Children are hooked on sugar !!!!!!!!!!! and shamelessly targetted for decades

The commercial industry has targeted our children with sweet stuff for years back when sweets were put at checkouts, chocolate cereals, burger meals which included free toys and this was permitted to happen, now government want to impose a sugar tax, when they stood by and let them get addicted it has  affected their behaviour and health and now we have a  2nd generation of addicts. Habits need to be changed, not a money making tax.

They are also targeted by technology, video games and on  demand tv which encourages them to be inactive and lazy.

MS - glandular fever or car crash

Before being banned by MS Society, long storey cliquey group.

I asked the question "what do you think triggered your MS" and the reply was "glandular fever, or a car crash"

Today both of them make perfect sense

Re previous blog re Google

A plus sign and 3 has appeared in blue against this post I have no clue as to why, so if I have made an error and this blog is pulled for some reason my mistake

Spinal misalignment and heat intolerance - http://www.upright-health.com/pituitary-gland.html

The Pituitary Gland and Hypothlamus

The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are located in the brain. The pituitary is functionally related to, physically connected to, and, along with the target organs, controlled by the hypothalmus. The pituitary is shown as yellow or light blue depending on the picture below. The hypothalamus is depicted in green.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland may play a role in many of the signs and symptoms associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, autoimmune-inflammatory condtions such as rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis are, likewise, often associated with signs and symptoms that suggest possible hypothalamus and pituitary dysfunction, as are certain inherited connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. In this regard, they may all share similar causes of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction related to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Signs and symptoms of hypothalamus or pituitary problems can include: heat intolerance, sensitivity to cold, disruption in sleep cycles, short shallow breathing, fatigue, cog fog, decreased memory, irritability, mood swings, muscle cramps, increased urination and constipation.

In humans the pituitary gland or hypophysis has two basic parts called the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior part of the pituitary, adenohypophysis, is regulated by the hypothalamus and by a negative feedback from target organs. The target organs are the adrenals, liver, bone, thyroid, and gonads. It produces and secretes adrenocorticotropin, beta endorphin, thyroid-stimulating, follicle stimulating, luteinizing, prolactin and growth hormone. The posterior pituitary gland (technically not a gland) also known as neurohypophysis is actually a collection of nerve projections that come from control centers in the hypothalamus. In contrast to the anterior pituitary, the posterior pituitary stores and secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin), which are produced in the hypothalamus.
The pituitary gland is part of the endocrine system of the body. The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, unlike the exocrine system that uses ducts. The endocrine system is similar to the nervous system in that they are both informational signal systems and the pituitary and hypothalamus are part of the brain, but the similarities end there. The endrocine system signals are slow to initiate and produce a relatively prolonged respone. The nervous system sends information quickly and it's responses are short-lived. Most of the nervous system uses neurotransmitters to relay signals and control systems in the brain and body. In contrast the endocrine system use hormones that travel through the blood stream to reach and regulate various systems.
The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system responsible for maintaining homeostasis such as: hunger, appetite, temperature regulation, sleep cycles, reproduction, stress and water balance. In some species, it initiates and controls hibernation. The hypothalamus also synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones often called hypothalamic releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones.
Location of the Pituitary in the Brain - The Sella Turcica
The pituitary gland is contained in a small separate subcompartment in the base of the skull called the sella turcica. Sella turcica means Turkish saddle. They were probably named after the deep saddles used on camels not horses. There are many different styles of camel saddles. The picture below on the left is an example of a Tuareg camel saddle.

The sella turcica is part of the sphenoid bone in the base of the skull. The sphenoid sinus and sella turcica portion of the sphenoid bone are shown in yellow in the drawing below. The sphenoid sinus is part of the air chambers called sinuses located in the face and base of the skull.
There are two horn-like projections at the rear of the sella turcica called the clinoid processes. The clinoid processes are poles for the attachment of the diaphrama sella. The diaphrama sellae covers the sella turcica compartment and separates it from the rest of the cranial vault above it. The diaphrama sellae is made from the tough outer covering of the brain called the dura mater. It is similar to the tentorium cerebelli, which covers and separates the posterior fossa and cerebellum from the rest of the brain. It is located in the cup-like structure in the yellow colored bone below.

Hormones of the Pituitary
To understand how the pituitary gland and hypothalamus can be involved in producing some symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory conditions one must first look at the hormones produced and secreted by the pituitary. The hormones of the pituitary are under the control of releasing factors and hormones produced and secreted from the hypothalamus by way of a special arterial capillary blood supply system. Technically, the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland is called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.
The hormones released by the pituitary gland play an important role in many functions needed to maintain homeostasis (balance) in the body as mentioned above. For example, adrenocorticotrophic hormone plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Vasopressin, which is also known as antidiuretic hormone controls water volume in the body by way of the kidneys and arterioles. Follicle stimulating hormone controls sexual function and fertility. Growth hormone stimulates growth of tissues and bone. Luteinizing hormone controls sexual function and fertility in males and females. Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract during labor and the breasts to release milk. Prolactin stimulates female breast development and milk production. Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland that regulate metabolism.
Hypopituitarism
In hypopituitarism, there is a lack of one or more pituitary hormones. Lack of the hormone leads to loss of function in the gland or organ that it controls. As a result, problems with the pituitary gland can cause signs and symptoms such as the ceasing of menstrual periods, infertility, fatigue, and intolerance to stress and infection. In children, it can cause early onset of puberty, growth hormone deficiency, pituitary tumors, or pituitary gland dysfunction.
When they occur in children pituitary problems can cause visual disturbances, slowed growth and sexual development, as well as short stature such as under five feet. In adults, symptoms of empty sella syndrome and pituitary problems can develop slowly and vary greatly depending upon the hormones affected and their target organs. Symptoms are abdominal pain, cessation of menstrual periods, decreased appetite, decreased sexual interest (especially in men), failure to release milk, fatigue, headache, infertility in women, lack of sex drive in women, loss of armpit or pubic hair, loss of body or facial hair in men, low blood pressure, sensitivity to cold, visual disturbances, weakness and weight loss. Other symptoms can include facial swelling, hair loss, hoarseness or changing voice, joint stiffness and weight gain.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
In the early stages, hypothyroidism due to pituitary malfunction can be associated with increased sensitivity to cold; constipation; weight gain; water retention; low heart rate; fatigue; decreased sweating; muscle cramps and joint pain; dry, itchy skin; thin, brittle fingernails; rapid thoughts; depression; poor muscle tone; female infertility and problems with menstrual cycles; and elevated blood cholesterol levels.
Late signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include goiter, slow speech and a hoarse, breaking voice, deepening of the voice can also be noticed, dry puffy skin, especially on the face, thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows, abnormal menstrual cycles, low basal body temperature and depression.
Less common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include: impaired memory, impaired cognitive function, which is sometimes referred to as brain or cog fog by patients, inattentiveness, slow heart rate, diminished cardiac output and decreased contractility, reactive or post-prandial hypoglycemia, sluggish reflexes, hair loss, anemia, impaired intestinal iron and folate absorption or B12 deficiency from pernicious anemia, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath with a shallow and slow respiratory pattern, increased need for sleep, irritability and mood instability.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
The adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids which are a class of chemicals that includes steroid hormones. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic functions, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism (breakdown), blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and are anti-inflammatory by preventing phospholipid release, decreasing eosinophil action and a number of other mechanisms. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone control electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney.
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and low levels of glucocorticoids in the blood. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar by breaking down sugars stored as triglycerides and glycogen, a process known as gluconeogenesis; and suppress the immune system. Cortisol also assists in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. On the other hand, it decreases bone formation.
Beta Endorphin Hormone
Beta endorphins released by the pituitary gland are used as analgesics to numb or dull pain in the body. The pain dulls because endorphins binds to opioid receptors and activates them. Beta endorphins are about eighty times more powerful at decreasing pain than morphine. Beta endorphins are also believed to be helpful in slowing the growth of cancer cells. They are further associated with promoting a feeling of well-being and increased relaxation.
Empty Sella Syndrome
Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condtion in which cerebrospinal fluid is found inside the sella turcica. It is often discovered during tests to check for pituitary disorders. On brain scans the sella turcica appears to be empty and filled with CSF. In the T2 MRI image below, CSF appears white. The sella turcica also appears white instead of the gray shades, similar to the rest of the brain, due to CSF infiltration.
In children empty sella syndrome is associated with unusual facial features due to poor musculoskeletal development, increased bone density, headaches and problems with vision. In adults, it may be associated with no symptoms at all and only rarely does it cause serious symptoms. About half of those adults that are affected have headaches. Some people have high blood pressure. In rare cases, CSF can leak through the ears and nose or cause problems with vision. In addition to brain scans, blood work is performed to check for increases or decreases in hormones to check pituitary function. In most cases, hormone levels and blood test results are normal.

There are two types of empty sella syndrome. One is called primary and the other secondary empty sella syndrome. Primary empty sella syndrome is caused by a defect in the opening of the diaphrama sella. The pituitary stalk which connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland passes through the opening in the diaphrama sella. An increase in the size of the opening for the pituitary stalk causes CSF in the cisterns to enter the sella turcica compartment and compress the pituitary gland. Primary ESS is associated with obesity and high blood pressure in middle aged women. The condition is called idopathic intracranial hypertenison or benign intracranial hypertenison (BIH). I will discuss BIH further as this site grows and why I suspect that it affects overweight middle aged females far more frequently than males.
Secondary ESS is the result of the pituitary gland shrinking following an injury, surgery, or radiation therapy. It is called hypopituitarism (discussed above) and may be caused by brain surgery, brain tumor, head trauma, infections of the brain and meninges, radiation, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage (from a burst aneurysm), tumors of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. It can also be caused by certain rare autoimmune-inflammatory disorders and metabolic disease. It is further interesting to note that it can also occur after pregnancy, which is a rare condition called Sheehan's syndrome. This is interesting because pregnancy poses similar challenges as female obesity to brain circulation.

Regardless of the cause, empty Sella Syndrome can cause the pituitary gland to malfunction. As mentioned above, it is attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus which produces releasing factors that regulate the pituitary gland. I suspect that the hypothalamus can also be affected by increased CSF volume in the ambient cistern of the brain and may play a role in dysautonomia and conditions such as multisystem atrophy.
The Suprasellar Cistern CSF and Pituitary Compression
Many of the signs and symptoms of pituitary malfunction are also found in neurodegenerative diseases. This could suggest similar causes. One possible cause is increased CSF volume or pressure in the suprasellar cistern.
The suprasellar cistern sits on top of the diaphrama sella. When viewed from above on an axial brain scan of a normal brain it has the shape of a five or six pointed star. As an aside, in addition to the pituitary stalk, the suprasellar cistern also contains the optic nerves (eye nerve), the opitic chiasma (crossover of eye nerves), and the circle of Willis (a circle of arteries at the base of the brain that connect the internal carotid and vertebral supply routes).
Interestingly, the eyes are frequently involved in many different conditions involving increased CSF volume or pressure in the brain due to their location which makes them vulnerabile to compression from many causes inside and outside the suprasellar cistern such as tumors, edema or hemorrhages. Compressive lesions are seen on brain scans as deformation of the normal star shape of the cistern. Whatever the cause, increased CSF volume, which is hydrocephalus or pressure in the suprasellar cistern can affect the pituitary stalk and gland, as well as the eyes. It can also affect the small arteries of the circle of Willis.
Physicians, scientists and researchers still debate about the exact clincal findings that indicate hydrocephalus. Most experts maintain that hydrocephalus should be associated with enlarged ventricles called ventriculomegaly. Others suggest, however, that an increase in CSF volume in the spaces outside the ventricles, called the extra axial spaces, such as the cisterns, should also be included as a form of hydrocephalus. Still other experts, such as Dr. David Harshfield Jr., a radiologist with expertise in upright MRI and hydrocephalus, look for even more subtle signs, such as enlarged perivascular spaces (Verchow-Robbins spaces), enlarged optic nerve sheaths and compression of Meckel's cave for example. This has led some experts to suggest that any disproportionate increase in CSF volume inside the cranial vault should be considered hydrocephalus.
In this regard, increased CSF volume and pressure in the brain causes compression of nerves and blood vessels. An increase in CSF volume and pressure in the ventricles can cause compression of the structures that surround them or press the surface of the brain against the cranial vault. The surface of the brain contains major blood vessels and compression due to increased CSF volume or pressure can decrease blood flow in and out of the brain.
In contrast to the ventricles, an increase in CSF volume in the cisterns can compress the structures of the brain they surround. Thus an increase in CSF volume or pressure in the suprasellar cistern can compress the pituitary stalk (infundibulum), which passes through it. In addition to its impact on the pituitary stalk, it also increases pressure on cover over the sella turcica called the diaphrama sella. A sudden or chronic increase in pressure on the diaphrama sellae can cause the opening for the pituitary stalk to enlarge and allow excess CSF volume from the suprasellar cistern to enter the sella turcica. An increase in CSF volume in the sella turcica can compress the pituitary. In any case, an increase in CSF volume, pressure or turbulance in the cisterns can cause the hypothalmaus and pituitary gland to malfunction.
One of the primary causes of increased CSF volume, pressure, backjets and turbulance in the cisterns of the brain is most likely due to upper cervical misalignments. The other likely cause is spondylosis (degeneration) of the spine.
For additional information see Cysts, Syrinxes and CSF.

From Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, CSF and Cisterns to Brain Anatomy To Home Page

American maketing - the habit loop

This  they used with Febreeze  they use it widely now telling us we are "nose blind" we need to use natural  cleaning  or scent agents.

We have been made obsessive with external bacteria that we have ignored the fact that Antibiotics, junk food which is also  American led by Mcdonald's and KFC back in the 80's that have created the catastrophic problem we face today and a huge contributor is the drugs industry. We the British have been manipulated by advertising which includes over the counter medicines such as anadidin, volteral and heart burn treatments now pushed by Boots.

Addictive caffeine based chocolate by Cadbury's now owned by American company Kraft.

Now chocolate coke can be promoted by cheap offers through Asda now owned by giant Wallmart



anyone see a pattern, because I do!!!!!!!!!!!

Re previous post "Doctor in the House" he gets it, the back ache relief - incredible, the eczma relief - excellent

Now this mans hand I'd like to shake - impressive - the human body is physically perfect, when working correctly muscles and the skeletal system slides into place led by the weight of the head, if your neck is strong, and your head perfectly balanced, so is your centre of gravity. Your gut also needs to be balanced and healthy to also make our immune system strong, we are what we eat. consume American introduced junk food and it will fail on a massive scale. we need to get junk food off of our streets, out of our homes, processed and unhealthy foods OUT of our supermarkets, The Food Standards Agency should have stamped on this one decades ago.

We also need to accept responsibility for our own health, but the powers that be, are not allowing us to, we are being controlled and told what is wrong with us by a flawed and ill informed NHS they need to open their minds to holistic or alternative medicine which has been in existence for thousands of years, Chinese philosophy is the correct one also India's. Our body is about flow our meridians must be free, spinal distortion disrupts the bladder meridian as it runs down it

BBC1 Doctor in the house - gets thumbs up from me

At last someone who is barking up the right tree.

Google doesn't want us to know the truth, as a conflict of interest

If it was allowed to be common knowledge that candida and a misaligned Atlas was the root cause of sickness, the drugs industry would collapse plus the supply of disability aides.

Google is motivated by advertising, we are controlled by it, you can't escape it, that is why I  no longer use it as a search engine,

It's everywhere it won't show up in a blood test

You won't know you've got it

BBC1 Doctor in the House All their problems are caused by "Candida" he is barking up the WRONG tree

It's an epidemic, it  causes diabetes

ALL these posts are important on here - what have we done!!!!!!!!!!!!

1-27 of 27

	Candida, bats and rabies Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	13View count	29/09/2015
	Repost 2014- Now this is a serious worry - http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ps/for_authors/poultry_glossary.pdf Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	12View count	11/09/2015
	ITV This Morning - teeth brushing for dogs - luducrous, they have candida canine, smelling is just a symptom of that Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	10View count	11/09/2015
	Repost 2014- Now this is a serious worry - http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ps/for_authors/poultry_glossary.pdf Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	9View count	11/08/2015
	Neurovirology and distemper Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	11View count	05/08/2015
	Repost 2014- Now this is a serious worry - http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ps/for_authors/poultry_glossary.pdf Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	21View count	26/07/2015
	I searched this blog for Canine Candida and all these posts came up, they must be linked Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	13View count	26/07/2015
	Canine Candida Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	56View count	18/06/2015
	Candida and Rabies Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	483View count	07/05/2015
	Blastomycosis Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	29View count	30/04/2015
	Canine Candida Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	91View count	23/04/2015
	Are dogs problems Candida related from skin diseases, viral, bacterial, cancer, to lethal foods Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	191View count	06/04/2015
	Canine Candida Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	121View count	13/03/2015
	Dogs Candida and allergies Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	166View count	06/03/2015
	Its not cancer they can smell it's the Candida, trust me it has a pungeant smell Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	16View count	20/02/2015
	Canine Candida Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	28View count	16/01/2015
	Candida obesity and cancer in pets - exactly the same as humans Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		1Comment Count	91View count	07/01/2015
	Candidiasis in cattle and sheep - now this IS or WILL be catastrophic Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	33View count	23/12/2014
	Repost re news today on chicken bacteria - Now this is a serious worry - http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ps/for_authors/poultry_glossary.pdf Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	32View count	27/11/2014
	Now this is a serious worry - http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ps/for_authors/poultry_glossary.pdf Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	18View count	23/11/2014
	This may be important- I was looking up, misaligned Atlas, Candida, Epstein Barr Virus and Insomnia and came across this I don't understand it, but someone might Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	83View count	07/11/2014
	Late and chronic LymeDisease: symptoms overlap, CFS and Fibromyalgia- Tinnitus Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	26View count	01/11/2014
	Repost-Is Candida in the rain, hence Ash dieback Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	29View count	09/10/2014
	Is Candida is in the rain. Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	13View count	10/08/2014
	Canine Candida cats must be affected too Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	69View count	10/08/2014
	Does it all boil down to Epstein Barr Virus Edit | View | Share | Delete		my ms/mess		0Comment Count	61View count	10/08/2014
	Canine Candida Edit | View | Share | Delete

Repost 2014- Now this is a serious worry - http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/ps/for_authors/poultry_glossary.pdf

Is the food chain infected, we have mutant spiders fat pigeons, large magpies, big crows, big rats and methane from cows is a huge environmental problem because their digestive systems are infected by Candida and caused by Antibiotics in their feed. Ash trees dying and caused by a fungus, green algae on water, seasonal canine sickness. population obesity epidemic, cancer epidemic, diabetes, arthritis, mental health even schitzophrenia.

 

A catastrophic situation and worldwide  

Repost - Candida and rabies

The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.
Infectious diseases that affect dogs are important not only from a veterinary standpoint, but also because of the risk to public health; an example of this is rabies. Genetic disorders also affect dogs, often due to selective breeding to produce individual dog breeds. Due to the popularity of both commercial and homemade dog foods, nutrition is also a heavily studied subject.

Contents

• 1 Diseases
  • 1.1 Infectious diseases
    • 1.1.1 Viral diseases
      • 1.1.1.1 Other viral diseases
    • 1.1.2 Bacterial diseases
    • 1.1.3 Fungal diseases
    • 1.1.4 Parasites
      • 1.1.4.1 External parasites
      • 1.1.4.2 Internal parasites
  • 1.2 Genetic diseases
  • 1.3 Skin diseases
  • 1.4 Orthopedic diseases
  • 1.5 Tumors and cancer
  • 1.6 Gastrointestinal diseases
    • 1.6.1 Bloat and gastric torsion
  • 1.7 Eye diseases
  • 1.8 Vestibular disease
  • 1.9 Heart disease
  • 1.10 Other diseases
• 2 Toxic substances
  • 2.1 Dangerous foods
    • 2.1.1 Chocolates
    • 2.1.2 Grapes and raisins
    • 2.1.3 Onions
    • 2.1.4 Macadamia nuts
    • 2.1.5 Hops
    • 2.1.6 Yeast
    • 2.1.7 Xylitol
    • 2.1.8 Food allergies
  • 2.2 Common household substances
  • 2.3 Over-the-counter medications
• 3 Public health risks
• 4 Preventive medicine
  • 4.1 Vaccinations
  • 4.2 Dentistry
  • 4.3 Parasite medication
• 5 Nutrition and obesity
  • 5.1 Dog treats
  • 5.2 Coprophagia
• 6 Vitamins and supplements
• 7 Reproductive health
  • 7.1 Spaying and neutering
• 8 See also
• 9 References

Diseases[edit]

For a complete list, see List of dog diseases

Some diseases and other health problems are common to both humans and dogs; others are unique to dogs and other animals. Dogs are susceptible to various diseases; similarly to humans, they can have diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, or arthritis.

Infectious diseases[edit]

An infectious disease is caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan). Most of these diseases are spread directly from dog to dog, while others require a vector such as a tick or mosquito.^[1] Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are zoonoses (transmittable to humans).

Viral diseases[edit]

Viral diseases in dogs can be serious, especially in kennels. Timely vaccination can reduce the risk and severity of an infection. The most commonly recommended viruses to vaccinate dogs against are:

A rabid dog

• Rabies
• CDV (canine distemper)
• CAV-2 (canine hepatitis virus or adenovirus-2)
• CPV-2 (canine parvovirus)

Other viral diseases[edit]

Other canine viral diseases of note include herpesvirus and influenza.

• Canine herpesvirus
• Canine influenza

Bacterial diseases[edit]

A number of Leptospira sp. bacteria atop a 0.1. µm polycarbonate filter

Bacterial diseases in dogs are usually not contagious from dog to dog; instead they are usually the result of wound colonization, opportunistic infections secondary to decreased resistance (often the result of viral infections), or secondary to other conditions (pyoderma secondary to skin allergies or pyometra secondary to cystic endometrial hyperplasia). These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not satisfy Koch's postulates - for example Staphylococcus intermedius, a commonly isolated bacteria from skin infections in dogs, would not cause pyoderma when introduced to a healthy dog. In all likelihood that type of bacteria is already present on the skin of a healthy dog.
There are some bacteria that are contagious from dog to dog. The most notable of these are Bordetella bronchiseptica, one of the causes of kennel cough, Leptospira sp, which cause leptospirosis,^[2][3] and Brucella canis, cause of brucellosis in dogs. There are also common tick-borne bacterial diseases, including Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Humans and dogs become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with broken skin. In dogs, transmission most commonly occurs by drinking puddle, pond, or ditch water contaminated by urine from infected wildlife such as squirrels or raccoons. The liver and kidney are most commonly damaged by leptospirosis. Vasculitis can occur, causing edema and potentially disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, and uveitis are also possible sequelae.^[4]

Ixodes scapularis

Brucellosis in dogs is caused by Brucella canis. It is a sexually transmitted disease, but can also be spread through contact with aborted fetuses. The most common sign is abortion during the last trimester or stillbirth. Other symptoms include inflammation of the intervertebral disc and eye (uveitis), and inflammation of the testicle (orchitis) and prostate (prostatitis) in males.^[5]
Tick-borne diseases are common in dogs. Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and spread by Ixodes pacificus on the West coast of the United States and by I. scapularis (deer tick) in the rest of the U.S. Signs and symptoms include fever, joint swelling and pain, lameness, and swelling of the lymph nodes. It has been diagnosed in dogs in all 48 states of the continental U.S.^[6] Ehrlichia canis, which causes canine ehrlichiosis, and Rickettsia rickettsii, which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, are both spread by the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineous.^[7]

Fungal diseases[edit]

One of the most common fungal diseases in dogs is ringworm, or dermatophytosis, an infection of the skin, hair, or nails. There are three fungal species that cause ringworm in dogs. About 70 percent of infections are caused by Microsporum canis, 20 percent by M. gypseum, and 10 percent by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Signs include hair loss and scaling of the skin. Treatment for localized ringworm is not always necessary as the disease is self-limiting, but the cliinical course can be shortened by using topical miconazole or clotrimazole. Generalized infections, most commonly seen in immunocompromised dogs, can be treated with oral antifungal drugs such as griseofulvin or itraconazole. Infection can spread to humans.^[8]

Blastomyces dermatitidis

There are several fungal diseases that are systemic in nature, meaning they are affecting multiple body systems. Blastomycosis, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, is a fungal disease that affects both dogs and humans, although it is only rarely zoonotic. It is found mainly in the United States in the Mississippi River and Great Lakes areas. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, draining skin lesions, blindness, and lameness. Because dogs are ten times more likely to become infected from the environment than humans, they are considered to be sentinels for the disease.^[9]
Histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, is a disease with a worldwide distribution. In the United States it is mainly found in the Mississippi and Ohio River areas, most commonly in bird and bat feces. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal symptoms.^[10] Coccidioidomycosis, caused by Coccidioides immitis, is found in arid and semi-arid regions of Central and South America, Mexico, and southwestern United States. Signs include weight loss, fever, cough, enlarged lymph nodes, and lameness.^[11][12]

Parasites[edit]

Veterinary parasitology studies both external and internal parasites in animals. External parasites, such as fleas, mites, ticks and mosquitoes can cause skin irritation and are often carriers of other diseases or of internal parasites.

External parasites[edit]

• Fleas and ticks of various species can be acquired and brought home by a dog, where they can multiply and attack humans (and vice versa). These two parasites are particularly important to note, now that tick-borne Lyme Disease has become endemic throughout a large area, in addition to other similar diseases such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Although dogs do not seem to be as susceptible to such diseases as humans, similar rickettsial diseases have been spread by dogs to humans through such mechanisms as a dog killing an infected rabbit, then shaking itself off in the house near enough to its owners to fatally infect most of the family.
• Various mites cause skin problems such as mange.
• Mosquitos

Internal parasites[edit]

• Parasites, particularly intestinal worms such as hookworms, tapeworms and roundworms, can be transmitted in a dog's feces. Some tapeworms have fleas as intermediate hosts: the worm egg must be consumed by a flea to hatch, then the infected flea must be ingested (usually by the dog while grooming itself, but occasionally by a human through various means) for the adult worm to establish itself in the intestines. The worm's eggs then pass through the intestines and adhere to the nether regions of the dog, and the cycle begins again.
• Intestinal worms cause varying degrees of discomfort.
• Heartworm is a dog parasitoid. It is hard to eliminate and can be fatal; prevention, however, is easily achieved using medication.

  As the name suggests, an infected mosquito injects a larva into the dog's skin, where it migrates to the circulatory system and takes up residence in the pulmonary arteries and heart, growing and reproducing to an alarming degree. The effects on the dog are quite predictable, cardiac failure over a year or two, leading to death. Treatment of an infected dog is difficult, involving an attempt to poison the healthy worm with arsenic compounds without killing the weakened dog, and frequently does not succeed. Prevention is much the better course, via heartworm prophylactics which contain a compound which kills the larvae immediately upon infection without harming the dog. Often they are available combined with other parasite preventives.

• Hydatidosis is caused by a cestode Echinococcus. This is usually noticed among dogs, wild dogs, foxes, etc. Due to its importance as a zoonosis, these worms are important to treat. Preventing hydatidosis is an easier task than treating the same. Anthelmintics such as praziquantel may help prevent this condition. Prohibition of the feeding of dogs with uncooked offals may be the best prophylactic measure against these tapeworms.

Genetic diseases[edit]

See also: Pedigree Dogs Exposed

Bilateral hip dysplasia

Genetic conditions are a problem in some dogs, particularly purebreeds. For this reason many of the national kennel clubs require that dogs with certain genetic illnesses or who are deemed to be carriers cannot be registered. Some of the most common conditions include hip dysplasia, seen in large breed dogs, von Willebrand disease, a disease that affects platelets that is inherited in Doberman Pinschers, entropion, a curling in of the eyelid seen in Shar Peis and many other breeds, progressive retinal atrophy, inherited in many breeds, deafness, and epilepsy, known to be inherited in Belgian Shepherd Dogs, German Shepherd Dogs, Cocker Spaniels, and St. Bernards.^[13]
Subaortic stenosis, or SAS, is a genetic ailment that causes a narrowing of the passage of blood between the heart and the aorta. This leads to heart problems and sometimes sudden death. It affects larger breeds such as the Newfoundland Dog and the Golden Retriever.^[14] In some dogs, such as collies, the blue merle or harlequin coloring is actually the heterozygote of a partially recessive gene preventing proper development of the nervous system; therefore, if two such dogs are mated, on the average one quarter of the puppies will have severe genetic defects in their nervous systems and sensory organs ranging from deafness to fatal flaws.

Skin diseases[edit]

Main article: Dog skin disorders

Canine atopy

Skin diseases are very common in dogs. Atopy, a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs.^[15] Other skin diseases related to allergies include hot spots and pyoderma, both characterized by secondary bacterial infections, food allergy, ear infections, and flea allergy dermatitis. Canine follicular dysplasia is an inherited disorder of the hair follicles resulting in alopecia (baldness). Mange is an infectious skin disease caused by mites. Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is hygromas, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint.

Orthopedic diseases[edit]

Orthopedic diseases in dogs can be developmental, hereditary, traumatic, or degenerative. Because of the active nature of dogs, injuries happen frequently. One of the most common of these is an anterior cruciate ligament injury, a condition which often requires surgery. Bone fractures are a frequent occurrence in outdoor dogs due to trauma from being hit by cars. Degenerative joint disease is common in older dogs and is one of the most likely reasons for prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Hereditary orthopedic diseases are mainly found in purebred dogs. Hip dysplasia is a common problem that primarily affects larger breeds. Hip dysplasia is a defect in the shape of the hip joint which can, depending on the degree of hip luxation, be quite painful to the dog as it ages. Over time it often causes arthritis in the hips. Dysplasia can also occur in the elbow joint. Luxating patellas can be a problem for smaller breeds. It can cause lameness and pain in the hind legs.
Developmental orthopedic diseases include panosteitis and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. Panosteitis occurs in large and giant breed dogs usually between the age of five and fourteen months and manifests as fever, pain, and shifting leg lameness. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is also seen in young large and giant breed dogs and is characterized by pain, lameness, fever, and swelling of the long bone metaphysis.

Tumors and cancer[edit]

An emaciated Kangal with cancer in the left leg.

Both benign and malignant tumors are seen in dogs. Common benign tumors include lipomas, non-viral papillomas, sebaceous gland adenoma, and perianal gland adenomas.
Frequently seen cancers include lymphoma, melanoma, mast cell tumors (which are considered to be potentially malignant, even though they may have benign behavior),^[16] and osteosarcoma (bone cancer).
Certain breeds are more likely to develop particular tumors, larger ones especially. The Golden Retriever is especially susceptible to lymphoma, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 8.^[17] Boxers and Pugs are prone to multiple mast cell tumors.^[16] Scottish Terriers have eighteen times the risk of mixed breed dogs to develop transitional cell carcinoma, a type of urinary bladder cancer.^[18]

Gastrointestinal diseases[edit]

Due to the indiscriminate nature of a dog's appetite, gastrointestinal upset is a frequent occurrence in dogs. The most common symptoms are anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. Foreign body ingestion can lead to acute obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, a very dangerous condition. Acute pancreatitis can also result from dietary indiscretion.

Bloat and gastric torsion[edit]

Main article: Bloat

Gastric torsion and bloat (also known as Gastric Dilatation-volvulus) primarily affects breeds with deep, narrow chests, such as Great Danes, St. Bernards, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles and Irish Setters. The stomach twists on its supporting ligaments, sealing off the exits, and the contents begin to generate gas pressure which is very painful and rapidly causes shock and necrosis of large areas of stomach tissue. It can be fatal within a few hours. Dogs who have experienced bloat are very susceptible to recurrences. Treatment involves stabilization and abdominal surgery to tack the dog's stomach down to prevent recurrence (gastropexy).^[19]

Eye diseases[edit]

Cherry eye

Eye diseases are common in dogs. Cataracts, canine glaucoma, and entropion are seen in dogs. Canine-specific eye diseases include progressive retinal atrophy, Collie eye anomaly, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye. Injury to the eye can result in corneal ulcers.
The frequency of bilateral glaucoma with a genetic base in purebred dogs is higher than in any species except humans.^[20] Cataracts in dogs either have a genetic base or can also be caused by diabetes. Nuclear sclerosis resembles a cataract but is actually a normal age-related change.

Vestibular disease[edit]

Signs of vestibular disease include head tilt, circling, nystagmus (an abnormal movement of the eyes), and difficulty or inability to stand. These clinical signs are similar to those seen in humans experiencing vertigo. Vestibular disease may have many causes. Elderly dogs are susceptible to an idiopathic (meaning due to unknown causes) form of vestibular disease commonly called "old dog vestibular disease" or idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease. The signs may improve rapidly or take a few days. Less commonly, vestibular signs can also be caused by inner ear disease, a brain tumor, a stroke, or other causes. The major risk with idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease is that the dog is often unable to eat, drink, or go outside to urinate or defecate. These cases must receive supportive therapy of intravenous fluids and nutrition; a light sedative is sometimes administered, as the dog may be very stressed by the experience.

Heart disease[edit]

Older, small breeds of dogs are prone to congestive heart failure due to degeneration of the mitral valve. This condition is known to be inherited in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Degenerative valve disease is the most common form of heart disease in dogs.^[21] Mitral insufficiency leads to turbulent blood flow and increased pressure in the left atrium. This causes increased pressure in the pulmonary blood vessels and pulmonary edema (a build-up of fluid in the lungs). Decreased output of blood by the left ventricle causes the body to compensate by increasing sympathetic tone and activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Increased sympathetic tone leads to increased peripheral vascular resistance and increased heart rate and contractility of the heart muscle. Chronic elevation of sympathetic tone damages the heart muscle. Activation of the RAAS results in increased retention of water and sodium by the kidneys, vasoconstriction, and other effects that result in increased blood volume. It also results in an increase in diastolic pressure and leads to pulmonary edema. Treatment for congestive heart failure has historically focussed on two types of drugs that address these concerns: diuretics (especially furosemide), which decrease blood volume, and ACE inhibitors, which interrupt the RAAS. Recently, pimobendan - which increases the force with which the heart muscle contracts, and is also a vasodilator - is being more widely used in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. A major veterinary study, called the QUEST study (QUality of life and Extension of Survival Time), published in September 2008 found that dogs with congestive heart failure receiving pimobendan plus furosemide had significantly better survival outcomes than those receiving benazepril (an ACE inhibitor) plus furosemide.^[22] However, ACE inhibitors and pimobendan have different mechanisms of action, and many veterinary cardiologists recommend they be used concurrently.
Cardiomyopathy, or disease of the heart muscle, is also seen in dogs and is associated with large breeds (the exception being Cocker Spaniels, a medium-sized breed). Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen in Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, St. Bernards, Dobermanns, Boxers, and other large breeds. Dobermanns, in addition to heart muscle failure, are prone to ventricular arrhythmias. Boxer dogs are predisposed to a unique cardiomyopathy with clinical and histological changes analogous to human arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).^[23] The disease has been termed “Boxer cardiomyopathy” or “Boxer ARVC”, and is characterized by development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.^[24] Affected dogs are at risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death.^[23] Myocardial failure and congestive heart failure are rare manifestations of this disease.^[24]

Other diseases[edit]

Other diseases affecting dogs include endocrine diseases, immune-mediated diseases, and reproductive diseases. Diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and hypothyroidism are the most common endocrine diseases. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is a devastating disease that causes severe anemia in dogs through destruction by the immune system. It has been associated with vaccinations and certain drugs, although many cases are idiopathic. A similar but less severe immune disease is immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, characterized by destruction of platelets by the immune system. Clinical signs include bruising and petechiae (pinpoint bruising, often seen in the mouth). Common reproductive diseases include pyometra (distension of the uterus with pus), mammary tumors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Toxic substances[edit]

The ASPCA lists some common sources of toxins^[25] that pets encounter, including: plants,^[26] human medications and cosmetics,^[27] cleaning products,^[28] and even foods.^[29]

Dangerous foods[edit]

Dalmatian with liver spotted coat

Some foods consumed safely by humans are harmful to dogs:

Chocolates[edit]

Chocolate contains theobromine, a chemical stimulant that, together with caffeine and theophylline, belongs to the group of methylxanthine alkaloids. Dogs are unable to metabolize theobromine effectively. If they eat chocolate, the theobromine can remain in their bloodstreams for days, and dogs may experience fast heart rate, severe diarrhea, epileptic seizures, heart attacks, internal bleeding, and eventually death.^[30] "One ounce of milk chocolate per pound of body weight is a potentially lethal dose in dogs."^[31] In case of accidental intake of chocolate by especially a smaller dog, contact a veterinarian or animal poison control immediately; it is commonly recommended to induce vomiting within two hours of ingestion. If chocolate ingestion is suspected (mostly dark or baking chocolate), hydrogen peroxide can be used to safely induce vomiting, then making a trip to the veterinarian is suggested. Large breeds are less susceptible to chocolate poisoning, but can still die after eating four ounces^[32] of chocolate.

Note:Carob treats are often available as dog treats; these are unrelated to chocolate and are safe.

Grapes and raisins[edit]

Grapes and raisins can cause acute kidney failure in dogs ^[33] (see also grape and raisin toxicity in dogs). The exact mechanism is not known, nor is there any means to determine the susceptibility of an individual dog. While as little as one raisin can be toxic to a susceptible ten pound dog, some other dogs have eaten as much as a pound of grapes or raisins at a time without ill effects. The affected dog usually vomits a few hours after consumption and begins showing signs of renal failure three to five days later. A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but one has not been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs.^{[citation needed]}

Onions[edit]

Onions cause hemolytic anemia in dogs (and cats).^[34] Allyl propyl disulfide has been reported as being considered to be the main cause of onion poisoning in dogs.^[34] Thiosulfate has also been reported as being implicated. Thiosulfate levels are not affected by cooking or processing. Occasional exposure to small amounts is usually not a problem, but continuous exposure to even small amounts can be a serious threat. Also garlic contains thiosulfate, even if to a significantly lesser extent, and it is also known to cause diarrhea and vomiting.

Macadamia nuts[edit]

Macadamia nuts can cause non-fatal stiffness, tremors, hyperthermia, and abdominal pain.^[35] The exact mechanism is not known. Most dogs recover with supportive care when the source of exposure is removed.

Hops[edit]

Hops, a plant used in making beer, can cause malignant hyperthermia in dogs, usually with fatal results. Certain breeds, such as Greyhounds, seem particularly sensitive to hop toxicity, but hops should be kept away from all dogs. Even small amounts of hops can trigger a potentially deadly reaction, even if the hops are "spent" after use in brewing.^[36]

Yeast[edit]

Ingestion of yeast, for example in uncooked bread dough, can cause intestinal obstruction. The yeast can also cause fermentation internally, resulting in ethanol (alcohol) poisoning.^[37]

Xylitol[edit]

Xylitol is a sugar substitute used in chewing gum, chewable vitamins, candy, toothpaste, and other products. Although empirical studies^[38] indicate xylitol may be safe for dogs, there have been cases of foods, candies and gums containing xylitol causing toxic or even fatal liver damage in dogs and should be avoided ([1]^{[dead link]}).^[39][40]

Food allergies[edit]

Some dogs have food allergies just as humans do; this is particular to the individual dog and not characteristic of the species as a whole. An example is a dog becoming physically ill from salmon; many humans likewise have seafood allergies.

Common household substances[edit]

Some common household chemicals are particularly dangerous to dogs:

• Antifreeze (ethylene glycol), due to its sweet taste, poses an extreme danger of poisoning to dogs and cats if ingested. Even a very small amount such as a tablespoon can easily prove fatal. The antifreeze itself is not toxic, but is metabolized via the liver to the toxins glycolate and oxalate, which cause intoxication and vomiting, metabolic acidosis, and finally acute kidney failure leading to seizures and death. By the time clinical signs are observed, the kidneys are usually too damaged for the dog to survive so acting quickly is important. Immediate treatments include inducing vomiting by using apomorphine or dilute hydrogen peroxide solution (if this can be done shortly after ingestion), but these merely reduce the amount absorbed – immediate veterinary treatment is still usually imperative due to the high toxicity of the compound. Medical treatments may include fomepizole (preferred treatment) which competes favorably with the toxin in the body, ethanol which competes favorably in the liver long enough to allow excretion to take place, activated charcoal to further reduce uptake of undigested product, and hemodialysis to remove toxins from the blood. Dogs should not be allowed access to any place in which an antifreeze leak or spill has happened until the spill is completely cleaned out. Some brands of antifreeze contain propylene glycol instead of ethylene glycol and are marketed as being less harmful or less attractive to animals.

For more details on this topic, see Ethylene glycol poisoning.

• Alcohols Commonly encountered alcohols in veterinary medicine are isopropanol and methanol found in household products and ethanol from alcoholic beverages. They all pose toxicity to dogs. Isopropanol which is found in rubbing alcohol has twice the toxicity of ethanol; however methanol which can be found in windshield washer fluid does not have the same retinal and neuronal toxicity on dogs as it does to humans and primates due to the differences in the way its metabolite formic acid is processed.^[41]

• Mouse and rat poison is commonly found in the house or garage. Dogs readily eat these poisons, which look like small green blocks and are very attractive to them. The poisons work by depleting stores of Vitamin K in the body, without it, blood cannot clot properly. Clinical signs of poisoning include depression, weakness, difficulty breathing, bruising, and bleeding from any part of the body. These clinical signs often take 3 to 4 days to show up. A blood test will show that the blood is not clotting properly. If the poison has only recently been ingested (within 2 to 3 hours), the dog should be given apomorphine or hydrogen peroxide to make it vomit. Activated charcoal can be given to absorb any remaining poison in the gastrointestinal tract. Then the dog is given Vitamin K supplementation for 3 to 4 weeks, depending on the type of poison. At the end of treatment, the clotting times should be tested again. The prognosis is good in these cases. However, if the dog is already showing signs of poisoning, it is too late to try to remove the poison from the body. A whole blood transfusion or plasma is given to treat the anemia and to try to control bleeding. Vitamin K is also given. The prognosis is poor in these cases.
  • Mouse and rat poisons containing cholecalciferol cause hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in dogs. Clinical signs include depression, loss of appetite, vomiting blood, weakness, and shock. Treatment is as above for recent exposure. When hypercalcemia occurs (which can take 1 to 2 weeks), treatment is with intravenous fluids (saline), diuretics, corticosteroids, and calcitonin. Long term prognosis is good once the dog is stabilized.

Over-the-counter medications[edit]

Poisoning with pain medications is common. Aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve) can all cause severe clinical signs in dogs, including vomiting blood, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.^{[42][43][44][45]} Specifically, aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis and bleeding disorders, acetaminophen can cause liver disease, ibuprofen can cause kidney disease, and naproxen can cause ulcers in the stomach, which can perforate. Treatment depends on the clinical signs.

Public health risks[edit]

Sarcoptes scabiei

Most diseases that affect dogs or humans are not transferable between the two species. Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans are terrmed zoonoses. A well-known zoonosis is rabies, a viral infection transmitted through a bite. A common bacterial zoonosis is leptospirosis, transmitted through urine. Some of the most important zoonoses are parasitic. Zoonotic intestinal parasites transmitted through contact with feces include Toxocara canis (the canine roundworm), which causes toxocariasis, visceral larva migrans, and ocular larva migrans, and hookworms, which can cause cutaneous larva migrans. Zoonotic skin parasites include scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The most common zoonotic fungal disease is ringworm, caused in this case by Microsporum canis.

Preventive medicine[edit]

Vaccinations[edit]

Main article: Vaccination of dogs

Vaccinations are an important preventative animal health measure. The specific vaccinations recommended for dogs varies depending on geographic location, environment, travel history, and the activities the animal frequently engages in. In the United States, regardless of any of these factors, it is usually highly recommended that dogs be vaccinated against rabies, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, and infectious canine hepatitis (using canine adenovirus type 2 to avoid reaction). The decision on whether to vaccinate against other diseases, including leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Bordetella bronchiseptica, parainfluenza virus, and canine coronavirus, should be made between an owner and a veterinarian, taking into account factors specific to the dog.

Dentistry[edit]

Dental disease is one of the most common diseases in dogs. Accumulation of plaque and subsequently tartar leads to gingivitis and then periodontitis (gum disease). Periodontitis leads to loss of the bony attachment of the teeth and tooth loss. Preventive measures include tooth brushing, providing an appropriate diet (avoiding tinned and other soft foods and providing dental chew treats) and dental scaling and polishing. Cavities are uncommon in dogs.

Parasite medication[edit]

Once-a-month topical products or ingestible pills are the most commonly used products to kill and prevent future parasite infestations.

Nutrition and obesity[edit]

See also: Obesity in pets

Human food such as ice cream can lead to ill health and obesity in dogs.

Feeding table scraps to a dog is generally not recommended, at least in excess. Just as in humans, a dog's diet must consist of the appropriate mix of nutrients, carbohydrates, and proteins in order to give them the minerals and vitamins that they need. Dogs get ample correct nutrition from their natural, normal diet; wild and feral dogs can usually get all the nutrients needed from a diet of whole prey and raw meat. In addition, a human diet is not ideal for a dog: the concept of a "balanced" diet for a facultative carnivore like a dog is not the same as in an omnivorous human. Dogs will usually eat all the scraps and treats they are fed: usually too much food. While not all human delicacies are acutely toxic to dogs (see above), many have the same chronically unfortunate results as they do for humans.

This Australian Cattle Dog's obesity is a sign of Cushing's Syndrome.

Obesity is an increasingly common problem in dogs in Western countries. As with humans, obesity can cause numerous health problems in dogs (although dogs are much less susceptible to the common cardiac and arterial consequences of obesity than humans are). According to a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, the prevalence of obesity in dogs is between 22 and 40 percent.^[46]
Note that owners may not be at fault. Obesity can be a sign of other serious ailments such as Cushing's disease which is characterized by weight gain, appetite increase and lethargy in primarily older dogs.

Dog treats[edit]

Dog treats are often given to pets as a reward for something they did or just to let them chew on a bone, which works their jaw muscles and helps keep their teeth clean.^[47] Although dog treats carry high benefits for dogs' teeth, they can also be a source of problems when given excessively. The human food treats are usually the ones that cause the most trouble for dogs.
Food treats can be found all over the Internet, as many dog food and supplements manufacturers produce a wide range of treats intended for dogs. Dog food treats can also be made at home, from basic ingredients that might be found at the grocery store. Some dog owners actually prefer making their own dog treats at home because that way they can be sure their pet's diet is more natural and healthy. Owners making their own dog food and treats need to make sure that the food and treats they make includes all the nutrients and vitamins that a dog need to be healthy and happy.
Dog treats given excessively can be a cause of obesity. The type of food fed has a direct bearing on the tendency of a dog to become overweight. Table scraps, treats, even premium high-energy dog foods can contribute to obesity.^[48] Therefore it is highly important to closely monitor the quantity of treats that a dog gets especially when the dog's activity is diminished. Dog treats are more likely to be linked to obesity in old dogs, since in their old age they are less likely to be active and exercising. On the other hand, active dogs require and use more calories, so dog treats are not a cause of concern in younger and highly active dogs.

Coprophagia[edit]

Main article: coprophagia

It's not uncommon to find your dog eating feces. Some consume their own or other dogs' feces; others seem to prefer cat feces (which, due to the feline digestive system,^[49] are high in protein and consumed by many animals in the wild) This can be harmful if the feces has any pathogens or parasites or contain excreted drugs.

Vitamins and supplements[edit]

It is not yet clear whether or not vitamins and supplements should be administered in dogs—opinions among veterinarians vary widely. While some think that vitamins and supplements are necessary and can improve the health of a dog, others believe that they are unnecessary and may harm the dog. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dogs receive a complete and balanced diet from the commercially processed dog food alone. Pet owners who are giving their dogs homemade food may consider including extra vitamins and supplements into their pet's diet. It is estimated that nearly a third of the pets (dogs and cats) in the United States receive nutritional supplements. This is mainly due to the fact that vitamins are highly recommended in dogs with joint pain as a result of arthritis. According to a study^[which?] realized in 2006 and published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the most commonly used vitamins are multivitamins and fatty acids.^[50] The latter improve the shine of a dog's coat by reducing shedding. Probiotics are another type of supplement, VitaHound Lab's supplements are given to dogs with gastrointestinal problems, and antioxidants may be prescribed to fight the effects of aging and the problems that come with it such as cognitive dysfunction.
Veterinarians also state that overdoses of vitamins can be harmful in dogs. As an example, calcium in excess can cause bone problems, especially in the large-breed dogs. Over-supplementation of vitamins A and D can cause vitamin toxicity in dogs. ^[51]Excess vitamin A can cause dehydration, joint pain and can also harm the blood vessels, while too much vitamin D can cause muscular atrophy, or loss of appetite.
Vitamin B12 is considered beneficial in these cases, because if given correctly, it improves the dog's appetite. Still, dosage should be kept as low as is effective, perhaps beginning with 1-2 cc/ dog / day; with a maximum dose of 4-5 cc/ day. Vitamin C is thought to help maintaining the well functioning of the immune system and in maintaining a healthy skin. Vitamin E acts as a mild anti-inflammatory and it also helps maintaining good footpads. It should not be given more than twice a day, 400IU/dog. Other supplements given to dogs are glucosamine and chondroitin. They are intended to increase the viscosity and volume of the joint fluid, called synovium and which acts as a protective mechanism for the joints. A study published in 2007, in The Veterinary Journal shows that a combination of glucosamine and chondroitin is helpful in easing the pain of arthritis dogs.
Good quality supplements should contain at least 8 essential vitamins (Vitamin A, B-complex, D, and E, and B vitamins). The vitamins and minerals should be in correct ratio for one's pet and also have a high palatability.

Reproductive health[edit]

Main article: Canine reproduction

Spaying and neutering[edit]

Main article: Neutering

Spaying (females only) and neutering (both genders but more commonly males) refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive. Neutering has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs, but has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.^[52]
Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.^[53]
Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born to strays or as the result of accidental breedings often end up being killed in animal shelters. Spaying and neutering can also decrease the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urinary incontinence in females^[54] and prostate cancer in males.^[55] The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, however, and some object to spaying and neutering as the sterilization could be carried out without the excision of organs.
It is not essential for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before neutering.
Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle.^[56] The high dietary estrogen content of the average commercial pet food may be contributing factors in the development of mammary cancer, especially when these exogenous sources are added to those normal estrogens produced by the body. Dog food containing soybeans or soybean fractions have been found to contain phytoestrogens in levels that could have biological effects when ingested longterm.^[57]

See also[edit]

• Aging in dogs
• Puppy strangles

References[edit]

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2. ^ Klopfleisch R, Kohn B, Plog S, Weingart C, Nöckler K, Mayer-Scholl A, Gruber AD. (2011). "An Emerging Pulmonary Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Dogs: Similar to the Human Leptospiral Pulmonary Haemorrhagic Syndrome?". Vet Med Int. 33. doi:10.4061/2010/928541. PMC 3025382. PMID 21274452. 
3. ^ Kohn B, Steinicke K, Arndt G, Gruber AD, Guerra B, Jansen A, Kaser-Hotz B, Klopfleisch R, Lotz F, Luge E, Nöckler K. (2010). "Pulmonary abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis.". J Vet Intern Med. 24: 791–807. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0585.x. PMID 20738768. 
4. ^ Heuter, Kerry J.,Langston, Cathy E. (2003). "Leptospirosis: A re-emerging zoonotic disease". Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 33 (4): 791–807. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(03)00026-3. PMID 12910744. 
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8. ^ "Dermatophytosis: Dogs and Cats". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
9. ^ Probst, Sarah (1999). "Blastomycosis--Fungal Disease Common in Outdoor Dogs". Pet Columns. UIUC College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 2007-08-18. ^{[dead link]}
10. ^ "Histoplasmosis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
11. ^ "Coccidioidomycosis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
12. ^ "Symptoms of Coccidia". Retrieved 2013-12-14. 
13. ^ "Canine Inherited Disorders Database". University of Prince Edward Island. 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
14. ^ "Aortic Stenosis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
15. ^ "Canine Atopy". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
16. ^ ^{a b} "Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-21. 
17. ^ Modiano J, Breen M, Burnett R, Parker H, Inusah S, Thomas R, Avery P, Lindblad-Toh K, Ostrander E, Cutter G, Avery A (2005). "Distinct B-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative disease prevalence among dog breeds indicates heritable risk". Cancer Res 65 (13): 5654–61. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4613. PMID 15994938. 
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