid arthritis in a 2-year cohort of patients". J. Rheumatol. 35 (6): 992–4. PMID 18412310. 
56. Jump up ^ National Psoriasis Foundation, http://www.psoriasis.org/home/learn02.php
57. Jump up ^ "Relapsing Polychondritis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". 
58. Jump up ^ Girschick HJ, Guilherme L, Inman RD, Latsch K, Rihl M, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y, Zeidler H, Arienti S, Doria A (2008). "Bacterial triggers and autoimmune rheumatic diseases". Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 26 (1 Suppl 48): S12–7. PMID 18570749. 
59. Jump up ^ Faé KC, da Silva DD, Oshiro SE, Tanaka AC, Pomerantzeff PM, Douay C, Charron D, Toubert A, Cunningham MW, Kalil J, Guilherme L (May 2006). "Mimicry in recognition of cardiac myosin peptides by heart-intralesional T cell clones from rheumatic heart disease". J. Immunol. 176 (9): 5662–70. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5662. PMID 16622036. 
60. Jump up ^ "eMedicine - Hypersensitivity Reactions, Delayed : Article by Walter Duane Hinshaw". Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-18. 
61. Jump up ^ Morell F, Levy G, Orriols R, Ferrer J, De Gracia J, Sampol G (April 2002). "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests and lymphopenia as activity markers in sarcoidosis". Chest 121 (4): 1239–44. doi:10.1378/chest.121.4.1239. PMID 11948059. 
62. Jump up ^ Grunewald J, Eklund A, Olerup O (March 2004). "Human leukocyte antigen class I alleles and the disease course in sarcoidosis patients". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169 (6): 696–702. doi:10.1164/rccm.200303-459OC. PMID 14656748. 
63. Jump up ^ Ehrenstein MR (August 1999). "Antinuclear antibodies and lupus: causes and consequences". Rheumatology (Oxford) 38 (8): 691–3. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/38.8.691. PMID 10501412. 
64. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} "Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". 
65. Jump up ^ Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Tarricone E, Iaccarino L, Bendo R, Briani C, Rondinone R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Todesco S, Doria A (May 2006). "Clinical implications of autoantibody screening in patients with autoimmune myositis". Autoimmunity 39 (3): 217–221. doi:10.1080/08916930600622645. PMID 16769655. 
66. Jump up ^ Maddison P (2006). "Neuromyotonia". Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (10): 2118–27. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.008. PMID 16843723. 
67. Jump up ^ Darnell,R.B. (1996), "Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (10): 4529–4536, doi:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4529, PMC 39311, PMID 8643438 
68. Jump up ^ Peterson K, Rosenblum MK, Kotanides H, Posner JB (1992). "Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients". Neurology 42 (10): 1931–7. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.10.1931. PMID 1407575. 
69. Jump up ^ Albert ML, Austin LM, Darnell RB (2000). "Detection and treatment of activated T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration". Annals of Neurology 47 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200001)47:1<9::aid-ana5>3.3.co;2-9. PMID 10632096. 
70. Jump up ^ Lim, JP; Devaux, J; Yuki, N (October 2014). "Peripheral nerve proteins as potential autoantigens in acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies.". Autoimmunity reviews 13 (10): 1070–8. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.005. PMID 25172243.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
71. Jump up ^ Tanaka, K (2014). "[Autoimmune encephalitis-update: roles of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis].". Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology 54 (12): 1107–9. doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.54.1107. PMID 25672721. 
72. Jump up ^ MacKay, edited by Noel Richard Rose, Ian R. (2014). The autoimmune diseases (Fifth edition. ed.). [S.l.]: Academic Press. p. Chapter 75. ISBN 978-0-12-384929-8. 
73. Jump up ^ Yoneda M, Fujii A, Ito A, Yokoyama H, Nakagawa H, Kuriyama M (April 2007). "High prevalence of serum autoantibodies against the amino terminal of alpha-enolase in Hashimoto's encephalopathy". J. Neuroimmunol. 185 (1–2): 195–200. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.01.018. PMID 17335908. 
74. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1110740"
75. Jump up ^ Kalinowska A, Losy J (2006). "PECAM-1, a key player in neuroinflammation". Eur J Neurol 13 (12): 1284–90274. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01640.x. PMID 17116209. 
76. Jump up ^ Murinson BB (2004). "Stiff-person syndrome". Neurologist 10 (3): 131–7. doi:10.1097/01.nrl.0000126587.37087.1a. PMID 15140273. 
77. Jump up ^ Grange, Landon; Dalal, Monica; Nussenblatt, Robert B.; Sen, H. Nida (February 2014). "Autoimmune Retinopathy". American Journal of Ophthalmology 157 (2): 266–272.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.019. 
78. Jump up ^ Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR (2005). "IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel". J. Exp. Med. 202 (4): 473–477. doi:10.1084/jem.20050304. PMC 2212860. PMID 16087714. 
79. Jump up ^ Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, Wingerchuk DM, Corboy JR, Lennon VA (2006). "Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression". Arch. Neurol. 63 (7): 964–968. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.7.964. PMID 16831965. 
80. Jump up ^ Pranzatelli MR, Travelstead AL, Tate ED, Allison TJ, Moticka EJ, Franz DN, Nigro MA, Parke JT, Stumpf DA, Verhulst SJ (2004). "B- and T-cell markers in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: Immunophenotyping of CSF lymphocytes". Neurology 62 (9): 1526–1532. doi:10.1212/WNL.62.9.1526. PMID 15136676. 
81. Jump up ^ "Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease, Baylor College of Medicine". 1993. 
82. Jump up ^ Boulassel MR, Deggouj N, Tomasi JP, Gersdorff M. (January 2001). "Inner ear autoantibodies and their targets in patients with autoimmune inner ear diseases". Acta Otolaryngol 12 (1): 28–34. 
83. Jump up ^ Sánchez-Cano D, Callejas-Rubio JL, Ortego-Centeno N (April 2008). "Effect of rituximab on refractory Wegener granulomatosis with predominant granulomatous disease". J Clin Rheumatol 14 (2): 92–3. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31816b4487. PMID 18391678. 
84. Jump up ^ http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/possible_source_of_kawasaki_disease_found.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
85. Jump up ^ Wisnieski JJ, Naff GB (September 1989). "Serum IgG antibodies to C1q in hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome". Arthritis Rheum 32 (9): 1119–27. doi:10.1002/anr.1780320910. PMID 2528353. 
86. Jump up ^ Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Lacy MQ, Rajkumar SV, Therneau TM, Larson DR, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Basu R, Suarez GA, Fonseca R, Lust JA, Gertz MA (2003). "POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome". Blood 101 (7): 2496–506. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299. PMID 12456500. 
87. Jump up ^ Lim, Megan S.; Elenitoba-Johnson, Kojo S.J. (May 2004). "The Molecular Pathology of Primary Immunodeficiencies". The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 6 (2): 59–83. doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60493-X. PMC 1867474. PMID 15096561. 
88. Jump up ^ Hyland KV, Engman DM (2006). "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends Parasitol. 22 (3): 101–2; author reply 103. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID 16446117. 
89. Jump up ^ Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M (2003). "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax 58 (10): 832–834. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMC 1746486. PMID 14514931. 
90. Jump up ^ Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A, Song LZ, Bandi V, Goodnight-White S, Green L, Hacken-Bitar J, Huh J, Bakaeen F, Coxson HO, Cogswell S, Storness-Bliss C, Corry DB, Kheradmand F (2007). "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nature Medicine 13 (5): 567–9. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID 17450149. 
91. Jump up ^ Walley AJ, Chavanas S, Moffatt MF, Esnouf RM, Ubhi B, Lawrence R, Wong K, Abecasis GR, Jones EY, Harper JI, Hovnanian A, Cookson WO (2001). "Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease". Nat. Genet. 29 (2): 175–8. doi:10.1038/ng728. PMID 11544479. 
92. Jump up ^ Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, Goudie DR, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Smith FJ, O'Regan GM, Watson RM, Cecil JE, Bale SJ, Compton JG, DiGiovanna JJ, Fleckman P, Lewis-Jones S, Arseculeratne G, Sergeant A, Munro CS, El Houate B, McElreavey K, Halkjaer LB, Bisgaard H, Mukhopadhyay S, McLean WH (2006). "Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis". Nature Genetics 38 (4): 441–6. doi:10.1038/ng1767. PMID 16550169. 
93. Jump up ^ "'Blood chemicals link' to eczema -- Scientists have identified two blood chemicals linked to itchy eczema, offering new treatment possibilities". BBC News. 26 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-16. 
94. Jump up ^ Blauwet, Lori A.; Cooper, Leslie T. (31 October 2012). "Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis". Heart Failure Reviews 18 (6): 733–746. doi:10.1007/s10741-012-9358-3. 
95. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 178500
96. Jump up ^ van der Vliet, Hans J. J.; Nieuwenhuis, Edward E. (2007). "IPEX as a Result of Mutations in FOXP3". Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2007: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2007/89017. PMC 2248278. PMID 18317533. 
97. Jump up ^ Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, Hesselson S, Winkelmann J, Kawashima M, Mayer G, Plazzi G, Nevsimalova S, Bourgin P, Hong SC, Hong SS, Honda Y, Honda M, Högl B, Longstreth WT, Montplaisir J, Kemlink D, Einen M, Chen J, Musone SL, Akana M, Miyagawa T, Duan J, Desautels A, Erhardt C, Hesla PE, Poli F, Frauscher B, Jeong JH, Lee SP, Ton TG, Kvale M, Kolesar L, Dobrovolná M, Nepom GT, Salomon D, Wichmann HE, Rouleau GA, Gieger C, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Meitinger T, Young T, Peppard P, Tokunaga K, Kwok PY, Risch N, Mignot E (June 2009). "Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the TCR alpha locus". Nat. Genet. 41 (6): 708–11. doi:10.1038/ng.372. PMC 2803042. PMID 19412176. 
98. Jump up ^ "Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder, Stanford researcher says". EurekAlert. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31. 
99. Jump up ^ Mignot E (2001). "A commentary on the neurobiology of the hypocretin/orexin system". Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (5 Suppl): S5–13. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00316-5. PMID 11682267. 
100. Jump up ^ Maret S, Tafti M (November 2005). "Genetics of narcolepsy and other major sleep disorders" (PDF). Swiss Medical Weekly (EMH Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd.) 135 (45–46): 662–5. PMID 16453205. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
101. Jump up ^ Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB (2006). "Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers". The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (3): 521–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521. PMID 16513876. 
102. Jump up ^ Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM (2005). "Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis?". Immunol. Cell Biol. 83 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x. PMID 15661036. 
103. Jump up ^ Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y (2006). "Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited". J. Autoimmun. 27 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006. PMID 16997531. 
104. Jump up ^ Mukundan L, Odegaard JI, Morel CR, Heredia JE, Mwangi JW, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Goh YP, Eagle AR, Dunn SE; et al. (Nov 2009). "PPAR-delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance". Nat Med 15 (11): 1266–72. doi:10.1038/nm.2048. PMC 2783696. PMID 19838202. 
105. Jump up ^ Roszer T, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Lefterova MI, Alameda D, Núñez V, Lazar MA, Fischer T, Ricote M (Jan 2011). "Autoimmune kidney disease and impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice with macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma or retinoid X receptor alpha deficiency". J Immunol 186 (1): 621–31. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002230. PMID 21135166. 
106. Jump up ^ Singh RP, Waldron RT, Hahn BH (2012). "Genes, tolerance and systemic autoimmunity". Autoimmunity Reviews 11 (9): 664–9. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.017. PMC 3306516. PMID 22155015. 

Further reading[edit]

• Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Jon Aster, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Elsevier, 8th edition, 2010, 1464 pp., ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5
• Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, edited by Ronald Asherson, Elsevier, in 10 Volumes: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/BS_HSAD/description#description
  • Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Paolo Pauletto, The Heart in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 1, 2004, ISBN 978-0-444-51398-4, ISBN 0-444-51398-1
  • Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Paolo Pauletto, Pulmonary Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 2, 2005, ISBN 978-0-444-51652-7, ISBN 0-444-51652-2
  • Ronald Asherson, Doruk Erkan, Steven Levine, The Neurologic Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 3, 2005, ISBN 978-0-444-51651-0, ISBN 0-444-51651-4
  • Michael Lockshin, Ware Branch (eds), Reproductive and Hormonal Aspects of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 4, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-51801-9, ISBN 0-444-51801-0
  • Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Ronald Asherson, Andrea Doria, Annegret Kuhn, Giampietro Girolomoni (eds), The Skin in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume Volume 5, 2006, ISBN 978-0-444-52158-3, ISBN 0-444-52158-5
  • Rolando Cimaz, Ronald Asherson, Thomas Lehman (eds), Pediatrics in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 6, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-52971-8, ISBN 0-444-52971-3
  • Justin Mason, Ronald Asherson, Charles Pusey (eds), The Kidney in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 7, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-52972-5, ISBN 0-444-52972-1
  • Ronald Asherson, Manel Ramos-Casals, Joan Rodes, Josep Font, Digestive Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 8, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53168-1, ISBN 0-444-53168-8
  • Ronald Asherson, Sara Walker, Luis Jara, Endocrine Manifestations of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 9, 2008, ISBN 978-0-444-53172-8, ISBN 0-444-53172-6
  • R. Cervera, Ronald Asherson, Munther Khamashta, Joan Carles Reverter (eds), Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Volume 10, 2009, ISBN 978-0-444-53169-8, ISBN 0-444-53169-6
• www.autoimmunityblog.com - a glossary of autoimmune diseases and the related autoantibodies plus summaries of recent research articles.

External links[edit]

• Autoimmune disorders at DMOZ

[hide] v t e Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases (279.5–6) Type I/allergy/atopy (IgE) Foreign Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy common allergies include: Milk Egg Peanut Tree nut Seafood Soy Wheat Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Eosinophilic esophagitis Type II/ADCC IgM IgG Foreign Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture's syndrome Guillain–Barré syndrome "Type V"/receptor Graves' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Type III (Immune complex) Foreign Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type IV/cell-mediated (T cells) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant-cell arteritis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis GVHD Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Unknown/ multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy (I+IV) Autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease

Biology portal Medicine portal

Authority control NDL: 00574748

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autoimmune_disease&oldid=705144655"

Categories:

• Autoimmune diseases
• Auto-inflammatory diseases